Effects of Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder (AMPEP) and ammonium phosphate as nutrient enrichment on the ice-ice disease occurrence and growth performance of seaweed Kappaphycus striatus

Abstract

Due to the frequent ice-ice disease outbreak and stagnant growth of Kappaphycus species, farmers and researchers have been considering nutrient enrichment as one way of easing these issues to increase production to meet the growing demand for carrageenan in the world market. In this study, we determined the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers as nutrient enrichment on the ice-ice disease occurrence and growth performance of seaweed Kappaphycus striatus. Three treatments were used in the study: T1 = Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder (AMPEP) at 0.01 g L-1, T2= ammonium phosphate, 16-20-0 at 8.82 g L-1, and T3 = control. Nutrient-enriched seaweed K. striatus was planted using the fixed-off bottom method for 45 days. Findings revealed that the growth performance of T2 (6.1±0.14 % day-1) was significantly higher (p<0.05) after 30 days compared to T1 (5.56±0.16 % day-1) and control (5.45±0.17 % day-1). In terms of ice-ice occurrence, T1 (0.57±0 %) was significantly lower after 45 days of culture compared to control (59.67±27.32 %) but not significant with T2 (23.22±12.83 %). Our study suggests that organic fertilizer (AMPEP) could effectively reduce the ice-ice disease occurrence, while ammonium phosphate could enhance the growth performance of K. striatus.

Keywords

• AMPEP
• Kappaphycus
• ice-ice disease
• inorganic fertilizer
• organic fertilizer

References

1. Ali, M.K.M., Yasir, S.M., Critchley, A.T., Hurtado, A.Q. (2018) Impacts of Ascophyllum ma-rine plant extract powder (AMPEP) on the growth, incidence of the endophyte Ne-osiphonia apiculata and associated carrageenan quality of three commercial cultivars of Kappaphycus. Journal of Applied Phycology, 30(2): 1185-1195.
2. Ali, M.M., Sani, M.Z.B., Hi,K.K., Yasir, S.M., Critchley, A.T., Hurtado, A.Q. (2018) The comparative efficiency of a brown algal-derived biostimulant extract (AMPEP), with and without supplemented PGRs: the induction of direct, axis shoots as applied to the propa-gation of vegetative seedlings for the successful mass cultivation of three commercial strains of Kappaphycus in Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Applied Phycology, 30(3): 1913-1919.
3. Bermil, A.B., Hamisain, J.B.D., Tahiluddin, A.B., Jumdain, R.T., Toring-Farquerbao, M.L.B. (2022) Abundance of Marine-derived Fungi in Nutrient-enriched Kappaphycus Species. Journal of Biometry Studies, 2(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.29329/JofBS.2022.444.01
4. Borlongan, I.A.G., Tibubos, K.R., Yunque, D.A.T., Hurtado, A.Q., Critchley, A.T. (2011) Impact of AMPEP on the growth and occurrence of epiphytic Neosiphonia infestation on two varieties of commercially cultivated Kappaphycus alvarezii grown at different depths in the Philippines. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23(3): 615-621.
5. Faisan, J.P., Luhan, M., Rovilla, J., Sibonga, R.C., Mateo, J.P., Ferriols, V.M.E.N., Hurtado, A.Q. (2021) Preliminary survey of pests and diseases of eucheumatoid seaweed farms in the Philippines. Journal of Applied Phycology, 33(4): 2391-2405.
6. Hurtado, A.Q., Critchley, A.T. (2013) Impact of Acadian marine plant extract powder (AM-PEP) in Kappaphycus production. Malaysian Journal of Science, 32: 239-252.
7. Hurtado, A.Q., Critchley, A.T. (2018) A review of multiple biostimulant and bioeffector ben-efits of AMPEP, an extract of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum, as applied to the enhanced cultivation and micropropagation of the commercially important red algal carra-geenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii and its selected cultivars. Journal of Applied Phycolo-gy, 30(5): 2859-2873.
8. Hurtado, A.Q., Joe, M., Sanares, R.C., Fan, D., Prithiviraj, B., Critchley, A.T. (2012) Investi-gation of the application of Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder (AMPEP) to enhance the growth, phenolic content, free radical scavenging, and iron chelating activities of Kappaphycus Doty (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Journal of applied phycolo-gy, 24(3): 601-611.

