Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Affetme ve Psikolojik Sağlamlıkları Arasındaki İlişkide Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü ve Empatik Eğilimin Aracı Rolü

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinde affetme ile psikolojik sağlamlık arasındaki ilişkide duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve empatik eğilimin aracı rolleri olup olmadığını incelemektir. Araştırma, bir devlet üniversitesinin eğitim fakültesinde öğrenim gören yaşları 18-29 arasında değişen 287’si kadın (%68) ve 135’i erkek (%32) olmak üzere toplam 422 üniversite öğrencisi üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Heartland Affetme Ölçeği, Ego Sağlamlığı Ölçeği, Empatik Eğilim Ölçeği ve Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü Ölçeği Kısa Formu’ndan yararlanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde değişkenler arası ilişkiler için Pearson Momentler Çarpım Korelasyon analizi kullanılırken, paralel çoklu aracılık rollerinin test edilmesi için ise Hayes tarafından önerilen sıradan en küçük kareler regresyonu ve Boostrap işlemleri kullanılmıştır. Boostrap işlemi, PROCESS Macro’da bulunan Multiple Mediation Model 4 aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre, araştırma modelinde yer alan tüm değişkenlerin arasında orta düzeyde anlamlı korelasyon değerleri elde edilmiştir. Son olarak paralel çoklu aracılık bulgularına göre üniversite öğrencilerinde affetme ve psikolojik sağlamlık ilişkisinde duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve empatik eğilimin aracılık ettiği görülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular alanyazın doğrultusunda tartışılıp yorumlanmıştır.

Keywords

• affetme
• psikolojik sağlamlık
• duygu düzenleme güçlüğü
• empatik eğilim

The Mediating Roles of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Empathic Tendency in the Relationship between Forgiveness and Resilience among University Students

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine whether difficulties in emotion regulation and empathic tendency mediate the relationship between forgiveness and psychological resilience among university students. The study was conducted with a total of 422 university students (287 women, 68%; 135 men, 32%) aged 18–29 years who were enrolled in the Faculty of Education at a public university. The Personal Information Form, the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Ego-Resiliency Scale, the Empathic Tendency Scale, and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale–Short Form were used to collect data. Pearson product–moment correlation analysis was conducted to examine relationships among variables. To test the parallel multiple mediation effects, ordinary least squares regression and bootstrap procedures recommended by Hayes were employed. The bootstrap procedure was conducted using PROCESS Macro Multiple Mediation Model 4. The findings revealed that all variables in the research model were moderately and significantly correlated. Furthermore, parallel multiple mediation analyses showed that difficulties in emotion regulation and empathic tendency mediated the relationship between forgiveness and psychological resilience among university students. The results were discussed and interpreted in line with the relevant literature.

Keywords

• forgiveness
• resilience
• emotion regulation difficulties
• empathic tendency

References

1. Abid, M., & Sultan, S. (2015). Dispositional forgiveness as a predictor of psychological resilience among women: A sign of mental health. I-manager’s Journal on Educational Psychology, 9(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.26634/jpsy.9.2.3649
2. Akduman, G., Karahan, G., & Solmaz, M. S. (2018). İletişim becerileri üstünde empati ve psikolojik sağlamlığın etkisi. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(4), 765–775. https://doi.org/10.29106/fesa.494713
3. Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion‐regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta‐analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
4. Alkhawaldeh, A., Al Omari, O., Al Aldawi, S., Al Hashmi, I., Ballad, C. A., Ibrahim, A., Al Sabei, S., Alsaraireh, A., Al Qadire, M., & Albashtawy, M. (2023). Stress factors, stress levels, and coping mechanisms among university students. The Scientific World Journal, 2023, Article 2026971. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2026971
5. Ansari, S., & Iqbal, N. (2025). Association of stress and resilience in college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 236, Article 113006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.113006
6. Aprilia, D. A., & Nashori, H. F. (2023). Forgiveness in terms of emotion regulation and empathy. International Conference on Islamic Social Sciences and Humanities (ICONISH), 1, 25–32. Universitas Islam Indonesia. https://fpscs.uii.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Artikel-Iconish-5.-Dwi-Ayu-Aprilia_Fuad Nashori_Forgiveness-in-Terms-of-Emotion-Regulation-and-Empathy.pdf
7. Ateş, B., & Sağar, M. E. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinde özyeterliğin yordayıcısı olarak bilişsel esneklik, duygu düzenleme becerileri ve psikolojik sağlamlık. İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(3), 679–695. https://doi.org/10.17932/IAU.IAUSBD.2021.021/iausbd_v13i3006
8. Ayseli, C., & Yıldırım, A. (2023). Basic need satisfaction and self-forgiveness: The mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties. Current Research in Social Sciences, 9(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.1123701

9. Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L.-G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Hellner Gumpert, C., & Gratz, K. L. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 284–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x
10. Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Development of cognition, affect, and social relations: The Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39–101). Erlbaum.
11. Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.349
12. Broyles, L. C. (2005). Resilience: Its relationship to forgiveness in older adults [Doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee]. https://voljournals.utk.edu/utk_graddiss/1868
13. Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish version of Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927–1931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.390
14. Çapan, B. E., & Arıcıoğlu, A. (2014). Psikolojik sağlamlığın yordayıcısı olarak affedicilik. E-International Journal of Educational Research, 5(4), 70–82. https://doi.org/10.19160/e-ijer.05325
15. Ciydem, E., & Avci, D. (2025). The effect of forgiveness and resilience on anxiety, depression and stress in nursing students. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 43(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/08980101241295944
16. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (3. basım). Pegem Akademi.
17. Davis, M. C., Zautra, A. J., Johnson, L. M., Murray, K. E., & Okvat, H. A. (2007). Psychosocial stress, emotion regulation, and resilience among older adults. In C. M. Aldwin, C. L. Park, & A. Spiro (Eds.), Handbook of health psychology and aging (pp. 250–266). Guilford Press.
18. Demirtaş, A. S. (2021). Beliren yetişkinlikte psikolojik dayanıklılık ve affedicilik: Bilişsel kontrol/esnekliğin paralel çoklu aracılığı. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17(35), 1968–1989. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.790362
19. Doğruer, N., Gökkaya, F., Volkan, E., & Güleç, M. (2022). Predictors of psychological resilience: Childhood trauma experiences and forgiveness. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 14(Suppl. 1), 242–250. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1160408
20. Dökmen, Ü. (1988). Empatinin bir modele dayandırılarak ölçülmesi ve psikodrama ile geliştirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 155–190. https://doi.org/10.1501/egifak_0000000999
21. Dökmen, Ü. (1994). İletişim çatışmaları ve empati. Remzi Kitabevi.
22. Dunkel, C. S., van der Linden, D., Kawamoto, T., & Oshio, A. (2021). The general factor of personality as ego-resiliency. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 741462. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.741462
23. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial development. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 646–718). Wiley.
24. Enright, R. D. (1996). Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness, and self-forgiveness. Counseling and Values, 40(2), 107–126. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.1996.tb00844.x
25. Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10381-000
26. Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2015). Forgiveness therapy: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14526-000
27. Enright, R. D., Gassin, E. A., & Wu, C. R. (1992). Forgiveness: A developmental view. Journal of Moral Education, 21(2), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724920210202
28. Enright, R. D., & The Human Development Study Group (1991). The moral development of forgiveness. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development (Vol. 1, pp. 123–152). Erlbaum.
29. Enright, R. D., & Kittle, B. A. (2000). Forgiveness in psychology and law: The meeting of moral development and restorative justice. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 27(5), 1621–1631. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol27/iss5/16
30. Finkel, E. J., Slotter, E. B., Luchies, L. B., Walton, G. M., & Gross, J. J. (2013). A brief intervention to promote conflict reappraisal preserves marital quality over time. Psychological Science, 24(8), 1595–1601. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612474938
31. Fitzgibbons, R. P. (1986). The cognitive and emotive uses of forgiveness in the treatment of anger. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 23(4), 629–633. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0085667
32. Gençoğlu, C. (2020). Forgiveness and resilience as predictors of happiness among preservice school counselors. International Journal of Eurasian Education and Culture, 5(9), 531–560. https://doi.org/10.35826/ijoecc.149
33. Gençoğlu, C., & Namlı, S. (2020). Spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık ve empati düzeyleri/Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi örneği. Sport Sciences, 15(3), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2020.15.3.2b0125
