Time-use emissions in Türkiye: An exploration by employment status and gender

Year 2025, Volume: 52 Issue: 1, 153 - 179, 30.06.2025

Betül Öztürk Gündoğdu , Eren Gürer

Abstract

We combine EXIOBASE3, Household Budget Surveys, and Time-Use Surveys to examine time-use emissions in Türkiye. Our main finding is that essential personal time activities—particularly basic eating and drinking—account for a much larger share of emissions in Türkiye than in wealthier economies, even though they occupy a comparable share of daily time, highlighting unique challenges and policy areas for emission reduction in a developing country context. We also identify other key time-use activities driving emissions across employment and gender groups. Policy implications are discussed.

Keywords

environment , climate change , time-use , carbon emissions

Ethical Statement

Not applicable.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

224K475

Thanks

We gratefully acknowledge the support of TÜBİTAK through Project No. 224K475. We would also like to thank Ebru Voyvoda and Onur Yeni as well as the participants of 2nd Efil Conference on Economics and Society for valuable comments and discussions.

Türkiye’de zaman kullanımı kaynaklı emisyonlar: İstihdam durumu ve cinsiyete göre bir inceleme

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, EXIOBASE3, Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketleri ve Zaman Kullanım Anketleri birleştirilerek Türkiye’de zaman kullanımı kaynaklı emisyonlar incelenmektedir. Temel bulgumuz, zorunlu kişisel zaman kullanım faaliyetlerinin—özellikle temel yeme ve içme faaliyetlerinin—günlük zamanın benzer bir kısmını kaplamasına rağmen, Türkiye’de daha zengin ülkelere kıyasla emisyonların çok daha büyük bir bölümünü oluşturduğudur. Bu durum, Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ülkelerde karbon emisyonlarının azaltılmasına yönelik politikalarda karşılaşılabilecek özgün zorluklara ve müdahale alanlarına dair önemli ipuçları sunmaktadır. Ayrıca, istihdam durumu ve cinsiyet gruplarına göre emisyonları artıran diğer temel zaman kullanım faaliyetleri de belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada ilgili politika önerileri tartışılmaktadır.

Keywords

çevre , iklim değişikliği , zaman kullanımı , karbon emisyonları

Project Number

224K475

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