The Shadow of the ‘Other’ on the ‘I’: Alienation

Abstract

In this study, intrapsychic manifestations of alienation are focused on. The alienation itself has been discussed, not the alienating conditions. The phenomenon of alienation has been examined through the concepts of “connection”, the “elements” that make up the connection, the “relationship” between these elements and the “disconnection” in these relationships, and as a consequence, through the emerging “separation” and “distance”, a form of “unrelatedness”. It is aimed to reach a psychic formulation of "individual alienation" through the examination to be made in terms of its relationship with the ego/self.

The potentiality of understanding alienation through the dynamic relationship between more than one self has been found worth investigating, since the real self is dysfunctional to varying degrees in alienation situations and false descriptions of self contain parallels with explanations of the alienation phenomena. Multiple identifications and imitation, which are “as if” substituted for “unrelatedness”, are seen as the source of compliance. The source of the symptoms of alienation such as the “sense of non-living”, “powerlessness”, “meaninglessness”, is the deanimation of the real self.

The term self-alienation actually expresses directly that there is a division between the selves. The ability of selves to stand apart from each other (dissociation) has an important explanatory power in cases of alienation but is seen as limited mostly to psychopathology. Activation of "parts of self belonging to the other" (or other selves) that has emerged through multiple identifications, imitation or the impositions of the environment, leads to the emergence of “ego-alien” perception-emotion-thinking-action patterns belonging to the other, that are staged in subjectivity stolen from the "I"; this is characterized as alienation.

In this study, the methods of Object Relations Theory were used from time to time in order to provide an approach to the subject of alienation through the relationship with the self. As a result, it has been seen that the synthesis of the Object Relations approach and social alienation theories would have an important potential of explanation.

Keywords

• alienation
• anomie
• false self
• object relations
• unrelatedness

‘Öteki’nin ‘Ben’ Üzerine Düşen Gölgesi: Yabancılaşma

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, yabancılaşmanın intrapsişik yansımaları üzerine eğilinmiş, odak noktası olarak yabancılaştırıcı şartlar değil yabancılaşmanın kendisi ele alınmıştır. Yabancılaşma olgusu; “bağlantı”, bağlantıyı oluşturan “ögeler”, bu ögeler arasındaki “ilişki” ve bu ilişkilerdeki “kopma” ve sonuçta ortaya çıkan “ayrılma” (separation) ve “mesafe”, yani “ilişkisizlik” kavramları üzerinden incelenmiştir. Benlik/kendilik ile ilişkisi açısından yapılacak olan inceleme ile “bireysel yabancılaşma”nın psişik bir formülasyonuna ulaşmak amaçlanmaktadır.

Yabancılaşma durumlarında gerçek kendiliğin farklı derecelerde işlevsiz kalması ve sahte kendilik betimlemelerinin yabancılaşma olgusunu açıklayıcı paralellikler içermesi nedeniyle, birden fazla kendiliğin dinamik ilişkisi üzerinden yabancılaşmanın anlaşılmasının imkânı, araştırılmaya değer bulunmuştur. İlişkisizliğin yerine “mış gibi” ikame edilen çoklu özdeşimler ve taklit, uyumlanmanın (compliance), gerçek kendiliğin deanimasyonu ise yaşamama hissi, güçsüzlük, anlamsızlık gibi yabancılaşma belirtilerinin kaynağı olarak görülmektedir.

Kişinin kendisine yabancılaşması, kendilikler arası bir bölünme olduğunu doğrudan ifade etmektedir. Kendiliklerin birbirinden ayrı durma imkânı (disosiyasyon) ise, yabancılaşma olgularında önemli bir açıklayıcı güce sahiptir ancak genellikle psikopatoloji ile sınırlı tutulmaktadır. Çoklu özdeşimlerle, taklit veya çevrenin dayatmalarıyla ortaya çıkan “ötekine ait olan kendilik parçaları”nın etkinleşmesi, “ben”den çalınan ve öznellikte sahnelenen ötekine ait (ego-alien) duyu-duygu-düşünüş-eylem örüntülerinin belirmesine yol açar ve yabancılaşma olarak nitelenir.

Bu çalışmada, kendilik tasarımı ile ilişkilendirerek konuya yaklaşım sağlamak amacıyla, zaman zaman Nesne İlişkileri Kuramı’nın yöntemlerine başvurulmuştur. Sonuç olarak Nesne İlişkileri yaklaşımı ile sosyal yabancılaşma kuramlarının sentezinin önemli imkânlar barındırdığı görülmektedir.

Keywords

• yabancılaşma
• anomi
• sahte kendilik
• nesne ilişkileri
• ilişkisizlik

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