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The Shadow of the ‘Other’ on the ‘I’: Alienation

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 1 - 40, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.51404/metazihin.1112425

Abstract

In this study, intrapsychic manifestations of alienation are focused on. The alienation itself has been discussed, not the alienating conditions. The phenomenon of alienation has been examined through the concepts of “connection”, the “elements” that make up the connection, the “relationship” between these elements and the “disconnection” in these relationships, and as a consequence, through the emerging “separation” and “distance”, a form of “unrelatedness”. It is aimed to reach a psychic formulation of "individual alienation" through the examination to be made in terms of its relationship with the ego/self.

The potentiality of understanding alienation through the dynamic relationship between more than one self has been found worth investigating, since the real self is dysfunctional to varying degrees in alienation situations and false descriptions of self contain parallels with explanations of the alienation phenomena. Multiple identifications and imitation, which are “as if” substituted for “unrelatedness”, are seen as the source of compliance. The source of the symptoms of alienation such as the “sense of non-living”, “powerlessness”, “meaninglessness”, is the deanimation of the real self.

The term self-alienation actually expresses directly that there is a division between the selves. The ability of selves to stand apart from each other (dissociation) has an important explanatory power in cases of alienation but is seen as limited mostly to psychopathology. Activation of "parts of self belonging to the other" (or other selves) that has emerged through multiple identifications, imitation or the impositions of the environment, leads to the emergence of “ego-alien” perception-emotion-thinking-action patterns belonging to the other, that are staged in subjectivity stolen from the "I"; this is characterized as alienation.

In this study, the methods of Object Relations Theory were used from time to time in order to provide an approach to the subject of alienation through the relationship with the self. As a result, it has been seen that the synthesis of the Object Relations approach and social alienation theories would have an important potential of explanation.

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‘Öteki’nin ‘Ben’ Üzerine Düşen Gölgesi: Yabancılaşma

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 1 - 40, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.51404/metazihin.1112425

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, yabancılaşmanın intrapsişik yansımaları üzerine eğilinmiş, odak noktası olarak yabancılaştırıcı şartlar değil yabancılaşmanın kendisi ele alınmıştır. Yabancılaşma olgusu; “bağlantı”, bağlantıyı oluşturan “ögeler”, bu ögeler arasındaki “ilişki” ve bu ilişkilerdeki “kopma” ve sonuçta ortaya çıkan “ayrılma” (separation) ve “mesafe”, yani “ilişkisizlik” kavramları üzerinden incelenmiştir. Benlik/kendilik ile ilişkisi açısından yapılacak olan inceleme ile “bireysel yabancılaşma”nın psişik bir formülasyonuna ulaşmak amaçlanmaktadır.

Yabancılaşma durumlarında gerçek kendiliğin farklı derecelerde işlevsiz kalması ve sahte kendilik betimlemelerinin yabancılaşma olgusunu açıklayıcı paralellikler içermesi nedeniyle, birden fazla kendiliğin dinamik ilişkisi üzerinden yabancılaşmanın anlaşılmasının imkânı, araştırılmaya değer bulunmuştur. İlişkisizliğin yerine “mış gibi” ikame edilen çoklu özdeşimler ve taklit, uyumlanmanın (compliance), gerçek kendiliğin deanimasyonu ise yaşamama hissi, güçsüzlük, anlamsızlık gibi yabancılaşma belirtilerinin kaynağı olarak görülmektedir.

Kişinin kendisine yabancılaşması, kendilikler arası bir bölünme olduğunu doğrudan ifade etmektedir. Kendiliklerin birbirinden ayrı durma imkânı (disosiyasyon) ise, yabancılaşma olgularında önemli bir açıklayıcı güce sahiptir ancak genellikle psikopatoloji ile sınırlı tutulmaktadır. Çoklu özdeşimlerle, taklit veya çevrenin dayatmalarıyla ortaya çıkan “ötekine ait olan kendilik parçaları”nın etkinleşmesi, “ben”den çalınan ve öznellikte sahnelenen ötekine ait (ego-alien) duyu-duygu-düşünüş-eylem örüntülerinin belirmesine yol açar ve yabancılaşma olarak nitelenir.

Bu çalışmada, kendilik tasarımı ile ilişkilendirerek konuya yaklaşım sağlamak amacıyla, zaman zaman Nesne İlişkileri Kuramı’nın yöntemlerine başvurulmuştur. Sonuç olarak Nesne İlişkileri yaklaşımı ile sosyal yabancılaşma kuramlarının sentezinin önemli imkânlar barındırdığı görülmektedir.

