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The Adventure of Jewish Immigration to America with Turning Points

Year 2024, , 349 - 372, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1573346

Abstract

The Jewish immigration journey to America began in 1654 when a Jewish community of 23 people arrived in New Amsterdam (New York) in North America and continued in the following years. This immigration adventure is mainly divided into three periods. The naming of these periods was influenced by the ethnic origins of the Jews who immigrated to America from Europe. These periods are the Sephardic Period, which covers the period between 1654-1820, the German Period, which refers to the period between 1820-1880, and finally, the Eastern European Period, which characterizes the period between 1881-1924. The Sephardic Period, which covers the years between 1654 and 1820, is divided into the Colonial Period (1654-1776) and the Early National Period (1776-1820). The Colonial Period is further classified as the Dutch Period (1654-1664) and the British Period (1664-1776). The difficult situation of the Jews living in Germany and later in Tsarist Russia, the laws enacted against them, their being forced to live under oppression and persecution, and great economic hardship forced Jews to migrate to America, known as the New World. In each wave of immigration, Jews faced great difficulties. Being uneducated and penniless, having to leave their families behind, not speaking English, and even their Jewish identity are the main reasons for their difficulties. Despite all this, American Jews have gained new rights and freedoms in the context of economy, education, politics, and culture. In this environment of freedom, they have achieved unimaginable success in almost every field. Jews who started as peddlers in America became rich enough to open stores and even establish banks. The children of uneducated Jews proved themselves as doctors, lawyers, and teachers. While achieving these successes, they had to overcome great hardships occasionally. As a result of all this, America has become the second homeland of the Jews after Israel, with a Jewish population of nearly seven million. On the other hand, this study, which aims to outline the immigration history of American Jews who play an active role in world politics and economy, is important in contributing to the understanding of American Jews themselves and their power.

Ethical Statement

Ethical principles were followed during the preparation of this study.

