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The Concept of Time and the Future Perception of Zionism Based on the Messianic Doctrine: Forcing God into the Golden Age

Year 2024, , 107 - 135, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1576905

Abstract

The doctrine of the Messiah in Judaism is a fundamental tenet of faith and the central pillar of Jewish eschatology. The belief that the Messiah will come in the end times to deliver the Jewish people has profoundly influenced Jewish sociology, psychology, and politics. In Jewish theology, time is linear and limited to 6,000 years, which also corresponds to the Hebrew calendar. This concept of finite time, combined with Messianic belief, has shaped the Jewish perspective on history and instilled a deep significance in the calendar. The Hebrew calendar illuminates both the Jewish past and, through the Messianic doctrine, their anticipated future. Jews believe they once experienced a golden age under the Kingdom of David and will live through a similar golden age in the future with the arrival of the Messiah, a descendant of David. Throughout the diaspora, Jews have awaited the Messiah, placing their hopes in this promise. By the 19th century, Zionism emerged, offering Jews the promise of redemption. Taking on aspects of the Messiah's role, Zionism provided a path of salvation through immigration to Palestine and the establishment of a Jewish state. Except for Religious Zionism, Zionists generally avoided aligning their ideology with Messianic beliefs. However, Religious Zionism framed itself as part of the Messianic deliverance. As Zionism achieved its objectives in Palestine, Religious Zionism began to radicalize, giving rise to Messianic Zionism. Messianic Zionism is apocalyptic, militant, radical, Kabbalistic, war-oriented, and aims to accelerate the end by interpreting contemporary events as the fulfillment of prophecies. Radical Messianic Zionists, believing that all prophecies must be fulfilled by human action for the Davidic Messiah to arrive, use mystical calculations to assert that the end is near. As a result, they pressure the State of Israel to engage in bloodshed and initiate war, seeing these actions not as choices but as essential conditions for Messianic Zionism.

Ethical Statement

Ethical principles were followed during the preparation of this study.

References

  • Avineri, Shlomo. The Making of Modern Zionism: The Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State. New York: Basic Books, 2017.
  • _______. “Zionism and Jewish Religious Tradition: The Dialectics of Redemption and Secularization”, Zionism and Religion, ed. Shmuel Almog, et al., 1-12. Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1998.
  • Babylonian Talmud, Tanakh, Mishneh Torah and Mishnah. Sefaria: a Living Library of Jewish Texts Online (used 10/10/2024)
  • Bajoit, Guy. “Siyonizm ve Emperyalizm”, Siyonizm ve Irkçılık, ed. Türkkaya Ataöv. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Fakültesi Yayınları, 1982.
  • Biale, David. Gershom Scholem Kabbalah and Counter History. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1982.
  • Brenner, Michael. In Search of Israel: The History of Idea. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 2018.
  • De Sousa, Rodrigo F. Eschatology and Messianism in LXX Isaiah 1-12. New York: T-T Clark, 2010.
  • Goldshlag, Itzhak. “Mizrachi”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 14/389-390. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 2007.
  • Inbari, Motti. Messianic Religious Zionism Confronts Israeli Territorial Compromises. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Kellner, Menachem. “And the Crookes Shall be Made Straight: Twisted Messianic Visions, and a Maimonidean Corrective”. Rethinking the Messianic Idea in Judaism, ed. Michael L. Morgan et al. 108-141. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015.
  • _______. Maimonides on Judaism and the Jewish People. New York: State University of New York Press, 1991.
  • Khalidi, Rashid. “The Formation of Palestinian Identity: The Critical Years, 1917-1923”. Rethinking Nationalism in Arab Middle East. Ed. James Jankowski et al., 171-191. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
  • Klatzkin, Jacob. “Armilus”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2/474-475. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 2007.
  • Kook, Abraham, Isaac Hakohen. Orot. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2015.
  • Kouts, Gideon. “Zionism”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 21/539-540. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 2007.
  • Krakotzkin, Amnon Raz. “A National Colonial Theology Religion, Orientalism and The Construction of The Secular İn Zionist Course”. Ethnizitat, Moderne und Enttraditionalisierung, ed. Moshe Zuckermann, 312-326, Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2002.
  • Kressel, Getzel. “Alkalai, Judah ben Solomon Hai”, Encyclopaedia Judaica. 1/663-664. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 2007.
  • Levy, Ze’ev. “Yahudi Milliyetçiliği”. Yahudi Felsefesi Tarihi. Ed. Daniel Frank et al., 769-782. Ankara: Hece Yayınları, 2018.
  • Linker, Shalom. Kibbutz Judaism: A New Tradition in the Making. Pennsylvania: Associated University Presses, 1982.
  • Longman, Tremper et al. (ed.). The Expositor’s Bible Commentary: Daniel- Malachi. Michigan: Zondervan Academic, 2009.
  • Masalha, Nur. The Bible and Zionism: Invented Tradition, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Israel-Palestine. London: Zed Books, 2007.
  • Miller, Stephen R. Daniel. Tennessee: B&H Publishing, 1994.
  • Novak, David. Zionism and Judaism: A New Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Pensler, Derek J. “Anti-Semites on Zionism: From Indifference to Obsession”. Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism in Historical Perspective: Convergence and Divergence. Ed. Jeffrey Herf, 14-25. London: Routledge, 2007.
  • Rabkin, Yakov M. “Religious Roots of a Political Ideology: Judaism and Christianity at the Cradle of Zionism”. Mediterranean Review 5/1 (2012), 80-104.
  • Ravitzky, Aviezer. Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism. Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
  • Salmon, Yosef. “Zionism and Anti-Zionism in Traditional Judaism in Eastern Europe”. Zionism and Religion, ed. Shmuel Almog et al., 25-44, Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1998.
  • Schwartz, Dov. Religious Zionism History and Ideology. Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2009.
  • Shapira, Anita. Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881-1948. California: Stanford University Press, 1992.
  • _______. “Where Has ‘the Negation of Exile’ Gone?”. Alpayim: A Multidisciplinary Publication for Contemporary Thought and Literature 25 (2003), 9-55.
  • Steven V. Mazie, Israel’s Higher Law- Religion and Liberal Democracy in The Jewish State, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006.
  • The Targum of Onkelos and Jonathan Ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch: Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. London: Longman, Green Longman, Roberts and Green, 1865.
  • Yaron, Zvi Zinger & Ish-Shalom, Benjamin. “Abraham Isaac Kook”. Encyclopedia Judaica. 12/289-293. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 2007.
  • Waardenburg, Jacques. “Mesih”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 29/306-309. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2004.
  • Weizmann, Chaim. The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Jerusalem: Transaction Publishers, 1984.
  • Wolfe, Patrick. “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native”. Journal of Genocide Research 8/4 (2006), 387-409.
  • Zephyr, Alexander. Rabbi Akiva, Bar Kokhba Revolt, and the Ten Tribes of Israel Bloomington: İUniverse LLC, 2013.