References

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  • Berne, E. (1961). Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy. New York: Grove Press.
  • Binder, D. K., Schaller, K., ve Clusmann, H. (2007). “The Seminal Contributions of Johann-Christian Reil to Anatomy, Physiology, and Psychiatry.” Neurosurgery, 61(5): 1091-6.
  • Bloom, H. (2009). “Volume Introduction.” H. Bloom ve B. Hobby (Der.), Alienation içinde (s. xv- xvi). New York: Infobase Publishing.
  • Botella, C. ve Botella, S. (2005). The Work of Psychic Figurability: Mental States Without Representation. New York: Psychology Press.
  • Brown, R. J. (2006). “Different Type of “Dissociation” Have Different Psychological Mechanisms.” Deprince, A. P. ve Cromer, L. D. (Der.), Exploring Dissociation: Definitions, Development and Cognitive Correlates içinde (s. 7-25). New York: Haworth Press.
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  • Bychowski, G. (1967). “The Archaic Object and Alienation.” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 48: 384-393.
  • Bunn, G. C. (2012). The Truth Machine: A Social History of the Lie Detector. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Campbell, R. J. (2009). Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Colman, A. M. (2015). Oxford Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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  • Çorak, A. (2018). “Disosiyatif Şizofreni Kavramının Tarihsel Kökenleri Ve Psikotik Süreklilik.” Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi, 1(2): 29-45.
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  • Deflem, M. (2015). “Anomie: History of the Concept.” James D. Wright (Der.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences içinde (2. Baskı) (s. 718-721). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Deutsch, H. (1942). “Some Forms of Disturbance and Their Relation to Schizophrenia.” Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 11: 301-321.
  • Douglas, J. (1872). English Etymology: A textbook of derivatives. Londra: Simpkin, Marshall and Co.
  • Elkholy, S. N. (2012). The Philosophy of the Beats. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
  • Ellenberger, H. (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
  • Engberg-Pedersen, T. (1990). The Stoic Theory of Oikeiosis: Moral Development and Social Interaction in Early Stoic Philosophy. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
  • Ermiş F. (2013 ). A History of Ottoman Economic Thought: Developments Before the Nineteenth Century. New York: Routledge.
  • Evans, D. (2006). An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis. New York: Routledge.
  • Federn, P. (1952). Ego Psychology and the Psychoses. New York: Basic Books.
  • Fischer, J. ve Corcoran, K. J. (1994). Measures for Clinical Practice and Research: A Sourcebook. 2. Cilt: Adults (2. Baskı). New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. ve Target, M. (2002). Affect Regulation, Mentalization and the Development of the Self. New York: Other Press.
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  • Frankl, V. E. (1985). Man's Search for Meaning. New York: Simon and Schuster.
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  • Fromm, E. (1965). Escape from Freedom. New York: Avon Books.
  • Geyer, R. F. ve Schweitzer, D. R. (1976). “Introduction.” R. F. Geyer, D. R. Schweitzer (Der.), Theories of Alienation. Critical Perspectives in Philosophy and the Social Sciences içinde (s. xiv-xxv). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Social Sciences Division.
  • Gil-Or, O., Levi-Belz, Y. ve Turel, O. (2015). “The “Facebook-self”: Characteristics and Psychological Predictors of False Self-Presentation on Facebook.” Frontiers in Psychology, 6(99): 1-10.
  • Glover, E. (2017). On the Early Development of Mind. New York: Routledge.
  • Gooding-Williams, R. (2011). In the Shadow of Du Bois: Afro-Modern Political Thought in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Grimshaw, W. (1821). An Etymological Dictionary. Philadelphia: Lydia R. Bailey.
  • Hart, O. V. ve Dorahy, M. J. (2009). “History of the Concept of Dissociation.” Dell, P. F. ve O'Neil, J. A. (Der.), Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders: Dsm-V and Beyond içinde (s. 3-27). New York: Routledge.
  • Heidegger, M. (1996). Being and Time: A Translation of Sein und Zeit. New York: SUNY Press.
  • Heidegger, M. (2001). “Letter on Humanism.” McDonald, P.S. (Der.). The Existentialist Reader: An Anthology of Key Texts içinde (s. 236-269). New York: Routledge.
  • Henderson, C. J. (2001). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Movies. New York: Facts On File.
  • Hoch, A. (1911[1950]). “On Some Of The Mental Mechanisms In Dementia Praecox.” Meyer, A., Jelliffe, S.E. ve Hoch, A. (Der.), Dementia Praecox: A Monograph içinde (s. 53-71). Boston: Gorham Press.
  • Honneth, A. (2014). “Forword.” Jaeggi, R., Alienation içinde (s. vii-x). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Hopkins, L. (2008). False Self: The Life of Masud Khan. Londra: Karnac Books.
  • Hu, H., Real, E., Takamiya, K., Kang, M. G., Ledoux, J., Huganir, R.L. ve Malinow, R. (2007). “Emotion Enhances Learning via Norepinephrine Regulation of AMPA-Receptor Trafficking.” Cell, 131: 160–173.
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There are 108 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Philosophy, Psychology
Journal Section Research/Review Articles
Authors

Ahmet Çorak 0000-0003-3840-5145

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Acceptance Date June 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çorak, A. (2022). ‘Öteki’nin ‘Ben’ Üzerine Düşen Gölgesi: Yabancılaşma. MetaZihin: Yapay Zeka Ve Zihin Felsefesi Dergisi, 5(1), 1-40. https://doi.org/10.51404/metazihin.1112425