Sigara Kullanımının Oksidatif Stres, Protein Karbonil Düzeyi ve Biyokimyasal Parametreler Üzerine Etkisi

Year 2009, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 15 - 20, 01.09.2009

Vügar Aliyev Serap Yalçın Zeliha Kayaaltı Şahan Saygı Tülin Söylemezoğlu

Abstract

AbstractInfluence of Smoking on Oxidative Stress, Protein Carbonyl Levels and Biochemical Parameters Objective: The aim of this is to investigate the influence of cigarette smoking and the amount consumed on the oxidative damage, protein carbonyl content, kidney and liver damage, lipid profile using clinical and biochemical methods. Method: In this study, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PCO) and total sulphydryl (TSH) were determined in the blood samples collected from smoking (n=36) and non smoking (n=17) healthy volunteers employing spectrophotometric methods in order to evaluate oxidative damage. Local Ethical Committee Approval was obtained prior to the study. Next, volunteers were informed about the procedures to be carried out and then, the written consent was taken from each one of them. Furthermore, the biochemical parameters including serum creatinin, uric acide, urea, total serum cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol, VDL and cholesterol levels, γ-GT (GGT) activity, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT –AST) that might change upon the effect of free radicals from smoking and heavy metal content of cigarettes were investigated Results: No significant statistical difference was found between the malondialdehyde levels of the cigarette smokers with heavy and moderate levels in comparison to the control group (p<0.05). Also, increase in degree of cigarette consumption enhanced malondialdehyde levels (p<0.05). Statistically significant reduction was found upon comparison among the control group and the groups of moderate (p<0.05) and heavy levels smokers (p<0.05) with respect to total sulphydryl levels. Degree of cigarette consumption caused significant decrease in total sulphydril levels as obtained for MDA levels (p<0.05 for light/moderate degree cigarette consumers; p<0.05 for light/heavy level cigarette smokers). In comparison to the control group, protein carbonyl levels of cigarette smokers has also showed (p<0.05). HDL cholesterol levels of smokers significantly lower than that of nonsmokers (p<0.05). In contrast, triglyceride levels of smokers were higher than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on our results, cigarette smoking and degree of consumption induces oxidative stress significantly reducing total sulphydryl levels, increasing malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels.

Keywords

cigarette, protein carbonyl, glutathione, malondialdehyde.

Sigara Kullanımının Oksidatif Stres, Protein Karbonil Düzeyi ve Biyokimyasal Parametreler Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Türkçe Özet:Amaç: Çalışmamızın amacı sigara içimi ve sigara içim miktarının oksidatif hasar, protein karbonil içeriği, böbrek, karaciğer hasarı ve lipit profili üzerindeki etkisini klinik ve biyokimyasal yöntemler kullanarak araştırmaktır. Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, oksidatif hasarı değerlendirmek amacıyla, sigara içen (n=36) ve içmeyen (n=17) sağlıklı gönüllüden alınan kan örneklerinden spektrofotometrik yöntemle malondialdehit, protein karbonil ve total sülfidril düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Gönüllülere etik kurul izni doğrultusunda bilgilendirilmiş onam formu doldurtulmuştur. Çalışmada ayrıca sigarada bulunan ağır metaller ve sigara kullanımında ortaya çıkan serbest radikallerin etkisi ile değişme olasılığı olan biyokimyasal verilerden serum kreatinin, ürik asit ve üre düzeyleri, total serum kolesterol, LDL-kolesterol ve VLDL- kolesterol düzeyleri, γ-GT aktivitesi, alanin ve aspartat aminotransferaz parametreleri değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Bulgular: Orta ve yüksek derecede sigara tüketenlerin malondialdehit düzeyleri kontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık göstermiştir (p<0.05). Ayrıca sigara tüketim miktarında artış da malondialdehit düzeylerini artırmıştır (p<0.05). Total sülfidril düzeylerinde de kontrol grubu orta derecede sigara tüketenler (p<0.05) ve çok miktarda sigara tüketenler (p<0.05) ile karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı derecede düşüşler gözlenmiştir. Malondialdehit sonuçları ile orantılı olarak sigara tüketim miktarı total sülfidril düzeylerinde de anlamlı düşüşlere neden olmuştur (az/orta sigara tüketenler p<0.05; az/çok sigara tüketen p<0.05). Sigara içen bireylerin protein karbonil düzeylerinde de kontrol grubuna göre artış saptanmıştır (p<0.05). Sigara içen bireylerin HDL-kolesterol düzeylerinde kontrol grubuna oranla anlamlı bir düşme (p<0.05) ve trigliserit düzeylerinde anlamlı bir artış (p<0.05) tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Sonuçlarımıza göre, sigara kullanımı ve sigara kullanım miktarı, oksidatif hasara neden olarak total sülfidril düzeylerinde anlamlı azalmalara, malondialdehit düzeylerinde ve protein karbonil düzeylerinde artışa neden olur.

Keywords

sigara, protein karbonil, glutatyon, malondialdehit.

References

• Rahman 1, Mac Nee W. Oxidant / antioxidant imbalance in smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax ;51: 348—50. Kim SH, Kim J S, Shin HS, Keen CL. Influence of smoking on markers of oxidative stress and serum mineral concentrations in teenage girls in Korea. Nutrition ;19(3):240—3. Rust P, Lehner P, Elinadfa 1. Relationship between dietary intake, antioxidant status and smoking habits in female Austrian smokers. Eur JNutr 2001;40 (2):78—83.
• Trush MA, Kensler TW. An overview of the relationship between oxidative stres and chemical carcinogenesis. Free Radio Biol Med 1991;10: 201-9.
• Floyd RA. Role of oxygen free radicals in carcinogenesis and brain ischemia. FASEBJ 1990; 4: 2587-97.
• Dean RT, Fu S, Stocker R, Davies MT. Biochemistry and patology of radical mediated protein oxidation. Biochem J ;324: 1—18. Townsend DM, Tew KD, Tapiero H. The importance of glutathione in human disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2003; (374):145755.
• Leone A. Biochemical markers of cardiovascular damage from tobacco smoke. Curr Pharm Des 2005;11(17):2199—
• Gossett LK, Johnson HM, Piper ME, Fiore MC, Baker TB, Stein JH. Smoking Intensity and Lipoprotein Abnormalities in Active Smokers. J Clin Lipidol 2009;3(6j):372—8.
• Freeman DJ, Griffin BA, Murray E, Lindsay GM, Gaffney D, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Smoking and plasma lipoproteins in man: effects on low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and high density lipoprotein subfraction distribution. Eur J Clin Invest 1993;23(10):630—40. adult population: thc National Health and Nutrition
• Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999—2004. Int J Environ
• Res Public Health 2009;6(7): 1930—46. and glomcrular kidney effects in Swedish women with low environmental cadmium exposure. Environ Health Perspect 113(11):1627—31. acute hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2009;47(11):2863—
• Steinberg D. Oxidative modification of LDL and atherogenesis. Circulation 1997;95(4):62-71.
• Quensel M, Söderström A, Agardh CD, Nilsson-Ehle P. High density lipoprotein concentrations after cessation of smoking: the importance of alterations in diet. Atherosclerosis 1989;75(2—3): 189—93.