Research Article
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Comparing nuclear DNA content, pollen viability, pollen production and seed retention of lavender and lavandin

Year 2024, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 85 - 90, 02.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1425089

Abstract

Lavender (Lavandula spp.) is one of the most widely grown essential oil crops in the world. This study aimed to determine the nuclear DNA contents using flow cytometry, pollen viability using TTC (2,3,5-Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride) and IKI (Iodine Potassium Iodide) tests, pollen production quantities using hemacytometric method, and seed retention rates per spike and flower of lavender (L. angustifolia var. Raya) and lavandin (L. intermedia var. Super) grown under ecological conditions in Isparta province of Turkey. The nuclear DNA contents were 2.11 and 2.54 pg 2C-1, respectively in the lavender and lavandin cultivar. The flowers of the lavender cultivar produced abundant pollen grains (average 5800 pollen per flower and 1450 pollen per anther) with high viability (60.65-65.05%) and seed retention rate per spike (91.57% on average). The lavandin cultivar, which had very low pollen viability (1.08-3.32%) and pollen grains (average of 2350 pollen per flower and 587.5 pollen per anther) gave very low seed retention rates per spike (0.60% on average). While each flower had four ovaries with the potential to produce four nutlets, lavandin flowers produced only trace numbers (0.15% on average) of seeds. As a result, the lavandin cultivar had more nuclear DNA content, longer stem and spike, smaller size but more numerous flowers, less and lighter anthers, lower pollen grains and viability, and vey few inviabile seeds compared to the lavender cultivar. It has been observed by eye that honey bees do not visit lavender and lavandin flowers for collecting pollen, but solely for collecting nectar.

Ethical Statement

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Thanks

We would like to thank Prof.Dr. Metin Tuna from Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University for flow cytometry analysis.

