Research Article

Atlāl in the Introductions of Jahiliyyah Qasidas

Volume: 16 Number: 2 December 30, 2025
EN TR

Atlāl in the Introductions of Jahiliyyah Qasidas

Abstract

One of the most significant legacies surviving from the Jāhiliyya period is its poetry. The poems composed during this era reflect the political, social, and cultural structure of the time. Due to this characteristic, Jāhiliyya poetry has been regarded as a repository that encompasses the entirety of Arab knowledge, ensures its preservation, and serves as a reliable reference—thus earning the title "the treasury of Arab knowledge and culture." It provided not only entertainment or emotional expression, but also functioned as a means of preserving tribal history, values, and collective memory. Functioning as a grand archive for the Arabs, Jāhiliyya poetry generally adhered to a consistent stylistic structure. That is to say the first section of the qasida, before the poet transitions to the main theme, is called nasīb, also known as tashbīb. This introductory part of the qasida typically begins with the poet expressing longing and sorrow over the ruins (atlāl) of the places once inhabited by the beloved. In this section, the poet conveys their grief, the deep pain engulfing their soul, their nostalgia for the abandoned homeland, and their strong connection to the past. These qasida openings held great significance in Jāhiliyyah society and became an established literary art. This artistic convention, known in classical Arabic literature as “muqaddimat al-talāliyyah”, was frequently employed by pre-Islamic poets. Before delving into the main theme of their qasidas, Jāhiliyyah poets used this artistic device as a prelude to their primary subject. In the opening verses, poets often depict the emotional impact of the traces left behind in places once inhabited by the beloved, such as camps, villages, or resting places. This method served not only as an emotional expression but also as a means to captivate the audience and direct their attention to the forthcoming subject of the qasida. The frequent appearance of ruined dwellings and remnants in the openings of Jāhiliyya qaṣāʾid was shaped by various cultural and emotional factors, including the natural conditions of Jāhiliyya life, nostalgia, at-tachment to place, love of homeland, and romantic longing. The hardships endured by poets in this era often reminded them of their loved ones in forsaken places, and the emotions they felt were poetically articulated through this motif. This literary device thus served both an emotional and symbolic function, illustrating the deep connections between personal memory, place, and poetic creativity. In conclusion, the recurrence of aṭlāl in qaṣīda openings may be interpreted as a manifestation of Bedouin or nomadic life. All the metaphors employed in these introductions pertain to the nomadic experience. However, the fact that poets who did not live a Bedouin lifestyle also used this motif suggests that it became a literary convention—an artistic construct consciously employed in qaṣīda composition. The underlying purpose of this imaginary scene constructed by the poet is to capture the audience's attention and to prepare them for the core message of the poem. In the Mu‘allaqāt, the renowned collection of qasidas attributed to seven (or ten) pre-Islamic poets, nearly all qasidas begin with a mention of atlāl. The atlâl section in the introductions of odes, which is considered indispensable by some literary critics, continued to exist in the later period, although it was not as widespread as in the Pre-Islamic Period. In this respect, knowing this art used by the Pre-Islamic Period poets is important in terms of understanding the poetic culture and method of the period, and the natural ties of the poets with the place. The importance of knowing the lifestyle and culture of the Age of Ignorance in understanding religious texts is undeniably great. For this purpose, this study focuses on the motif of aṭlāl in the introductions of Jāhiliyya qaṣīdas. Following a brief overview of the structural components of the Jāhiliyya qaṣīda, the concept of aṭlāl will be examined in detail. The research will incorporate the opinions of both classical and modern literary critics regarding the appearance of aṭlāl in the poetic introductions. In this study, a qualitative research method has been adopted. During the examination process, qaṣīdas from the Jāhiliyya period—particularly the Muʿallaqāt—were selected as the sample. The introductory sections of these qaṣīdas were analyzed through thematic and content analysis, with an evaluation of the function of the aṭlāl motif, its role in the poet’s expression of emotions, and its place within the overall structure of the qaṣīda. Furthermore, the views of classical Arabic literary critics and modern scholars on the aṭlāl motif were comparatively examined.

Keywords

Arabic Language and Rhetoric , Jāhiliyyah Poetry , Qasida Introduction , Atlāl , Talāliyya , Nasīb.

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ISNAD
Meşe, Ramazan. “Cahiliye Dönemi Kaside Girişlerinde Atlâl”. Mesned İlahiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 16/2 (December 1, 2025): 103-122. https://doi.org/10.51605/mesned.1731480.