References

  • Ashton, Dianne. “Expanding Jewish Life in America, 1826-1901”. The Columbia History of Jews and Judaism in America. ed. Marc Lee Raphael. 47-69. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
  • Başaran, İsmail. “Amerikan Yahudiliği Tarihi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Mîzânü’l-Hak: İslami İlimler Dergisi 9 (2019), 127-140.
  • _______. Ana Hatlarıyla Amerikan Yahudiliği, Tarihsel Süreç ve Gruplar. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2020.
  • Brenner, Michael. Kısa Yahudi Tarihi. çev. Sevinç Altınçekiç. İstanbul: Alfa Tarih, 2011.
  • Daly, Charles P. The Settlement of the Jews in North America. ed. Max J. Kohler. New York: Philip Cowen, 1893.
  • Diner, Hasia R. A Time for Gathering, the Second Migration 1820-1880. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Basım, ts.
  • _______. The Jews of the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. Edelman, Joseph. “The Centenary of Jewish Immigration to the United States: 1881-1981”. Judaism 32/2 (1983), 215-229.
  • Faber, Eli. “America’s Earliest Jewish Settlers, 1684-1820”. The Columbia History of Jews and Judaism in America. ed. Marc Lee Raphael. 21-46. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
  • Foster, Geraldine S. vd. Jews of Rhode Island 1658-1958. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 1997.
  • Gartner, Lloyd P. “Jewish Migrants en route from Europe to North America: Traditions and Realities”. Jewish History 1/2 (1986), 49-66.
  • Gerber, Jane S. The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience. New York, 1992.
  • Goldstein, Eric L. “The Great Wave: Eastern European Jewish Immigration to the United States, 1880-1924”. The Columbia History of Jews and Judaism in America. ed. Marc Lee Raphael. 70-92. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
  • Hühner, Leon. “Whence Came the First Jewish Settlers of New York?” The Johns Hopkins University Press 9 (1901), 75-85.
  • Kahn, Ava F. Jewish Voices of the California Gold Rush: A Documentary History, 1849–1880. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2002.
  • Kayserling, Meyer. “The Colonization of America by the Jews”, Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 2 (1894), 73-76.
  • Kızılabdullah, Şahin. “Afro-Amerikalı Yahudiler”. Dini Araştırmalar 25/62 (2022), 59-82.
  • Köse, Tuğba. “Çarlık Rejimi Gölgesinde Rus Yahudileri: 1881-1882 Pogromları”. Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi 5 (2019), 33-58.
  • _______. “Yahudilerin Devletleşme Sürecinde Dönüm Noktaları: Pogrom, Aliya ve Siyasi Siyonizm (1881-1903)”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 13 (2021), 119-142.
  • Kurat, Akdes Nimet. Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar. Ankara: Tük Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2. Basım, 1987.
  • Marcus, Jacob Rader. “The Periodization of American Jewish History”. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 47/3 (1958), 125-133.
  • Moore, Deborah Dash. B’nai B’rith and the Challenge of Ethnic Leadership. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981.
  • Oppenheim, Samuel. “The Early History of the Jews in New York, 1654-1664, Some New Matter on the Subject”. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 19 (1909), 1-91.
  • Peters, Madison C. Haym Salomon, The Financer of the Revolution. New York: The Trow Press, 1911.
  • Pool, David De Sola. “An Old Faith in the New World: Highlights of Three Hundred Years” 44/4 (1955), 210-214.
  • Roper, L. H. “The Fall of New Netherland and Seventeenth-Century Anglo-American Imperial Formation, 1654-1676”. The New England Quarterly 87/4 (2014), 666-708.
  • Sarna, Jonathan D. American Judaism: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.
  • _______. “The Impact of the American Revolution on American Jews”. Modern Judaism 1 (1981), 149-160. Sheskin, Ira M. - Dashefsky, Arnold. “United States Jewish Population, 2018”. The American Jewish Year Book 118 (2018), 251-347.
  • Slutsky, Yehuda. “Pogroms”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. ed. Fred Skolnik. 16/279-282. USA: Thomson & Gale, 2007. Szajkowski, Zosa. “The European Attitude to East European Jewish Immigration (1881-1893)”. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 41/2 (1951), 127-162.
  • Toktaş, Şule - Kılınç, Fatih Resul. “Jewish Immigration to the American Continent”. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi 4/1 (2018), 30-64.
  • Weiss, Marcia J. Jewish Immigrants. ed. Carl L. Bankston. 615-618. California-New Jersey: Salem Press, ts.
  • Wiernik, Peter. History of the Jews in America. New York: The Jewish Press Publishing Company, 1912. Wiznitzer, Arnold. Jews in Colonial Brazil. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.
  • _______. “The Exodus from Brazil and Arrival in New Amsterdam of the Jewish Pilgrims Fathers, 1654”. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 44/2 (1954), 80-97.
  • Worth, Richard. Jewish Immigrants. ed. Robert Asher. New York: Facts On File, 2005.

Dönüm Noktalarıyla Yahudilerin Amerika'ya Göç Serüveni

Year 2024, , 349 - 372, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1573346