Mesih Doktrini Üzerinden Zaman Kavramı ve Siyonizmin Gelecek Algısı: Tanrı’yı Altın Çağ’a Zorlamak

Year 2024, , 107 - 135, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1576905

Abstract

Yahudilikte Mesih doktrini temel bir inanç ilkesi ve Yahudi eskatolojisinin ana direğidir. Mesih'in ahir zamanda gelip Yahudi halkını kurtaracağı inancı Yahudi sosyolojisini, psikolojisini ve siyasetini derinden etkilemiştir. Yahudi teolojisinde zaman doğrusaldır ve İbrani takvimine de karşılık gelen 6.000 yıl ile sınırlıdır. Mesih inancıyla birleşen bu sonlu zaman kavramı, Yahudilerin tarihe bakış açısını şekillendirmiş ve takvime derin bir anlam yüklemiştir. İbrani takvimi hem Yahudilerin geçmişini hem de Mesih öğretisi aracılığıyla beklenen geleceklerini aydınlatır. Yahudiler bir zamanlar Davut'un Krallığı altında altın bir çağ yaşadıklarına ve gelecekte Davut'un soyundan gelen Mesih'in gelişiyle benzer bir altın çağ yaşayacaklarına inanırlar. Diaspora boyunca Yahudiler umutlarını bu vaade bağlayarak Mesih'i beklemişlerdir. 19. yüzyıla gelindiğinde, Yahudilere kurtuluş vaadi sunan Siyonizm ortaya çıkmıştır. Mesih'in rolünün bazı yönlerini üstlenen Siyonizm, Filistin'e göç ve bir Yahudi devletinin kurulması yoluyla kurtuluş yolu sağladı. Dini Siyonizm dışında, Siyonistler genellikle ideolojilerini Mesihçi inançlarla uyumlu hale getirmekten kaçınmışlardır. Ancak Dini Siyonizm kendisini Mesihçi kurtuluşun bir parçası olarak çerçevelemiştir. Siyonizm Filistin'de hedeflerine ulaştıkça Dini Siyonizm radikalleşmeye başlamış ve Mesihçi Siyonizm ortaya çıkmıştır. Mesihçi Siyonizm kıyametçi, militan, radikal, Kabalistik, savaş odaklıdır ve çağdaş olayları kehanetlerin gerçekleşmesi olarak yorumlayarak sonu hızlandırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Radikal Mesihçi Siyonistler, Davud soylu Mesih'in gelmesi için tüm kehanetlerin insan eylemiyle yerine getirilmesi gerektiğine inanarak, sonun yakın olduğunu iddia etmek için mistik hesaplamaları kullanırlar. Sonuç olarak, İsrail Devleti'ne kan dökmesi ve savaş başlatması için baskı yaparlar ve bu eylemleri bir seçenek olarak değil, Mesihçi Siyonizm için gerekli koşullar olarak görürler.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde etik ilkelere uyulmuştur.

