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in vitro Bakteriyel Test Sistemleri Kullanılarak Propolisin Genotoksisite ve Antigenotoksisitesinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2015, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 29 - 36, 31.05.2016

Abstract

Propolis (arı tutkalı) yüzyıllardır terapötik bir ajan olarak yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Farmakolojik ve biyolojik özelliklerinden dolayı bu konu üzerindeki bilimsel ilgi son yıllarda giderek artmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, propolisin ethanol ekstraktının (EEP) kimyasal komposizyonunu belirlemek ve ayrıca Ames/Salmonella ve E. coli WP2 test sistemlerini kullanarak propolisin genotoksik ve antigenotoksik etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Canlılık testlerinden elde edilen sonuçlar, EEP’nin 1mg/plate ve daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarının oldukça toksik olduğunu, daha düşük konsantrasyonların ise toksik etkisinin olmadığını göstermiştir. Genotoksisite test sonuçları ise, EEP’nin 1 mg/plate ve daha düşük konsantrasyonlarda, S. typhimurium TA1535, 1537 ve E. coli WP2uvrA test suşları için genotoksik etkisinin olmadığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca, aynı test suşları için mutajen etkiye sahip NaN3 , 9-AA and MNNG gibi mutajenlere karşı EEP’nin, belirgin bir şekilde antigenotoksik etkiye sahip olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