Abstract

Yahudilerin Amerika’ya göç serüveni 1654 yılında 23 kişilik Yahudi bir topluluğun Kuzey Amerika’daki New Amsterdam’a (New York) gelmesiyle başlamış ve daha sonraki yıllarda da devam etmiştir. Bu göç serüveni başlıca üç döneme ayrılmıştır. Bu dönemlerin isimlendirilmesinde Avrupa’dan Amerika’ya göç eden Yahudilerin Avrupa’daki etnik kökenleri etkili olmuştur. Bu dönemler 1654-1820 yılları arasını kapsayan Sefarad Dönemi, 1820-1880 yılları arasını ifade eden Alman Dönemi ve son olarak 1881-1924 yılları arasını niteleyen Doğu Avrupa Dönemi’dir. 1654-1820 yılları arasını kapsayan Sefarad Dönemi kendi içinde Sömürge Dönemi (1654-1776) ve Erken Ulusal Dönem (1776-1820) şeklinde iki döneme ayrılmaktadır. Sömürge Dönemi de ayrıca Hollanda Dönemi (1654-1664) ve İngiltere Dönemi (1664-1776) şeklinde tasnif edilmiştir. Almanya’da ve daha sonraki süreçte Çarlık Rusya’da yaşayan Yahudilerin düştüğü zor durumlar, bunların aleyhine çıkartılan yasalar, baskı ve zulüm altıda yaşamak zorunda bırakılmaları ve büyük ekonomik sıkıntılar Yahudilerin Yeni Dünya olarak bilinen Amerika’ya göç etmelerini zorunlu kılmıştır. Her bir göç dalgasında Yahudiler, büyük sıkıntılarla karşılaşmışlardır. Eğitimsiz ve parasız olmaları, ailelerini geride bırakmak zorunda olmaları, İngilizce bilmemeleri ve hatta kimliklerinin Yahudi olması yaşadıkları sıkıntıların başlıca sebepleridir. Bütün bunlara rağmen Amerikan Yahudileri, zamanla ekonomik, eğitim, siyaset ve kültür bağlamında yeni hak ve özgürlükler elde etmişlerdir. Bu özgürlük ortamında neredeyse her alanda hayal edemeyecekleri kadar büyük başarılar kazanmışlardır. Amerika’da seyyar satıcı olarak işe başlayan Yahudiler, mağazalar açacak ve hatta bankalar kuracak kadar zenginleşmişlerdir. Eğitimsiz Yahudilerin çocukları doktor, avukat ve öğretmen olarak kendilerini ispatlamışlardır. Bu başarıları kazanırken zaman zaman büyük sıkıntıların üstesinden gelmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Bütün bunların sonucunda Amerika yedi milyona yaklaşan Yahudi nüfusuyla İsrail’den sonra Yahudilerin ikinci vatanı olmuştur. Öte yandan, dünya siyasetinde ve ekonomisinde etkin rol oynayan Amerikan Yahudilerinin göç tarihini ana hatlarıyla ortaya koymanı amaçlayan bu çalışma, bizzat Amerikan Yahudilerinin ve bunların gücünün anlaşılmasına katkı sağlaması açısından önem arz etmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde etik ilkelere uyulmuştur.