34. Gözel, D., Topkaya, N., & Şahin, E. (2024). Üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik sağlamlığın yordayıcısı olarak duygu düzenleme güçlükleri ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. Korkut Ata Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (16), 450–463. https://doi.org/10.51531/korkutataturkiyat.1466646
35. Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
36. Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048577201393198
37. Gür, T. B., & Çapri, B. (2023). Öz-Şefkat ve affetme arasındaki ilişkide duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve bilişsel esnekliğin aracı rolü. Uluslararası İnovatif Eğitim Araştırmacısı, 3(3), 345–372. https://doi.org/10.29228/iedres.70061
38. Hargrave, T. D., & Sells, J. N. (1997). The development of a forgiveness scale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 23(1), 41–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1997.tb00230.x
39. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
40. Hayes, A. F. (2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2014.962683
41. Ho, M. Y., Van Tongeren, D. R., & You, J. (2020). The role of self-regulation in forgiveness: A regulatory model of forgiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 1084. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01084
42. Hodgson, L. K., & Wertheim, E. H. (2007). Does good emotion management aid forgiving? Multiple dimensions of empathy, emotion management and forgiveness of self and others.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(6), 931–949. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507084191
43. Kaba, İ., & Keklik, İ. (2016). Öğrencilerin üniversite yaşamına uyumlarında psikolojik dayanıklılık ve psikolojik belirtiler. Hacettepe Journal of Educational Research, 2(2), 98–113. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/450540
44. Kacur, M., & Atak, M. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sorun alanları ve sorunlarla başetme yolları: Erciyes Üniversitesi örneği. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(31), 273–297. https://izlik.org/JA59UN62NM
45. Karaırmak, Ö. (2007). Investigation of personal qualities contributing to psychological resilience among earthquake survivors: A model testing study [Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University]. https://www.proquest.com/openview/147707eb1f18e4f28b1ccc286b1138b8/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y
46. Karaırmak, Ö., & Siviş-Çetinkaya, R. (2011). Benlik Saygısının ve denetim odağının psikolojik sağlamlık üzerine etkisi: Duyguların aracı rolü. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(35), 30–43. https://izlik.org/JA37BN87WB
47. Kravchuk, S. (2021). The relationship between psychological resilience and tendency to forgiveness. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0002
48. Ma, L., & Jiang, Y. (2020). Empathy mediates the relationship between motivations after transgression and forgiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 1466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01466
49. Macaskill, A., Maltby, J., & Day, L. (2002). Forgiveness of self and others and emotional empathy. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142(5), 663–665. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603925
50. Mastrokoukou, S., Lin, S., Longobardi, C., Berchiatti, M., & Bozzato, P. (2024). Resilience and psychological distress in the transition to university: The mediating role of emotion regulation. Current Psychology, 43(28), 23675–23685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06138-7
51. McCullough, M. E. (2000). Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, and links to well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.43
52. Mendez-Hurtado, Y., Guzmán Sánchez, P. A., Gamarra-Moncayo, J., & Díaz-Narváez, V. (2025). Study on empathy, individual resilience, and training of speech-language pathology students using structural equation modeling. Frontiers in Education, 10, Article 1677602. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1677602
53. Mullet, E., Neto, F., & Riviere, S. (2005). Personality and its effects on resentment, revenge, forgiveness, and self-forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 159–181). Routledge.
54. Özkan, N., & Akçınar, B. (2023). Kekemeliği olan ve olmayan yetişkin bireylerin psikolojik dayanıklılıkları üzerinde duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün etkisi. Edu 7: Yeditepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(15), 34–57. https://izlik.org/JA77AG59PD
55. Parveen, U., & Pal, R. (2024). The impact of forgiveness in emotional regulation and resilience in the face of adversity among young adults. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 6(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.19263