References

  • Baydar H, Kineci S (2009) Scent composition of essential oil, concrete, absolute and hydrosol from lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 12(2): 131-136. doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2009.10643702.
  • Baydar H (2022) Science and Technology of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 10th Edition, Nobel Academic Publishing, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Beetham J, Entwistle T (1982) The Cultivated Lavenders. Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne.
  • Benachour K (2017) Insect visitors of lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.). African Entomology 25: 435-444. doi: 10.4001/003.025.0435.
  • Darlington C, Wylie A (1995) Chromosome Atlas of Flowering Plants. G. Allen & Unwin Ltd., UK.
  • Eng WH, Ho WS (2019) Polyploidization using colchicine in horticultural plants: A review. Scientia Horticulturae 246: 604-617.
  • Eti S (1990) Çiçek tozu miktarını belirlemede kullanılan pratik bir yöntem [A practical method used to determine the amount of pollen.]. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 5(4): 49-58.
  • Eti S (1991) Bazı meyve tür ve çeşitlerinde değişik in vitro testler yardımıyla çiçek tozu canlılık ve çimlenme yeteneklerinin belirlenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 6(1): 69-80.
  • Garcia J (1942) Contribution towards the karyo-systematic study of the genus Lavandula L. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 13: 183-193.[In Portuguese].
  • Kara N (2011) Uçucu yağ üretimine uygun lavanta (Lavandula sp.) çeşitlerinin belirlenmesi ve mikroçoğaltım olanaklarının araştırılması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Isparta.
  • Kara N, Baydar H (2011) Türkiye’de lavanta üretim merkezi olan Isparta ili Kuyucak yöresi lavantalarının (Lavandula x intermedia) uçucu yağ özellikleri. Selçuk Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi 25(4): 41-45.
  • Kara N, Baydar H (2012) Essential oil contents and composition of lavenders and lavandins cultivated in Turkey. Research on Crops 13 (2): 675-681.
  • Kara N, Baydar H (2013) Determination of lavender and lavandin cultivars (Lavandula sp.) containing high quality essential oil in Isparta, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 18(1): 58-65.
  • Kara N, Baydar H (2020) The foral and scent characteristics of lavandin from the micropropagation and cutting propagation. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 25: 114-121.
  • Karık Ü, Çiçek F, Çınar O (2017) Menemen ekolojik koşullarında lavanta (Lavandula spp.) tür ve çeşitlerinin morfolojik verim ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Anadolu Journal of Aegean Agricultural Research Institute (AARI) 27(1): 17-28.
  • Lawrence BM (1994) Essential Oils. Allured Publishing Corp., Wheaton, IL, Perf. Flav. 19, 33.
  • Norton JD (1966) Testing of plum viability with tetrazolium salts. Proc. The American Society for Horticultural Science 89: 132-134.
  • Rice A, Glick L, Abadi S, Einhorn M, Kopelman N, Salman-Minkov A, Mayzel J, Chay O, Mayrose I (2015) The chromosome counts database (CCDB) - A community resource of plant chromosome numbers. New Phytologis 206: 19-26.
  • SAS (1998) SAS Introductory Guide, 3rd Edition, NC, USA, pp. 99.
  • Sattler MC, Carvalho CR and Clarindo WR (2016) The polyploidy and its key role in plant breeding. Planta 243: 281-296.
  • Simmonds NW (1980) Polyploidy in plant breeding. The Journal of the South Pacific Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies (SPAN) 23: 73-75.
  • Stanev S, Zagorcheva T, Atanassiov I (2016) Lavender cultivation in Bulgaria-21st century developments, breeding challenges and opportunities. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 22: 584-590.
  • Tarhan Y (2020) Kırsal kalkınma kapsamında lavanta tarımı-ekoturizm ilişkisi: Isparta ili Kuyucak köyü örneği. M.Sc. Thesis, Bartın University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Bartın.
  • Tucker AO (1985) Lavender, Spike, and Lavandin. The Herbarist 51: 44-50.
  • Tucker AO (2012) Genetics and breeding of the genus Mentha. Journal of Medicinally Active Plants 1(1): 19-29.
  • Tucker AO, Fairbrothers DE (1981) An euploid series in an F1 interspecific hybrid progeny of Mentha. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 108: 51-53.
  • TUİK (2023) Turkish Statistical Institute, Crop Production Statistics. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr. Accessed 25 January, 2024.
  • Tuna GS, Keleş H, Göçmen D (2016) Flow sitometri ile çok yıllık buğdaygil yem bitkisi genetik kaynaklarının karakterizasyonu [Characterization of genetic resources of perennial forage grasses by using flow cytometer]. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi 25: 7-12.
  • Upson T, Andrews S (2004) The Genus Lavandula. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew: Richmond, UK.
  • Urwin NAR (2014) Generation and characterisation of colchicine-induced polyploid Lavandula × intermedia. Euphytica 197: 331-339. doi: 10.1007/s10681-014-1069-5.
  • Valchev H, Kolev Z, Stoykova B and Kozuharova E (2022) Pollinators of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. BioRisk 17: 297-307.
  • Van Oost E, Leus De Rybel B, Van Laere K (2021) Determination of genetic distance, genome size and chromosome numbers to support breeding in ornamental Lavandula species. Agronomy 11: 2173. doi: 10.3390/agronomy11112173.

Comparing nuclear DNA content, pollen viability, pollen production and seed retention of lavender and lavandin

Year 2024, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 85 - 90, 02.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1425089

Abstract

Lavender (Lavandula spp.) is one of the most widely grown essential oil crops in the world. This study aimed to determine the nuclear DNA contents using flow cytometry, pollen viability using TTC (2,3,5-Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride) and IKI (Iodine Potassium Iodide) tests, pollen production quantities using hemacytometric method, and seed retention rates per spike and flower of lavender (L. angustifolia var. Raya) and lavandin (L. intermedia var. Super) grown under ecological conditions in Isparta province of Turkey. The nuclear DNA contents were 2.11 and 2.54 pg 2C-1, respectively in the lavender and lavandin cultivar. The flowers of the lavender cultivar produced abundant pollen grains (average 5800 pollen per flower and 1450 pollen per anther) with high viability (60.65-65.05%) and seed retention rate per spike (91.57% on average). The lavandin cultivar, which had very low pollen viability (1.08-3.32%) and pollen grains (average of 2350 pollen per flower and 587.5 pollen per anther) gave very low seed retention rates per spike (0.60% on average). While each flower had four ovaries with the potential to produce four nutlets, lavandin flowers produced only trace numbers (0.15% on average) of seeds. As a result, the lavandin cultivar had more nuclear DNA content, longer stem and spike, smaller size but more numerous flowers, less and lighter anthers, lower pollen grains and viability, and vey few inviabile seeds compared to the lavender cultivar. It has been observed by eye that honey bees do not visit lavender and lavandin flowers for collecting pollen, but solely for collecting nectar.

