Bitki Biyolojisinin Felsefe Eğitimine Katkıları

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 25 - 41, 01.09.2024

Özlem Yılmaz Silverman

https://doi.org/10.51404/metazihin.1435463

Abstract

Filozoflar yaşamla ilgili düşündüklerinde, bunu genellikle hayvanlar üzerinden yapmaya meyillidirler; bitkiler, çalışmalarında çoğunlukla arka plandadır, nadiren çalışmaların merkezinde oldukları görülür. Oysaki bitkiler, ekosistemlerin hayati derecede önemli parçalarıdır ve bitki yaşamı, bitki ve çevresi arasındaki etkileşimin çok ilginç halleri de dahil olmak üzere eşsiz süreçler içerir. Bitki biyolojisi, biyoloji felsefesi derslerinde önemli bir yere sahip olmalıdır. Ancak böylece öğrenciler, organizmaların ve organizma-çevre etkileşimlerinin kompleksite ve dinamikliğini, doğadaki çeşitliliği ve genel olarak, yaşamın süreçlerini daha zengin, kapsamlı ve iyi bir şekilde öğrenebilirler. Bunların yanında, bitkilere yeterli ilginin gösterilmesi, biyoloji felsefesinde bireylik, organizasyon ve hastalık gibi birçok konuda yeni ve ilginç yaklaşımlar sağlayacaktır. Bu tezi desteklemek için, bitki-çevre etkileşimi ile ilgili üç konu örnek olarak ana hatlarıyla anlatılacak ve bu konuların felsefi yansımaları açıklanacaktır. Birbirleriyle ilişkili olan bu üç konu: Büyüme, bitki hormonları ve bitki-bitki mikrobiyom etkileşimleridir. Bu konular; bireylik, sistem düşüncesi ve holobiyont tartışmaları gibi biyoloji felsefesindeki temel konulara önemli yaklaşımlar sunar.

Keywords

bitki biyolojisi, hormonlar, bireylik, sistemler düşüncesi, holobiyont, organizma, biyoloji felsefesi

The Benefits of Plant Biology for Philosophy Education

Abstract

Philosophers usually tend to think of animals when they think about life; plants often only appear in their works on the margins, in the background. They are rarely in the centre. However, plants are vital parts of ecosystems, and plant life involves unique processes, including remarkable modes of interaction between plants and their environments. Plant biology should have a significant place in philosophy of biology curriculum so that students can learn about complexity and dynamicity of organisms and organism-environment interactions, diversity in nature, and, in general, the processes of life in a richer, broader, better way. Furthermore, giving serious attention to plants provides novel and interesting perspectives on many topics in philosophy of biology, including individuality, organisation and disease. To support this assertion, this paper briefly describes three topics related to plant-environment interaction and explains some of their philosophical implications. These topics are growth, plant hormones and plant-plant microbiota interactions, all of which present crucial aspects related to some prevalent topics in philosophy of biology such as individuality, systems thinking, and holobiont.

Keywords

plant biology, hormones, individuality, systems thinking, holobiont, organism, philosophy of biology