References

  • FALCÃO, S I; VALE, N; COS, P; GOMES, P; FREIRE, C; MAES, L; VILAS-BOAS, M (2014) In Vitro Evaluation of Portuguese Propolis and Floral Sources for Antiprotozoal, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity. Phytother. Res., 28: 437–443.
  • PEREIRA, A D; DE ANDRADE, S F; DE OLIVEIRA SWERTS, M S; MAISTRO, E L (2008) First in vivo evaluation of the mutagenic effect of Brazilian green propolis by comet assay and micronucleus test. Food Chem. Toxicol., 46: 2580–2584.
  • CIRASINO, L; PISATI, A; FASANI, F (1987) Contact dermatitis from propolis. Contact dermatitis, 16: 110–111.
  • SFORCİN, J M; FERNANDES J R, A; LOPES, C A M; BANKOVA, V; FUNARİ, S R C (2000) Seasonal effect on Brazilian propolis antibacterial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 73(1): 243-249.
  • STEPANOVIC, S; ANTIC, N; DAKIC, I; SVABICVLAHOVIC, M (2003) In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and synergism between propolis and antimicrobial drugs. Microbiol. Res., 158: 353–357.
  • AMOROS, M; SAUVAGER, F; GIRRE, L; CORMIER, M (1992) In vitro antiviral activity of propolis. Apidologie, 23: 231–240.
  • KUJUMGIEV, A; TSVETKOVA, I; SERKEDJIEVA, Y; BANKOVA, V; CHRISTOV, R; POPOV, S (1999) Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity of propolis of different geographic origin. Journal of Ethnopharmacol., 64: 235–240.
  • BORRELLI, F; MAFFIA, P; PINTO, L; IANARO, A; RUSSO, A; CAPASSO, F; IALENTI, A (2002) Phytochemical compounds involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of propolis extract. Fitoterapia, 73: 53–63.
  • KOUIDHI, B; ZMANTAR, T; BAKHROUF, A (2010) Anti-cariogenic and anti-biofilms activity of Tunisian propolis extract and its potential protective effect against cancer cells proliferation. Anaerobe., 16: 566–571.
  • LEITÃO, D P D S; SILVA FILHO, A A D; POLIZELLO, A C M; BASTOS, J K; SPADARO, A C C (2004) Comparative evaluation of in-vitro effects of Brazilian green propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia extracts on cariogenic factors of Streptococcus mutans. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 27: 1834–1839.
  • SAWICKA, D; CAR, H; BORAWSKA, M H; NIKLINSKI, J (2012) The anticancer activity of propolis. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol., 50: 25–37.
  • KUMAZAWA, S; HAMASAKA, T; NAKAYAMA, T (2004) Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins. Food Chem., 84: 329–339.
  • MATSUNO, T (1992) Isolation and characterization of the tumoricidal substance from Brazilian propolis. Honeybee Sci., 13: 49–54.
  • JENG, S N; SHIH, M K; KAO, C M; LIU, T Z; CHEN, S C (2000) Antimutagenicity of ethanol extracts of bee glue against environmental mutagens. Food Chem. Toxicol., 38: 893–897.
  • NIEVA MORENO, M I; ZAMPINI, I C; ORDÓÑEZ, R M; JAIME, G S; VATTUONE, M A; ISLA, M I (2005) Evaluation of the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and antimutagenicity of propolis from Tucuman, Argentina. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53: 8957–8962.
  • GENÇAY, Ö; SALIH B (2009) GC-MS analysis of propolis samples from 17 different regions of Turkey, four different regions of Brazil and one from Japan. Mellifera, 9: 19–28.
  • GULLUCE, M; AGAR, G; BARIS, O; KARADAYI, M; ORHAN, F; SAHIN, F (2010) Mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of some Astragalus species grown in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Phytother. Res., 24: 1014–1018.
  • SANTANA-RIOS, G; ORNER, G A; AMANTANA, A; PROVOST, C; WU, S Y; DASHWOOD, R H (2001) Potent antimutagenic activity of white tea in the Salmonella assay. Mutat. Res., 495: 61–74.
  • YU, Z; XU, M; SANTANA-RIOS, G; SHEN, R; IZQUIERDO-PULIDO, M; WILLIAMS, D E; DASHWOOD, R H (2001) A comparison of whole wheat, refined wheat and wheat bran as inhibitors of heterocyclic amines in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay and in the rat colonic abberant crypt focus assay. Food. Chem. Toxicol., 39: 655–665.
  • FU, J Y; XIA, Y; ZHENG, Y Y (2004) Antimutagenicity of propolis against some mutagens in vivo and in vitro. Biomed. Environ. Sci., 17: 469–475.