References

  • Baydar H, Kineci S (2009) Scent composition of essential oil, concrete, absolute and hydrosol from lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 12(2): 131-136. doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2009.10643702.
  • Baydar H (2022) Science and Technology of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 10th Edition, Nobel Academic Publishing, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Beetham J, Entwistle T (1982) The Cultivated Lavenders. Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne.
  • Benachour K (2017) Insect visitors of lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.). African Entomology 25: 435-444. doi: 10.4001/003.025.0435.
  • Darlington C, Wylie A (1995) Chromosome Atlas of Flowering Plants. G. Allen & Unwin Ltd., UK.
  • Eng WH, Ho WS (2019) Polyploidization using colchicine in horticultural plants: A review. Scientia Horticulturae 246: 604-617.
  • Eti S (1990) Çiçek tozu miktarını belirlemede kullanılan pratik bir yöntem [A practical method used to determine the amount of pollen.]. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 5(4): 49-58.
  • Eti S (1991) Bazı meyve tür ve çeşitlerinde değişik in vitro testler yardımıyla çiçek tozu canlılık ve çimlenme yeteneklerinin belirlenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 6(1): 69-80.
  • Garcia J (1942) Contribution towards the karyo-systematic study of the genus Lavandula L. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana 13: 183-193.[In Portuguese].
  • Kara N (2011) Uçucu yağ üretimine uygun lavanta (Lavandula sp.) çeşitlerinin belirlenmesi ve mikroçoğaltım olanaklarının araştırılması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Isparta.
  • Kara N, Baydar H (2011) Türkiye’de lavanta üretim merkezi olan Isparta ili Kuyucak yöresi lavantalarının (Lavandula x intermedia) uçucu yağ özellikleri. Selçuk Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi 25(4): 41-45.
  • Kara N, Baydar H (2012) Essential oil contents and composition of lavenders and lavandins cultivated in Turkey. Research on Crops 13 (2): 675-681.
  • Kara N, Baydar H (2013) Determination of lavender and lavandin cultivars (Lavandula sp.) containing high quality essential oil in Isparta, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 18(1): 58-65.
  • Kara N, Baydar H (2020) The foral and scent characteristics of lavandin from the micropropagation and cutting propagation. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 25: 114-121.
  • Karık Ü, Çiçek F, Çınar O (2017) Menemen ekolojik koşullarında lavanta (Lavandula spp.) tür ve çeşitlerinin morfolojik verim ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Anadolu Journal of Aegean Agricultural Research Institute (AARI) 27(1): 17-28.
  • Lawrence BM (1994) Essential Oils. Allured Publishing Corp., Wheaton, IL, Perf. Flav. 19, 33.
  • Norton JD (1966) Testing of plum viability with tetrazolium salts. Proc. The American Society for Horticultural Science 89: 132-134.
  • Rice A, Glick L, Abadi S, Einhorn M, Kopelman N, Salman-Minkov A, Mayzel J, Chay O, Mayrose I (2015) The chromosome counts database (CCDB) - A community resource of plant chromosome numbers. New Phytologis 206: 19-26.
  • SAS (1998) SAS Introductory Guide, 3rd Edition, NC, USA, pp. 99.
  • Sattler MC, Carvalho CR and Clarindo WR (2016) The polyploidy and its key role in plant breeding. Planta 243: 281-296.
  • Simmonds NW (1980) Polyploidy in plant breeding. The Journal of the South Pacific Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies (SPAN) 23: 73-75.
  • Stanev S, Zagorcheva T, Atanassiov I (2016) Lavender cultivation in Bulgaria-21st century developments, breeding challenges and opportunities. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 22: 584-590.
  • Tarhan Y (2020) Kırsal kalkınma kapsamında lavanta tarımı-ekoturizm ilişkisi: Isparta ili Kuyucak köyü örneği. M.Sc. Thesis, Bartın University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Bartın.
  • Tucker AO (1985) Lavender, Spike, and Lavandin. The Herbarist 51: 44-50.
  • Tucker AO (2012) Genetics and breeding of the genus Mentha. Journal of Medicinally Active Plants 1(1): 19-29.
  • Tucker AO, Fairbrothers DE (1981) An euploid series in an F1 interspecific hybrid progeny of Mentha. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 108: 51-53.
  • TUİK (2023) Turkish Statistical Institute, Crop Production Statistics. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr. Accessed 25 January, 2024.
  • Tuna GS, Keleş H, Göçmen D (2016) Flow sitometri ile çok yıllık buğdaygil yem bitkisi genetik kaynaklarının karakterizasyonu [Characterization of genetic resources of perennial forage grasses by using flow cytometer]. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi 25: 7-12.
  • Upson T, Andrews S (2004) The Genus Lavandula. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew: Richmond, UK.
  • Urwin NAR (2014) Generation and characterisation of colchicine-induced polyploid Lavandula × intermedia. Euphytica 197: 331-339. doi: 10.1007/s10681-014-1069-5.
  • Valchev H, Kolev Z, Stoykova B and Kozuharova E (2022) Pollinators of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. BioRisk 17: 297-307.
  • Van Oost E, Leus De Rybel B, Van Laere K (2021) Determination of genetic distance, genome size and chromosome numbers to support breeding in ornamental Lavandula species. Agronomy 11: 2173. doi: 10.3390/agronomy11112173.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Hasan Baydar 0000-0003-1317-2066