References

• Aerts, N., Mendes, M. P. ve Van Wees, S. C. M. (2021). “Multiple Levels of Crosstalk in Hormone Networks Regulating Plant Defense.” The Plant Journal, 105: 489–504.
• Ankeny, R., Chang, H., Boumans, M., & Boon, M. (2011). “Introduction: Philosophy of science in practice.” European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 1: 303-307.
• Arber, A. (1950). The natural philosophy of plant form. Cambridge University Press.
• Babalola, O. O., Fadiji, A. E., Enagbonma, B. J., Alori, E. T., Ayilara, M. S. ve Ayangbenro, A. S. (2020). “The Nexus Between Plant and Plant Microbiome: Revelation of the Networking Strategies.” Frontiers in Microbiology 11: 548037. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.548037
• Badri D. V. ve Vivanco J. M. (2009). “Regulation and Function of Root Exudates.” Plant, Cell and Environment, 32: 666–681. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01926.x
• Baxter, A., Mittler, R. ve Suzuki, N. (2014). “ROS as key players in plant stress signalling.” Journal of Experimental Botany, 65(5): 1229– 1240.
• Baum, D. A. (2019). “Plant Parts: Processes, Structures, or Functions?” Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore, 71(2): 245–256.
• Calvo, P., Gagliano, M., Souza, G. M. ve Trewavas, A. (2020). “Plants are Intelligent, Here’s How.” Annals of Botany, 125(1): 11-28.
• Calvo, P. ve Segundo-Ortin, M. (2023). “Plant Sentience Revisited: Sifting through the Thicket of Perspectives.” Animal Sentience, 8(33): 32.
• Chanclud, E. ve Morel, J. B. (2016). “Plant Hormones: A Fungal Point of View.” Molecular Plant Pathology, 17(8): 1289–1297.
• Chiu, L. ve Eberl, G. (2016). “Microorganisms as Scaffolds of Host Individuality: A Eco-immunity Account of the Holobiont.” Biology and Philosophy, 31: 819–837. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10539-016-9552-0
• Clarke, E. (2012). “Plant Individuality: A Solution to the Demographer’s Dilemma.” Biology and Philosophy. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-012-9309-3
• Compant, S., Samad, A., Faist, H. ve Sessitsch, A. (2019). “A Review on the Plant Microbiome: Ecology, Functions, and Emerging Trends in Microbial Application.” Journal of Advanced Research, 19: 29–37.
• Çevik, A. D. (2020). “Bilim Felsefesi Bilim Pratiğinden Ne Öğrenebilir?” Kilikya Felsefe Dergisi, (2): 110-132.
• Davies, P. J. (Der.) (1987). Plant Hormones and Their Role in Plant Growth and Development (1. Baskı). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
• Dupré, J. ve O’Malley, M. A. (2009). “Varieties of Living Things: Life at the Intersection of Lineage and Metabolism.” Philosophy, Theory, and Practice in Biology, 1: https://doi.org/10.3998/ptb.6959004.0001.003
• Dupré, J. (2010). “The Polygenomic Organism.” The Sociological Review, 58(1): 19–31.
• Dupré, J. (2012). Processes of Life. Oxford University Press.
• Eichmann, R., Richards, L. ve Schafer, P. (2021). “Hormones as Go-betweens in Plant Microbiome Assembly.” The Plant Journal, 105: 518–541.
• Gerber, S. (2018). “An Herbiary of Plant Individuality.” PTPBio, 10: 005. https://doi.org/10.3998/ptpbio.16039257.0010.005
• Gilbert, S. F. ve Tauber, A. I. (2016). “Rethinking Individuality: The Dialectics of the Holobiont.” Biology and Philosophy, 31: 839–853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-016-9541-3
• Gorzelak, M. A., Asay, A. K., Pickles, B. J. ve Simard, S. W. (2015). “Inter-plant Communication through Mycorrhizal Networks Mediates Complex Adaptive Behaviour in Plant Communities.” AoB Plants, 7: plv050. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv050
• Haichar, F. Z., Santaella, C., Heulin, T. ve Achouak, W. (2014). “Root Exudates Mediated Interactions Belowground.” Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 77: 69–80.
• Jones, E. (2021). “Distinguishing Regeneration from Degradation in Coral Ecosystems: the Role of Value.” Synthese, 199(1-2), 5225-5253.
• Karban, R. (2008). “Plant Behaviour and Communication.” Ecology Letters, 11: 727–739.
• Leonelli, S. (2019). Data-Centric Biology: A Philosophical Study. University of Chicago Press.
• Lewontin, R. C. (2000). The Triple Helix: Gene, Organism, and Environment. Harvard University Press.
• Margulis, L. ve Sagan, D. (2002). Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origin of Species. New York, USA: Basic Books. eBook ISBN: 9780786722600.
• Mitton, J. B. ve Grant, M. C. (1996). “Genetic Variation and the Natural History of Quaking Aspen.” BioScience, 46: 25-31.