References

  • Avineri, Shlomo. The Making of Modern Zionism: The Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State. New York: Basic Books, 2017.
  • _______. “Zionism and Jewish Religious Tradition: The Dialectics of Redemption and Secularization”, Zionism and Religion, ed. Shmuel Almog, et al., 1-12. Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1998.
  • Babylonian Talmud, Tanakh, Mishneh Torah and Mishnah. Sefaria: a Living Library of Jewish Texts Online (used 10/10/2024)
  • Bajoit, Guy. “Siyonizm ve Emperyalizm”, Siyonizm ve Irkçılık, ed. Türkkaya Ataöv. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Fakültesi Yayınları, 1982.
  • Biale, David. Gershom Scholem Kabbalah and Counter History. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1982.
  • Brenner, Michael. In Search of Israel: The History of Idea. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 2018.
  • De Sousa, Rodrigo F. Eschatology and Messianism in LXX Isaiah 1-12. New York: T-T Clark, 2010.
  • Goldshlag, Itzhak. “Mizrachi”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 14/389-390. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 2007.
  • Inbari, Motti. Messianic Religious Zionism Confronts Israeli Territorial Compromises. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Kellner, Menachem. “And the Crookes Shall be Made Straight: Twisted Messianic Visions, and a Maimonidean Corrective”. Rethinking the Messianic Idea in Judaism, ed. Michael L. Morgan et al. 108-141. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015.
  • _______. Maimonides on Judaism and the Jewish People. New York: State University of New York Press, 1991.
  • Khalidi, Rashid. “The Formation of Palestinian Identity: The Critical Years, 1917-1923”. Rethinking Nationalism in Arab Middle East. Ed. James Jankowski et al., 171-191. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
  • Klatzkin, Jacob. “Armilus”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2/474-475. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 2007.
  • Kook, Abraham, Isaac Hakohen. Orot. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2015.
  • Kouts, Gideon. “Zionism”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 21/539-540. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 2007.
  • Krakotzkin, Amnon Raz. “A National Colonial Theology Religion, Orientalism and The Construction of The Secular İn Zionist Course”. Ethnizitat, Moderne und Enttraditionalisierung, ed. Moshe Zuckermann, 312-326, Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2002.
  • Kressel, Getzel. “Alkalai, Judah ben Solomon Hai”, Encyclopaedia Judaica. 1/663-664. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 2007.
  • Levy, Ze’ev. “Yahudi Milliyetçiliği”. Yahudi Felsefesi Tarihi. Ed. Daniel Frank et al., 769-782. Ankara: Hece Yayınları, 2018.
  • Linker, Shalom. Kibbutz Judaism: A New Tradition in the Making. Pennsylvania: Associated University Presses, 1982.
  • Longman, Tremper et al. (ed.). The Expositor’s Bible Commentary: Daniel- Malachi. Michigan: Zondervan Academic, 2009.
  • Masalha, Nur. The Bible and Zionism: Invented Tradition, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Israel-Palestine. London: Zed Books, 2007.
  • Miller, Stephen R. Daniel. Tennessee: B&H Publishing, 1994.
  • Novak, David. Zionism and Judaism: A New Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Pensler, Derek J. “Anti-Semites on Zionism: From Indifference to Obsession”. Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism in Historical Perspective: Convergence and Divergence. Ed. Jeffrey Herf, 14-25. London: Routledge, 2007.
  • Rabkin, Yakov M. “Religious Roots of a Political Ideology: Judaism and Christianity at the Cradle of Zionism”. Mediterranean Review 5/1 (2012), 80-104.
  • Ravitzky, Aviezer. Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism. Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
  • Salmon, Yosef. “Zionism and Anti-Zionism in Traditional Judaism in Eastern Europe”. Zionism and Religion, ed. Shmuel Almog et al., 25-44, Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1998.
  • Schwartz, Dov. Religious Zionism History and Ideology. Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2009.
  • Shapira, Anita. Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881-1948. California: Stanford University Press, 1992.
  • _______. “Where Has ‘the Negation of Exile’ Gone?”. Alpayim: A Multidisciplinary Publication for Contemporary Thought and Literature 25 (2003), 9-55.
  • Steven V. Mazie, Israel’s Higher Law- Religion and Liberal Democracy in The Jewish State, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006.
  • The Targum of Onkelos and Jonathan Ben Uzziel on the Pentateuch: Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. London: Longman, Green Longman, Roberts and Green, 1865.
  • Yaron, Zvi Zinger & Ish-Shalom, Benjamin. “Abraham Isaac Kook”. Encyclopedia Judaica. 12/289-293. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 2007.
  • Waardenburg, Jacques. “Mesih”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 29/306-309. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2004.
  • Weizmann, Chaim. The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Jerusalem: Transaction Publishers, 1984.
  • Wolfe, Patrick. “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native”. Journal of Genocide Research 8/4 (2006), 387-409.
  • Zephyr, Alexander. Rabbi Akiva, Bar Kokhba Revolt, and the Ten Tribes of Israel Bloomington: İUniverse LLC, 2013.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Jewish Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Semiha Karahan 0000-0002-5105-5736

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date October 31, 2024
Acceptance Date December 24, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

ISNAD Karahan, Semiha. “The Concept of Time and the Future Perception of Zionism Based on the Messianic Doctrine: Forcing God into the Golden Age”. Milel ve Nihal 21/The Critique of Zionism (December 2024), 107-135. https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1576905.