Semantic Analysis of the Concept of Murâkabe
Abstract
This article addresses the concept of murāqaba within the framework of Qur’an-centered conceptual semantics; proceeding from the fields of usage of the concept in Jāhiliyyah poetry, it sets forth the semantic ground in early Arabic, and subsequently reveals the root and fundamental meaning that became determined in the lexicographical literature. Thereafter, the contextual depth of murāqaba in the Qur’an and Hadith texts is examined; finally, the technical content it acquired in Islamic thought, particularly within the Sufi tradition, is evaluated within historical and textual continuity. The concept of murāqaba is one of the important concepts in Islamic thought due to the connection it establishes between divine surveillance and the servant’s moral responsibility and consciousness of self-control. The use of the root in Jāhiliyyah poetry in the meaning of physical observation and strategic waiting shows that, at the first stage, the concept expressed a human-centered and outward-directed state of attention. In the Qur’an, however, the association of the same root with divine names and acts has carried murāqaba from a human conception of surveillance to a divine and all-encompassing level of consciousness; thus, the concept has been grounded both in God’s absolute knowledge and surveillance and has transformed into a deep moral awareness shaping human conduct. The aim of the article is to determine the root semantic core of murāqaba; to set forth the ontological and ethical dimensions that this core acquires in the Qur’anic and Hadith context; and to analyze, within the perspective of historical continuity, the semantic transformations it undergoes in the process of becoming a technical term in Sufi thought. As method, a Qur’an-centered semantic analysis based on examining key concepts within their historical contexts has been adopted; the root and its derivatives have been comparatively evaluated through etymological and contextual analysis. The scope of the study has been limited to the usages of the root and its derivatives in Jāhiliyyah poetry, lexicons, the Qur’an and Hadith literature, as well as early definitions in Sufi thought and the Naqshbandī tradition, which possesses strong representative significance in Sufism. Instead of the detailed practices of all Sufi schools, foundational texts that demonstrate the historical-semantic development of the concept have been taken as basis. In this respect, the study addresses murāqaba not merely as a Sufi inner state but as a Qur’an-based historical construction of a concept; by uniting fragmented approaches in the literature within a holistic framework and by situating the scriptural foundations of the concept on a more verifiable ground in light of semantic data, it offers a methodological contribution to Qur’anic concept studies.
Keywords
References
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Details
Primary Language
Turkish
Subjects
Tafsir
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
February 26, 2026
Submission Date
January 8, 2026
Acceptance Date
February 24, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 1970 Number: 2