• Molter, D. J. (2019). “On Mycorrhizal Individuality.” Biology & Philosophy, 34: 52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-019-9706-y
• Müller, D. B., Vogel, C., Bai, Y. ve Vorholt, J. A. (2016). “The Plant Microbiota: Systems-Level Insights and Perspectives.” Annual Review of Genetics, 50: 211–34.
• Nicholson, D. J. ve Dupré, J. (2018). Everything Flows towards A Processual Philosophy of Biology. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Pradeu, T. (2016). “The Many Faces of Biological Individuality.” Biology and Philosophy 31: 761–773.
• Pradeu, T. (2016). “Organisms or Biological Individuals? Combining Physiological and evolutionary individuality.” Biology and Philosophy, 31: 797–817.
• Robinson, D. G., Ammer, C., Polle, A., Bauhus, J., Aloni, R., Annighöfer, P., Baskin. T. I., Blatt, M. R., Bolte, A., Bugmann, H., Cohen, J. D., Davies, P.J., Draguhn, A., Hartmann, H., Hasenauer, H., Hepler, P.K., Kohnle, U., Lang, F., Löf, M., Messier, C., Munné-Bosch, S., Murphy, A., Puettmann, K.J., Marchant, I.Q., Raven, P.H., Robinson, D., Sanders, D., Seidel, D., Schwechheimer, C., Spathelf, P., Steer, M., Taiz, L., Wagner, S., Henriksson, N., ve Näsholm, T. (2023). “Mother Trees, Altruistic Fungi, and the Perils of Plant Personification.” Trends in Plant Science, 29(1): 20-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.08.010. Epub 2023 Sep 19
• Robischon, M. (2019). “Fostering Systems Thinking Biological Education Using the Example of Plant Hormones.” Bioessays, 41(11). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.201900119
• Rutishauser, R. (2020). “EvoDevo: Past and Future of Continuum and Process Plant Morphology.” Philosophies, 5(4): 41.
• Sims, R. ve Yilmaz, Ö. (2023). “Stigmergic Coordination and Minimal Cognition in plants.” Adaptive Behavior, 31(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/10597123221150817
• Skillings, D. (2016). “Holobionts and the Ecology of Organisms: Multi-species Communities or Integrated Individuals?” Biology and Philosophy, 31: 875–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-016-9544-0
• Suárez, J. ve Triviño, V. (2019). “A Metaphysical Approach to Holobiont Individuality: Holobionts as Emergent Individuals.” Quaderns de Filosofia, 6(1): 59–76. https://doi.org/10.7203/qfia.6.1.14825
• Sultan, E. S. (2015). Organism & Environment. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Taiz, L., Alkon, D., Draguhn, A., Murphy, A., Blatt, M., Hawes, C., Thiel, G. ve Robinson, D. G. (2019). “Plants Neither Possess Nor Require Consciousness.” Trends in Plant Science, 24(8): 677-687.
• Trivedi, P., Leach, J. E., Tringe, S. G., Sa, T. ve Singh, B. K. (2020). “Plant–Microbiome Interactions: From Community Assembly to Plant Health.” Nature Reviews Microbiology, 18: 607–621.
• van Duijn, M., Keijzer, F. ve Franken, D. (2006). “Principles of Minimal Cognition: Casting Cognition as Sensorimotor Coordination.” Adaptive Behavior, 14(2): 157–170.
• Vandenkoornhuyse, P., Quaiser, A., Duhamel, M., Le Van, A. ve Dufresne, A. (2015). “The Importance of the Microbiome of the Plant Holobiont.” New Phytologist, 206: 1196–1206. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13312
• Walker, T. S., Bais, H. P., Grotewold, E. ve Vivanco, J. M. (2003). “Root Exudation and Rhizosphere Biology.” Plant Physiology, 132: 44–51.
• Waters, C. K. (2018). “Ask Not “What is an Individual?””. O. Bueno, RL. Chen and M.B. Fagan (Der.) Individuation, Process and Scientific Practices içinde. Oxford Scholarship Online. Oxford University Press.
• Williamson, H. F. ve Leonelli, S. (2023). Towards Responsible Plant Data Linkage: Data Challenges for Agricultural Research and Development. Springer Nature.
• Yu, M. S., Lo, S. F. ve Ho, T. H. D. (2015). “Source–sink Communication: Regulated by Hormone, Nutrient, and Stress Cross-Signaling.” Trends in Plant Science, 20: 844-857.
• Yılmaz, Ö. (2017). “Causation and Explanation in Phenotype Research.” Balkan Journal of Philosophy, 9(1): 63-70.
• Yılmaz, Ö. (2020). Fenom-genom-çevre Etkileşimi: Felsefi Bir Analiz. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
• Yilmaz, Ö. (2021) “More Plant Biology in Philosophy Education.” Thomas J.J. McCloughlin (Der.) The Nature of Science in Biology: A Resource for Educators içinde. Dublin: Graphikon Teo.
• Yılmaz, Ö. (2022). “Biyoloji Felsefesinde Organizma Kavramı.” Kilikya Felsefe Dergisi, 1(1), 78-86.
• Yilmaz, Ö. (2024). “Return of the Organism? The Concept in Plant Biology, Now and Then.” Theor. Exp. Plant Physiol. 36(3): 355–368.