References

  • Ashton, Dianne. “Expanding Jewish Life in America, 1826-1901”. The Columbia History of Jews and Judaism in America. ed. Marc Lee Raphael. 47-69. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
  • Başaran, İsmail. “Amerikan Yahudiliği Tarihi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Mîzânü’l-Hak: İslami İlimler Dergisi 9 (2019), 127-140.
  • _______. Ana Hatlarıyla Amerikan Yahudiliği, Tarihsel Süreç ve Gruplar. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2020.
  • Brenner, Michael. Kısa Yahudi Tarihi. çev. Sevinç Altınçekiç. İstanbul: Alfa Tarih, 2011.
  • Daly, Charles P. The Settlement of the Jews in North America. ed. Max J. Kohler. New York: Philip Cowen, 1893.
  • Diner, Hasia R. A Time for Gathering, the Second Migration 1820-1880. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Basım, ts.
  • _______. The Jews of the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. Edelman, Joseph. “The Centenary of Jewish Immigration to the United States: 1881-1981”. Judaism 32/2 (1983), 215-229.
  • Faber, Eli. “America’s Earliest Jewish Settlers, 1684-1820”. The Columbia History of Jews and Judaism in America. ed. Marc Lee Raphael. 21-46. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
  • Foster, Geraldine S. vd. Jews of Rhode Island 1658-1958. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 1997.
  • Gartner, Lloyd P. “Jewish Migrants en route from Europe to North America: Traditions and Realities”. Jewish History 1/2 (1986), 49-66.
  • Gerber, Jane S. The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience. New York, 1992.
  • Goldstein, Eric L. “The Great Wave: Eastern European Jewish Immigration to the United States, 1880-1924”. The Columbia History of Jews and Judaism in America. ed. Marc Lee Raphael. 70-92. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.
  • Hühner, Leon. “Whence Came the First Jewish Settlers of New York?” The Johns Hopkins University Press 9 (1901), 75-85.
  • Kahn, Ava F. Jewish Voices of the California Gold Rush: A Documentary History, 1849–1880. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2002.
  • Kayserling, Meyer. “The Colonization of America by the Jews”, Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 2 (1894), 73-76.
  • Kızılabdullah, Şahin. “Afro-Amerikalı Yahudiler”. Dini Araştırmalar 25/62 (2022), 59-82.
  • Köse, Tuğba. “Çarlık Rejimi Gölgesinde Rus Yahudileri: 1881-1882 Pogromları”. Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi 5 (2019), 33-58.
  • _______. “Yahudilerin Devletleşme Sürecinde Dönüm Noktaları: Pogrom, Aliya ve Siyasi Siyonizm (1881-1903)”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 13 (2021), 119-142.
  • Kurat, Akdes Nimet. Rusya Tarihi Başlangıçtan 1917’ye Kadar. Ankara: Tük Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2. Basım, 1987.
  • Marcus, Jacob Rader. “The Periodization of American Jewish History”. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 47/3 (1958), 125-133.
  • Moore, Deborah Dash. B’nai B’rith and the Challenge of Ethnic Leadership. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981.
  • Oppenheim, Samuel. “The Early History of the Jews in New York, 1654-1664, Some New Matter on the Subject”. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 19 (1909), 1-91.
  • Peters, Madison C. Haym Salomon, The Financer of the Revolution. New York: The Trow Press, 1911.
  • Pool, David De Sola. “An Old Faith in the New World: Highlights of Three Hundred Years” 44/4 (1955), 210-214.
  • Roper, L. H. “The Fall of New Netherland and Seventeenth-Century Anglo-American Imperial Formation, 1654-1676”. The New England Quarterly 87/4 (2014), 666-708.
  • Sarna, Jonathan D. American Judaism: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.
  • _______. “The Impact of the American Revolution on American Jews”. Modern Judaism 1 (1981), 149-160. Sheskin, Ira M. - Dashefsky, Arnold. “United States Jewish Population, 2018”. The American Jewish Year Book 118 (2018), 251-347.
  • Slutsky, Yehuda. “Pogroms”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. ed. Fred Skolnik. 16/279-282. USA: Thomson & Gale, 2007. Szajkowski, Zosa. “The European Attitude to East European Jewish Immigration (1881-1893)”. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 41/2 (1951), 127-162.
  • Toktaş, Şule - Kılınç, Fatih Resul. “Jewish Immigration to the American Continent”. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi 4/1 (2018), 30-64.
  • Weiss, Marcia J. Jewish Immigrants. ed. Carl L. Bankston. 615-618. California-New Jersey: Salem Press, ts.
  • Wiernik, Peter. History of the Jews in America. New York: The Jewish Press Publishing Company, 1912. Wiznitzer, Arnold. Jews in Colonial Brazil. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.
  • _______. “The Exodus from Brazil and Arrival in New Amsterdam of the Jewish Pilgrims Fathers, 1654”. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 44/2 (1954), 80-97.
  • Worth, Richard. Jewish Immigrants. ed. Robert Asher. New York: Facts On File, 2005.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Jewish Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Muhammed Güngör 0000-0002-1228-0869

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date October 24, 2024
Acceptance Date December 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

ISNAD Güngör, Muhammed. “Dönüm Noktalarıyla Yahudilerin Amerika’ya Göç Serüveni”. Milel ve Nihal 21/2 (December 2024), 349-372. https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1573346.