9. Hurtado, A.Q., Joe, M., Sanares, R.C., Fan, D., Prithiviraj, B., Critchley, A.T. (2012) Investi-gation of the application of Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder (AMPEP) to enhance the growth, phenolic content, free radical scavenging, and iron chelating activities of Kappaphycus Doty (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Journal of applied phycolo-gy, 24(3):601-611.
10. Hurtado, A.Q., Yunque, D.A., Tibubos, K., Critchley, A.T. (2009) Use of Acadian marine plant extract powder from Ascophyllum nodosum in tissue culture of Kappaphycus varie-ties. Journal of Applied Phycology, 21(6): 633-639.
11. Illud, H. (2020) Effects of organic fertilizers on the growth performance, “ice-ice” disease occurrence and carrageenan quality of farmed seaweed Kappaphycus striatus (F. Schmitz) Doty Ex. P.C. Silva. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Re-search and Development, 10(3): 12313-12330.
12. Loureiro, R.R., Hurtado, A.Q., Critchley, A.T. (2017) Impacts of AMPEP on Epiphytes and Diseases in Kappaphycus and Eucheuma Cultivation. In: Hurtado, A., Critchley, A., Neish, I. (eds) Tropical Seaweed Farming Trends, Problems and Opportunities. Develop-ments in Applied Phycology, vol 9. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63498-2_6
13. Loureiro, R.R., Reis, R.P., Berrogain, F.D., Critchley, A.T. (2012) Extract powder from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis (AMPEP): a “vaccine-like” effect on Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex PC Silva. Journal of Applied Phycology, 24(3): 427-432.
14. Luhan, M.R.J., Mateo, J.P. (2017) Clonal production of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty in vitro. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29(5), 2339-2344.
15. Luhan, M.R.J., Avañcena, S.S., Mateo, J.P. (2015) Effect of short-term immersion of Kap-paphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty in high nitrogen on the growth, nitrogen assimilation, car-rageenan quality, and occurrence of “ice-ice” disease. Journal of Applied Phycolo-gy, 27(2): 917-922.
16. Robles, R.J.F. (2020) Effects of different concentrations of ammonium phosphate on the yield and quality of carrageenan, Kappaphycus striatus (Schmitz) Doty ex Silva. Journal of Fisheries, Livestock and Veterinary Science, 1(1): 1-9.
17. Sarri, J., Abdulmutalib, Y., Tilka, M.M., Terzi, E., Tahiluddin, A. (2022) Effects of inorganic nutrient enrichment on the carrageenan yield, growth, and ice-ice disease occurrence of red alga Kappaphycus striatus. Aquatic Research, 5 (2), 99-109.
18. Tahiluddin, A.B., Diciano, E.J., Robles, R.J.F., Akrim, J.P. (2021a) Influence of different concentrations of ammonium phosphate on nitrogen assimilation of red seaweed Kap-paphycus striatus. Journal of Biometry Studies, 1(2): 39-44. https://doi.org/10.29329/JofBS.2021.349.01
19. Tahiluddin, A.B., Nuñal, S.N., Luhan, M.R.J., Santander–de Leon, S.M.S. (2021b) Vibrio and heterotrophic marine bacteria composition and abundance in nutrient-enriched Kappaphy-cus striatus. Philippine Journal of Science, 150 (6B), 1549-1761.
20. Tahiluddin, A.B., Terzi, E. (2021a) Ice-ice disease in commercially cultivated seaweeds Kap-paphycus spp. and Eucheuma spp.: A review on the causes, occurrence, and control measures. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 10(3): 234-243. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.917788
21. Tahiluddin, A.B., Terzi, E. (2021b) An Overview of Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Philip-pines. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Science, 6(4):475-486.
22. Tahiluddin, A.B., Irin, S.S.H., Jumadil, K.S., Muddihil, R.S., Terzi, E. (2022a) Use of brown seaweed extracts as bio-fertilizers and their effects on the carrageenan yield, ice-ice dis-ease occurrence, and growth rate of the red seaweed Kappaphycus striatus. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agri cultural Sciences, 32 (2): 436-447.
23. Tahiluddin, A.B., Nuñal, S.N., Santander–de Leon, S.M.S. (2022b) Inorganic nutrient en-richment of seaweed Kappaphycus: Farmers’ practices and effects on growth and ice-ice disease occurrence. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 55: 102593.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2022.102593
24. Tibubos, K.R., Hurtado, A.Q., Critchley, A.T. (2017) Direct formation of axes in new plant-lets of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty, as influenced by the use of AMPEP K+, spindle inhibitors, and plant growth hormones. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29(5): 2345-2349.
25. Zuldin, W.H., Shapawi, R. (2015) Performance of red seaweed (Kappaphycus sp.) cultivated using tank culture system. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 10(1): 1.