  • MORTELMANS, K; RICCIO, E S (2000) The bacterial tryptophan reverse mutation assay with Escherichia coli WP2. Mutat. Res., 455: 61–69.
  • MORTELMANS, K; ZEIGER, E (2000) The Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. Mutat. Res., 455: 29–60.
  • MARON, D M; AMES, B N (1983) Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat. Res., 113: 173–215.
  • GULLUCE, M; KARADAYI, M; GUVENALP, Z; OZBEK, H; ARASOGLU, T; BARIS, O (2012) Isolation of some active compounds from Origanum vulgare L. spp. vulgare and determination of their genotoxic potentials. Food Chem., 130: 248–253.
  • BURDOCK, G A (1998) Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food Chem. Toxicol., 36: 347–363.
  • BANKOVA, V S; DE CASTRO, S L; MARCUCCI, M C (2000) Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Apidologie, 31: 3–16.
  • BANSKOTA, A H; TEZUKA, Y; KADOTA S (2001) Recent progress in pharmacological research of propolis. Phytother. Res., 15: 561–571.
  • SFORCIN, J M (2007) Propolis and the immune system: a review. J. Ethnopharmacol., 113: 1–14.
  • BARBERAN T; GARCIA C; OLIVIER P; FERRERES F (1993) Phytochemical evidence for botanical origin of tropical propolis from Venezuela. Phytochemistry, 34: 191-196.
  • WATANABE, M A E; AMARANTE, M K; CONTI, B J; SFORCIN, J M (2011) Cytotoxic constituents of propolis inducing anticancer effects: a review. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 63: 1378–1386.
  • SORKUN, K; SUER, B; SALIH, B (2001) Determination of chemical composition of Turkish propolis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 56c: 666-668.
  • ŞAHİNLER N; KAFTANOĞLU O (2005) Natural Product propolis:chemical composition. Natural Product Research,19(2): 183-188.
  • VARDAR-UNLU G; SİLİCİ S; UNLU M (2008) Composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Populus buds and poplar-type propolis. World Journal of Biotechnology and Microbiology, 24: 1011-1017
  • ECEM-BAYRAM, N; GENÇAY-ÇELEMLİ, Ö; SORKUN, K; CEVAHİR-ÖZ, G; SALİH, B (2013) Determination of Major Compounds in Some Turkish Propolis, Mellifera, (13-26): (3-9).
  • TAVARES D C; BARCELOS G R M; SILVA L V; TONIN C C C; BOSTOS, J K (2006) Propolis-induced genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Toxicology in Vitro, 20: 1154–1158.
  • VARANDA, E A; MONTİ, R; TAVARES, D C (1999) Inhibitory effect of propolis and bee venom on the mutagenicity of some direct and indirectacting mutagens. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis, 19(6): 403–413.
  • LOTFY, M (2006) Biological activity of bee propolis in health and disease. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 7: 22–31.
  • RAMOS, A F N; MIRANDA, J L (2007) Propolis: a review of its anti-inflammatory and healing actions. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis., 13: 697–710.
  • ORSOLIC, N; KNEZEVIC, A H; SVER, L; TERZIC, S; BASIC, I (2004) Immunomodulatory and antimetastatic action of propolis and related polyphenolic compounds. J. Ethnopharmacol., 94: 307–315.
  • GRUNBERGER, D; BANERJEE, R; EISINGER, K; OLTZ, E M; EFROS L; CALDWELL, M; NAKANISHI, K (1988) Preferential cytotoxicity on tumor cells by caffeic acid phenethyl ester isolated from propolis. Experientia, 44: 230–232.
  • MATSUNO, T; JUNG, S K; MATSUMOTO, Y; SAITO, M; MORIKAWA, J (1996) Preferential cytotoxicity to tumor cells of 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (artepillin C) isolated from propolis. Anticancer Res., 17: 3565–3568.
  • MITAMURA, T; MATSUNO, T; SAKAMOTO, S; MAEMURA, M; KUDO, H; SUZUKI, S; NAGASAWA, H (1995) Effects of a new clerodane diterpenoid isolated from propolis on chemically induced skin tumors in mice. Anticancer Res., 16: 2669–2672.
  • LUO, J; SOH, J W; XING, W Q; MAO, Y; MATSUNO, T; WEINSTEIN, I B (2000) PM-3, a benzo-gamma-pyran derivative isolated from propolis, inhibits growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res., 21: 1665–1671.
  • SFORCIN, J M; BANKOVA, V (2011) Propolis: is there a potential for the development of new drugs?. J. Ethnopharmacol., 133: 253–260.

Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Evaluation of Propolis by Using in vitro Bacterial Assay Systems

Year 2015, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 29 - 36, 31.05.2016

Abstract

Propolis (bee glue) has been widely used as a therapeutic agent for centuries. Because of its pharmacological and biological properties, scientific interest in this issue has increased during the last years. The aims of the study were to determine chemical composition of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) and evaluate its genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity by using Ames/Salmonella and E. coli WP2 short term test systems. Results that obtained from the viability assay for the tester strains, EEP at concentrations of greater than 1 mg/plate was highly toxic however lower concentration doesn’t have any toxicity. According to genotoxicity test results, any concentration of EEP up to 1 mg/plate did not show genotoxic effect on S. typhimurium TA1535, 1537 and E. coli WP2uvrA tester strains. On the other hand, antigenotoxicity assay results showed that EEP has significantly antigenotoxic activity against NaN3 , 9-AA and MNNG induced mutagenicity on the same tester strains.

References

  • FALCÃO, S I; VALE, N; COS, P; GOMES, P; FREIRE, C; MAES, L; VILAS-BOAS, M (2014) In Vitro Evaluation of Portuguese Propolis and Floral Sources for Antiprotozoal, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity. Phytother. Res., 28: 437–443.
  • PEREIRA, A D; DE ANDRADE, S F; DE OLIVEIRA SWERTS, M S; MAISTRO, E L (2008) First in vivo evaluation of the mutagenic effect of Brazilian green propolis by comet assay and micronucleus test. Food Chem. Toxicol., 46: 2580–2584.
  • CIRASINO, L; PISATI, A; FASANI, F (1987) Contact dermatitis from propolis. Contact dermatitis, 16: 110–111.
  • SFORCİN, J M; FERNANDES J R, A; LOPES, C A M; BANKOVA, V; FUNARİ, S R C (2000) Seasonal effect on Brazilian propolis antibacterial activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 73(1): 243-249.
  • STEPANOVIC, S; ANTIC, N; DAKIC, I; SVABICVLAHOVIC, M (2003) In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and synergism between propolis and antimicrobial drugs. Microbiol. Res., 158: 353–357.
  • AMOROS, M; SAUVAGER, F; GIRRE, L; CORMIER, M (1992) In vitro antiviral activity of propolis. Apidologie, 23: 231–240.
  • KUJUMGIEV, A; TSVETKOVA, I; SERKEDJIEVA, Y; BANKOVA, V; CHRISTOV, R; POPOV, S (1999) Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity of propolis of different geographic origin. Journal of Ethnopharmacol., 64: 235–240.
  • BORRELLI, F; MAFFIA, P; PINTO, L; IANARO, A; RUSSO, A; CAPASSO, F; IALENTI, A (2002) Phytochemical compounds involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of propolis extract. Fitoterapia, 73: 53–63.
  • KOUIDHI, B; ZMANTAR, T; BAKHROUF, A (2010) Anti-cariogenic and anti-biofilms activity of Tunisian propolis extract and its potential protective effect against cancer cells proliferation. Anaerobe., 16: 566–571.
  • LEITÃO, D P D S; SILVA FILHO, A A D; POLIZELLO, A C M; BASTOS, J K; SPADARO, A C C (2004) Comparative evaluation of in-vitro effects of Brazilian green propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia extracts on cariogenic factors of Streptococcus mutans. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 27: 1834–1839.
  • SAWICKA, D; CAR, H; BORAWSKA, M H; NIKLINSKI, J (2012) The anticancer activity of propolis. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol., 50: 25–37.
  • KUMAZAWA, S; HAMASAKA, T; NAKAYAMA, T (2004) Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins. Food Chem., 84: 329–339.
  • MATSUNO, T (1992) Isolation and characterization of the tumoricidal substance from Brazilian propolis. Honeybee Sci., 13: 49–54.
  • JENG, S N; SHIH, M K; KAO, C M; LIU, T Z; CHEN, S C (2000) Antimutagenicity of ethanol extracts of bee glue against environmental mutagens. Food Chem. Toxicol., 38: 893–897.
  • NIEVA MORENO, M I; ZAMPINI, I C; ORDÓÑEZ, R M; JAIME, G S; VATTUONE, M A; ISLA, M I (2005) Evaluation of the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and antimutagenicity of propolis from Tucuman, Argentina. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53: 8957–8962.
  • GENÇAY, Ö; SALIH B (2009) GC-MS analysis of propolis samples from 17 different regions of Turkey, four different regions of Brazil and one from Japan. Mellifera, 9: 19–28.
  • GULLUCE, M; AGAR, G; BARIS, O; KARADAYI, M; ORHAN, F; SAHIN, F (2010) Mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of some Astragalus species grown in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Phytother. Res., 24: 1014–1018.
