KASTAMONU KENT ORMANINDA REKREASYONEL KULLANIMIN TOPRAK DİNAMİKLERİNE ETKİSİ

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki Kastamonu Kent Ormanı’nda rekreasyonel kullanım yoğunluğunun toprak sıkışması ve temel fiziksel ve kimyasal toprak özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmiştir. Toprak penetrasyon direnci, hacim ağırlığı, organik madde, pH, elektriksel iletkenlik ve toprak dokusu; üç farklı kullanım alanında (orman, rekreasyon alanı, patika) ve iki derinlikte (0–10 cm ve 10–20 cm) ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar, artan kullanım yoğunluğunun toprak penetrasyon direnci ve hacim ağırlığı değerlerini anlamlı şekilde yükselttiğini, organik madde miktarının ise özellikle patika ve rekreasyon alanlarında azaldığını ortaya koymuştur. Orman toprakları, en düşük toprak penetrasyon direnci (1.18–1.48 MPa) ve hacim ağırlığı (0.86–0.93 g/cm³) ile en yüksek organik madde içeriğini (9–12.4%) göstermiş olup; bu durum, orman alanlarının toprak sağlığını koruyucu rolünü vurgulamaktadır. Buna karşılık, patika toprakları en yüksek toprak penetrasyon direnci (3.7 MPa’ya kadar), hacim ağırlığı (1.60 g/cm³) ve elektriksel iletkenlik (203–205 µS/cm) değerlerini sergileyerek daha fazla sıkışma ve azalan toprak kalitesini göstermektedir. Toprak pH’ı, orman alanlarında asidik (5.5–5.9) değerlerden, yüksek kullanım alanlarında nötr değer aralığına kadar değişmektedir. Korelasyon analizleri, artan sıkışmanın azalan organik madde miktarıyla ve pH ile elektriksel iletkenlikteki değişimlerle güçlü bir şekilde ilişkili olduğunu doğrulamaktadır. Ayrıca, kullanım yoğunluğu fazla olan alanlarda daha yüksek kum içeriği gibi toprak doku farklılıklarının da sıkışmayı artırdığı belirlenmiştir. Bu bulgular, orman alanlarının toprak sağlığını korumadaki kritik rolünü ortaya koymakta ve kentsel ormanlarda sıkışmayı azaltacak sürdürülebilir yönetim uygulamalarının gerekliliğine işaret etmektedir. Araştırma, insan etkisinin kentsel orman toprakları üzerindeki etkilerini anlamaya katkı sağlamakta ve rekreasyon ile ekosistem koruma arasında denge kurulmasına yönelik stratejiler geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Keywords

• Toprak sıkışması
• kent orman
• rekreasyonel kullanım
• toprak özellikleri
• Kastamonu

Impacts of Recreational Use on Soil Dynamics in Kastamonu Urban Forest

Abstract

This study assessed the effects of recreational use intensity on soil compaction and key physical and chemical soil properties in the Kastamonu Urban Forest, Turkey. Soil penetration resistance, bulk density, organic matter pH, electrical conductivity, and soil texture were measured across three land-use types (forest, recreation area, path) at two depths (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm). Results revealed that increasing use intensity significantly elevated soil penetration resistance and bulk density values, while organic matter decreased, particularly in path and recreation areas. Forest soils consistently showed the lowest soil penetration resistance (1.18–1.48 MPa) and bulk density (0.86–0.93 g/cm³) and the highest organic matter (9–12.4%), highlighting their protective role. In contrast, path soils exhibited the highest soil penetration resistance (up to 3.7 MPa), bulk density (1.60 g/cm³), and electrical conductivity (203–205 µS/cm), indicating greater compaction and reduced soil quality. Soil pH ranged from acidic in forest areas (5.5–5.9) to near-neutral in high-use areas. Correlation analyses confirmed strong links between increased compaction and reduced organic matter, along with changes in pH and electrical conductivity. Soil texture differences, with higher sand content in intensively used areas, further contributed to compaction. These findings underscore the critical role of forested areas in maintaining soil health and highlight the need for sustainable management practices to reduce compaction in urban forests. This research contributes to understanding human impacts on urban forest soils and informs strategies to balance recreation and ecosystem conservation.

Keywords

• Soil compaction
• urban forest
• recreational use
• soil properties
• Kastamonu

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