Ümmü Tuğlu 0000-0002-7580-8480

Publication Date August 2, 2024
Submission Date January 24, 2024
Acceptance Date June 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 37 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Baydar, H., & Tuğlu, Ü. (2024). Comparing nuclear DNA content, pollen viability, pollen production and seed retention of lavender and lavandin. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 37(2), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1425089
AMA Baydar H, Tuğlu Ü. Comparing nuclear DNA content, pollen viability, pollen production and seed retention of lavender and lavandin. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. August 2024;37(2):85-90. doi:10.29136/mediterranean.1425089
Chicago Baydar, Hasan, and Ümmü Tuğlu. “Comparing Nuclear DNA Content, Pollen Viability, Pollen Production and Seed Retention of Lavender and Lavandin”. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 37, no. 2 (August 2024): 85-90. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1425089.
EndNote Baydar H, Tuğlu Ü (August 1, 2024) Comparing nuclear DNA content, pollen viability, pollen production and seed retention of lavender and lavandin. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 37 2 85–90.
IEEE H. Baydar and Ü. Tuğlu, “Comparing nuclear DNA content, pollen viability, pollen production and seed retention of lavender and lavandin”, Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 85–90, 2024, doi: 10.29136/mediterranean.1425089.
ISNAD Baydar, Hasan - Tuğlu, Ümmü. “Comparing Nuclear DNA Content, Pollen Viability, Pollen Production and Seed Retention of Lavender and Lavandin”. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 37/2 (August 2024), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.1425089.
JAMA Baydar H, Tuğlu Ü. Comparing nuclear DNA content, pollen viability, pollen production and seed retention of lavender and lavandin. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. 2024;37:85–90.
MLA Baydar, Hasan and Ümmü Tuğlu. “Comparing Nuclear DNA Content, Pollen Viability, Pollen Production and Seed Retention of Lavender and Lavandin”. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, vol. 37, no. 2, 2024, pp. 85-90, doi:10.29136/mediterranean.1425089.
Vancouver Baydar H, Tuğlu Ü. Comparing nuclear DNA content, pollen viability, pollen production and seed retention of lavender and lavandin. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. 2024;37(2):85-90.

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