  • SANTANA-RIOS, G; ORNER, G A; AMANTANA, A; PROVOST, C; WU, S Y; DASHWOOD, R H (2001) Potent antimutagenic activity of white tea in the Salmonella assay. Mutat. Res., 495: 61–74.
  • YU, Z; XU, M; SANTANA-RIOS, G; SHEN, R; IZQUIERDO-PULIDO, M; WILLIAMS, D E; DASHWOOD, R H (2001) A comparison of whole wheat, refined wheat and wheat bran as inhibitors of heterocyclic amines in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay and in the rat colonic abberant crypt focus assay. Food. Chem. Toxicol., 39: 655–665.
  • FU, J Y; XIA, Y; ZHENG, Y Y (2004) Antimutagenicity of propolis against some mutagens in vivo and in vitro. Biomed. Environ. Sci., 17: 469–475.
  • MORTELMANS, K; RICCIO, E S (2000) The bacterial tryptophan reverse mutation assay with Escherichia coli WP2. Mutat. Res., 455: 61–69.
  • MORTELMANS, K; ZEIGER, E (2000) The Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. Mutat. Res., 455: 29–60.
  • MARON, D M; AMES, B N (1983) Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat. Res., 113: 173–215.
  • GULLUCE, M; KARADAYI, M; GUVENALP, Z; OZBEK, H; ARASOGLU, T; BARIS, O (2012) Isolation of some active compounds from Origanum vulgare L. spp. vulgare and determination of their genotoxic potentials. Food Chem., 130: 248–253.
  • BURDOCK, G A (1998) Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food Chem. Toxicol., 36: 347–363.
  • BANKOVA, V S; DE CASTRO, S L; MARCUCCI, M C (2000) Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Apidologie, 31: 3–16.
  • BANSKOTA, A H; TEZUKA, Y; KADOTA S (2001) Recent progress in pharmacological research of propolis. Phytother. Res., 15: 561–571.
  • SFORCIN, J M (2007) Propolis and the immune system: a review. J. Ethnopharmacol., 113: 1–14.
  • BARBERAN T; GARCIA C; OLIVIER P; FERRERES F (1993) Phytochemical evidence for botanical origin of tropical propolis from Venezuela. Phytochemistry, 34: 191-196.
  • WATANABE, M A E; AMARANTE, M K; CONTI, B J; SFORCIN, J M (2011) Cytotoxic constituents of propolis inducing anticancer effects: a review. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 63: 1378–1386.
  • SORKUN, K; SUER, B; SALIH, B (2001) Determination of chemical composition of Turkish propolis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 56c: 666-668.
  • ŞAHİNLER N; KAFTANOĞLU O (2005) Natural Product propolis:chemical composition. Natural Product Research,19(2): 183-188.
  • VARDAR-UNLU G; SİLİCİ S; UNLU M (2008) Composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Populus buds and poplar-type propolis. World Journal of Biotechnology and Microbiology, 24: 1011-1017
  • ECEM-BAYRAM, N; GENÇAY-ÇELEMLİ, Ö; SORKUN, K; CEVAHİR-ÖZ, G; SALİH, B (2013) Determination of Major Compounds in Some Turkish Propolis, Mellifera, (13-26): (3-9).
  • TAVARES D C; BARCELOS G R M; SILVA L V; TONIN C C C; BOSTOS, J K (2006) Propolis-induced genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Toxicology in Vitro, 20: 1154–1158.
  • VARANDA, E A; MONTİ, R; TAVARES, D C (1999) Inhibitory effect of propolis and bee venom on the mutagenicity of some direct and indirectacting mutagens. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis, 19(6): 403–413.
  • LOTFY, M (2006) Biological activity of bee propolis in health and disease. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 7: 22–31.
  • RAMOS, A F N; MIRANDA, J L (2007) Propolis: a review of its anti-inflammatory and healing actions. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis., 13: 697–710.
  • ORSOLIC, N; KNEZEVIC, A H; SVER, L; TERZIC, S; BASIC, I (2004) Immunomodulatory and antimetastatic action of propolis and related polyphenolic compounds. J. Ethnopharmacol., 94: 307–315.
  • GRUNBERGER, D; BANERJEE, R; EISINGER, K; OLTZ, E M; EFROS L; CALDWELL, M; NAKANISHI, K (1988) Preferential cytotoxicity on tumor cells by caffeic acid phenethyl ester isolated from propolis. Experientia, 44: 230–232.
  • MATSUNO, T; JUNG, S K; MATSUMOTO, Y; SAITO, M; MORIKAWA, J (1996) Preferential cytotoxicity to tumor cells of 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (artepillin C) isolated from propolis. Anticancer Res., 17: 3565–3568.
  • MITAMURA, T; MATSUNO, T; SAKAMOTO, S; MAEMURA, M; KUDO, H; SUZUKI, S; NAGASAWA, H (1995) Effects of a new clerodane diterpenoid isolated from propolis on chemically induced skin tumors in mice. Anticancer Res., 16: 2669–2672.
  • LUO, J; SOH, J W; XING, W Q; MAO, Y; MATSUNO, T; WEINSTEIN, I B (2000) PM-3, a benzo-gamma-pyran derivative isolated from propolis, inhibits growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res., 21: 1665–1671.
  • SFORCIN, J M; BANKOVA, V (2011) Propolis: is there a potential for the development of new drugs?. J. Ethnopharmacol., 133: 253–260.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA26ZH26ZU
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nesrin Ecem Bayram This is me

