Eleştirel siyasal iktisat perspektifinden merkez bankası bağımsızlığı: 2008 finansal krizi sonrası değişen merkez bankacılığı ve Türkiye

Year 2024, Volume: 51 Issue: 1, 43 - 73, 28.06.2024

Derya Başarangil

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de merkez bankası bağımsızlığına ilişkin son dönemdeki tartışmanın eksik bıraktığı yönleri belirterek, bu tartışmanın 2008 Küresel Finansal Krizi sonrası merkez bankalarının bağımsızlık çerçevesi ötesinde yeni roller üstlenmeleri gerektiğine ilişkin küresel düzeydeki tartışmalardan kopuk bir biçimde gerçekleştiğini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın ana argümanı, Türkiye’nin özellikle 2018 Döviz Krizi sonrasında uygulanan merkez bankacılığı pratikleriyle gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan kapitalist ülke ekonomilerindeki uygulamalardan çok, aslında merkez bankasının rollerine ve bağımsızlığına ilişkin son dönemdeki tartışmanın biçimiyle dünyadan ayrıştığıdır. 2008 krizinin merkez bankacılığı uygulamalarında meydana getirdiği değişiklikler göz önüne alındığında, Türkiye’de hem akademik hem de siyasi partiler düzeyinde yürütülen bağımsızlık tartışması, merkez bankalarının bağımsızlığına dair yükselen endişeleri ve küresel düzeyde ortaya çıkan yeni krizler karşısında yeni roller üstlenmeleri gerektiğine dair artan vurguyu göz ardı etmektedir. Türkiye’de 2019 ve sonrasındaki 5 yıl içinde 5 kez değişen merkez bankası başkanları sebebiyle alevlenen merkez bankasının bağımsızlığının sağlanması gerektiğine dair tartışma, merkez bankası bağımsızlığı çerçevesinin teorik ve tarihsel arka planı yanında, bu çerçevenin Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ülkeler için taşıdığı anlamı ve sınırlılıkları da ihmal etmektedir. TCMB’nin araç bağımsızlığının sağlanması Türkiye’nin özellikle son dönemde yaşadığı siyasi ve ekonomik krizlere karşı bir çözüm ve bozulan sermaye birikim sürecinin yerine getirilmesinin bir koşulu olarak sunulduğu ölçüde, hem bir gelişmekte olan ülke merkez bankası olarak TCMB’nin etki gücüne hem de para politikasının etkililiğine sahip olduğundan çok daha fazla bir anlam yüklenmektedir. Bu çalışma ise, merkez bankası bağımsızlığına ilişkin küresel düzeydeki tartışmalarla Türkiye’deki tartışma biçiminin farklılığına dikkat çekerek, merkez bankalarının devlet-finans bağı (state-finance nexus) anlamında Devlet/Piyasa arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkiler açısından yerine getirdikleri rolü eleştirel siyasal iktisat perspektifinden değerlendirmektedir.

Keywords

Merkez Bankası, Merkez Bankası Bağımsızlığı, Devlet-Finans Bağı, Finansallaşma, Kriz yönetimi

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