56. Rafaqat, W., Sami, A., Ibrahim, M. T., Ibad, H., Awais, S., Memon, A., Shahbaz, F. F., Ahmed, D., Zindani, S., Leghari, A. L., & Saleem, S. (2022). Impact of perfectionism and resilience on empathy in medical students: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Patient Experience, 9, Article 23743735221106603. https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735221106603
57. Ramzan, N., & Amjad, N. (2017). Cross cultural variation in emotion regulation: A systematic review. Annals of King Edward Medical University, 23(1), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v23i1.1512
58. Rye, M. S., & Pargament, K. I. (2002). Forgiveness and romantic relationships in college: Can it heal the wounded heart? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(4), 419–441. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1153
59. Soni, P. (2016). A study on the relationship between resilience and forgiveness. Indian Journal of Mental Health, 3(1), 57–61. https://doi.org/10.30877/ijmh.3.1.2016.57-61
60. Southwick, S. M., Sippel, L., Krystal, J., Charney, D., Mayes, L., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2016). Why are some individuals more resilient than others: The role of social support. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 77–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20282
61. Stallman, H. M. (2011). Embedding resilience within the tertiary curriculum: A feasibility study. Higher Education Research & Development, 30(2), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2010.509763
62. Suhaimi, A. F., Ahmad, N., & Kamaruzaman, H. (2024). Examining the resilience of university students: A comparative mental health study. Cureus, 16(9), Article e69293. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.69293
63. Sukmasari, D. S., & Soetikno, N. (2024). Emotion regulation and forgiveness among female inmates. Philanthropy: Journal of Psychology, 8(2), 211–229. https://doi.org/10.26623/philanthropy.v8i2.10899
64. Şahan, M., & Ceyhan, E. (2025). The mediating role of forgiveness in the relationship between emotion regulation difficulty and relational aggression in high school students. Anadolu University Journal of Education Faculty, 9(2), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.34056/aujef.1487559
65. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education. Thomas, C., & Zolkoski, S. (2020). Preventing stress among undergraduate learners: The importance of emotional intelligence, resilience, and emotion regulation. Frontiers in Education, 5, Article 94. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00094
66. Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., Heinze, L., Neufeld, J. E., Shorey, H. S., & Roberts, J. C. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 313–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
67. Topkaya, N., & Meydan, B. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin problem yaşadıkları alanlar, yardım kaynakları ve psikolojik yardım alma niyetleri. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 25–37. https://izlik.org/JA72CH73BU
68. Traş, Z., İbaoğlu, E. N., & Yakıcı, H. B. (2025). Özel eğitim öğretmen adaylarının duygu düzenleme güçlükleri ve psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. İZÜ Eğitim Dergisi, 7(1), 26–44. https://doi.org/10.46423/izujed.1538545
69. Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2007). Regulation of positive emotions: Emotion regulation strategies that promote resilience. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(3), 311–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9015-4
70. Wald, J., Taylor, S., Asmundson, G. J. G., Jang, K. L., & Stapleton, J. (2006). Literature review of concepts: Psychological resiliency (DRDC Toronto CR 2006-073). Defence R&D Canada–Toronto. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA472961.pdf
71. Wang, J. (2009). A study of resiliency characteristics in the adjustment of international graduate students at American universities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 13(1), 22–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307308139
72. Weinberg, M., Altshuler, A., & Soffer, M. (2023). Relationships between mastery, forgiveness, optimism, and resilience, and PTSD and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 28(9), 2537–2547. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2023.2190989
73. Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness is an emotion‐focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: Theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology & Health, 19(3), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000196674
74. Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Wade, N. G. (1999). The psychology of unforgiveness and forgiveness and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18(4), 385–418. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1999.18.4.385
75. Yiğit, İ., & Guzey Yiğit, M. (2019). Psychometric properties of Turkish version of difficulties in emotion regulation scale-brief form (DERS-16). Current Psychology, 38(6), 1503–1511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9712-7