Mehmet Karadayı

Medine Güllüce This is me

Sinan Bayram

Kadriye Sorkun This is me

Gül Cevahir Öz This is me

Mehmet Nuri Aydoğan This is me

Taha Yasin Koç This is me

Burak Alaylar This is me

Bekir Salih This is me

Publication Date May 31, 2016
Submission Date May 31, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bayram, N. E., Karadayı, M., Güllüce, M., Bayram, S., et al. (2016). Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Evaluation of Propolis by Using in vitro Bacterial Assay Systems. Mellifera, 15(1), 29-36.
AMA Bayram NE, Karadayı M, Güllüce M, Bayram S, Sorkun K, Öz GC, Aydoğan MN, Koç TY, Alaylar B, Salih B. Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Evaluation of Propolis by Using in vitro Bacterial Assay Systems. mellifera. May 2016;15(1):29-36.
Chicago Bayram, Nesrin Ecem, Mehmet Karadayı, Medine Güllüce, Sinan Bayram, Kadriye Sorkun, Gül Cevahir Öz, Mehmet Nuri Aydoğan, Taha Yasin Koç, Burak Alaylar, and Bekir Salih. “Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Evaluation of Propolis by Using in Vitro Bacterial Assay Systems”. Mellifera 15, no. 1 (May 2016): 29-36.
EndNote Bayram NE, Karadayı M, Güllüce M, Bayram S, Sorkun K, Öz GC, Aydoğan MN, Koç TY, Alaylar B, Salih B (May 1, 2016) Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Evaluation of Propolis by Using in vitro Bacterial Assay Systems. Mellifera 15 1 29–36.
IEEE N. E. Bayram, “Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Evaluation of Propolis by Using in vitro Bacterial Assay Systems”, mellifera, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 29–36, 2016.
ISNAD Bayram, Nesrin Ecem et al. “Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Evaluation of Propolis by Using in Vitro Bacterial Assay Systems”. Mellifera 15/1 (May 2016), 29-36.
JAMA Bayram NE, Karadayı M, Güllüce M, Bayram S, Sorkun K, Öz GC, Aydoğan MN, Koç TY, Alaylar B, Salih B. Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Evaluation of Propolis by Using in vitro Bacterial Assay Systems. mellifera. 2016;15:29–36.
MLA Bayram, Nesrin Ecem et al. “Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Evaluation of Propolis by Using in Vitro Bacterial Assay Systems”. Mellifera, vol. 15, no. 1, 2016, pp. 29-36.
Vancouver Bayram NE, Karadayı M, Güllüce M, Bayram S, Sorkun K, Öz GC, Aydoğan MN, Koç TY, Alaylar B, Salih B. Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Evaluation of Propolis by Using in vitro Bacterial Assay Systems. mellifera. 2016;15(1):29-36.