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The Contradictory Legacy of Zionism: Radical Religious Groups

Year 2024, , 137 - 155, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1577121

Abstract

Zionism initially emerged as a secular movement aimed at the national liberation of the Jewish people. Most Zionist leaders, known as the founding fathers, sought to dissociate Judaism from its religious identity and embed it within a modern nationalist framework. The desire to establish a national consciousness while sidelining religious teachings led to significant conflicts and schisms among both secular and religious Jewish communities. Aside from a small minority within religious groups, Zionism was largely rejected and scorned by religious Jews in its early days. However, the establishment of the state, particularly following the Six-Day War in 1967, paradoxically provided fertile ground for the rise of religious radicalism. Religious groups began interpreting the acquisition of sacred lands, such as Jerusalem and the West Bank, as a divine sign, advocating for Israel’s expansion as a religious mission. This study will examine the contradictory legacy of Zionism, characterized by its secular, and at times anti-religious, ideology. Zionism continues to create deep divisions within Israeli society, perpetuating a persistent tension between secular and religious identities. Radical Zionist religious groups legitimize violence against Palestinians, sustaining a profound area of conflict in Israeli politics and settlement policies.

Ethical Statement

This study is derived from the research conducted during her master's thesis "The Impact of Zionism on Jewish Radcalism" (Ibn Haldun University: 2020) under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk Harman. Ethical principles were followed during the preparation of this study.

References

  • Aljazeera. Jewish Settler Convicted in Arson Attack That Killed Palestinians. (2020 May) Accessed on 28 October 2024 from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/jewish-settler-convicted-arson-killed-palestinian-200518075142356.html.
  • Arian, A. Security Threatened Surveying Israeli Opinion on Peace and War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • BBC News. Man Charged Over Jerusalem Attack. (2005, July). Accessed on 21 October 2024 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4653655.stm.
  • Çağlayan, S. İsrail Sözlüğü Siyonistler, Muhalifler, Tarihçiler, Eylemciler, Yerleşimciler, İsrailliler. İstanbul: İletişim, 2004.
  • Feige, M. Settling in the Hearts Jewish Fundamentalism in the Occupied Territories. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2009.
  • Gottheil R., Krauss, S. “Sicarii”. Jewish Encyclopedia, 2nd ed. Vol. 11, 323-324. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  • Holzer, E. “The Use of Military Force in the Religious Zionist Ideology of Rabbi Yitzchak Ya'akov Reines and his Successors” Studies in Contemporary Jewry 18 (2002), 74-94.
  • IUVM Press. Israeli Massacres Against The Aqsa... Scenes of Bloodbaths. (2017, September). Accessed on 21 October, 2024, from https://iuvmpress.com/17133.
  • Jerusalem Post. “Analysis: The Jewish Department’s Worst Nightmare”. 22 April 2007. Accessed on November 19, 2024, from https://www.jpost.com/israel/analysis-the-jewish-departmentsworst-nightmare
  • Kaplan, L. J., David Shatz. Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook and Jewish Spirituality. New York: New York University Press, 1995.
  • Kook, A. I. Orot. Trans. B. Naor. New York: Tobi Press, 2015.
  • Lawee, E. Rashi’s Commentary on the Torah: Canonization and Resistance in the Reception of a Jewish Classic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
  • Le Monde avec Reuters. (2012, January). Une manifestation de juifs ultra-orthodoxes choque Israël. Le Monde. Accessed on 17 October 2024, https://www.lemonde.fr/procheorient/article/2012/01/01/une-manifestation-de-juifs-ultra-orthodoxeschoque-israel_1624659_3218.html.
  • Lehava. Our Story. 2020. Accessed on 18 October 2024, from https://www.lehava-us.com/our-story/
  • Liebman, C. S. Choosing Survival: Strategies for a Jewish Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Louis, R. Shlaim, A. The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Lustick, I. S. Barry, R. Critical Essays on Israeli Society, Politics, and Culture: Books on Israel. Albani: SUNY Press, 1991.
  • Khalifa, A. “Terrorism in Israel”. Journal of Palestine Studies 14/1 (Autumn 1984), 152-157.
  • Kurt, M. “Religious Jewish Terrorism in Israel”. Bulletin of Palestine Studies 4 (2018), 1-26.
  • Morrison, C. Gold from the Land of Israel: A New Light on the Weekly Torah Portion from the Writings of Rabbi Abraham Isaac HaKohen Kook. Jerusalem: Urim Publications, 2006.
  • Navon C. Genesis and Jewish Thought. NewYork: KTAV Publishing House, 2008.
  • Pappé, I. Modern Filistin Tarihi. Trans. N. Plümer. Ankara: Phoenix, 2007.
  • Pedahzur, A. Perliger, A. Jewish Terrorism in Israel. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.
  • Ravitzky, A. Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism. London: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
  • Robinson, G. Essential Judaism: Updated Edition: A Complete Guide to Beliefs, Customs & Rituals. New York: Atria Paperback, 2016.
  • Shahak I., Mevzinsky N. İsrail’de Yahudi Fundamentalizmi. İstanbul: Düşün Yayıncılık, 2015.
  • Sprinzak, E. Brother Against Brother: Violence and Extremism in Israeli Politics from Altalena to the Rabin Assassination. New York: Free Press, 1999.
  • Sprinzak, E. “Fundamentalism, Terrorism, and Democracy: the Case of the Gush Emunim Underground”. Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Accessed on October 24, 2024. https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/ACLURM018956.pdf
  • The Guardian. Rioting As Sharon Visits Islam Holy Site. September, 2020. Accessed on 21 October 2024 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/sep/29/israel.
  • The Pittsburg Press. Radical Orthodox Group Terrorizes Secular Israelis. 25 February 1989. Accessed on October 27, 2024. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZfgjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0GMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4909,4382253&dq=keshet+bombing&hl=en
  • Winther, J. “Rabbi Avraham Yizhak HaCohen Kook: Between Exile and Messianic Redemption”. Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 9/2 (1988), 69-81.

Siyonizm’in Çelişkili Mirası: Radikal Dini Gruplar

Year 2024, , 137 - 155, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1577121

Abstract

Başlangıçta Siyonizm, Yahudi halkının ulusal kurtuluşunu amaçlayan seküler bir hareket olarak şekillenmiştir. Kurucu babalar olarak nitelendirilen çoğu Siyonist lider, Yahudiliği dini kimliğinden arındırarak modern ve milliyetçi bir bağlama oturtmaya çalışmıştır. Dini öğretileri geri planda bırakarak ulusal bir bilinç oluşturma arzusu hem seküler hem de dindar Yahudi topluluklar arasında derin çatışmalara ve akabinde bölünmelere neden olmuştur. Dini gruplar içerisinde azınlık denilebilecek kadar küçük bir topluluk dışında Siyonizm, ilk zamanlarda dindar Yahudiler tarafından desteklenmemiş bilakis hakir görülerek reddedilmiştir. Ancak devletin kurulması ve özellikle de 1967 Savaşı sonrası Siyonizm’in seküler temelleri, zamanla ironik bir biçimde dini radikalizmin yükselmesine de zemin hazırlamıştır. Kudüs ve Batı Şeria gibi kutsal toprakların ele geçirilmesini ilahi bir işaret olarak yorumlayan dindar gruplar, İsrail’in dini bir misyonla genişlemesi gerektiğini savunmaya başlamıştır. Bu süreçte irili ufaklı birçok radikal dini grup türemiş ve yabancı karşıtlığı zirve yapmıştır. Bu çalışmada da seküler hatta din karşıtı bir ideoloji olan Siyonizm’in bıraktığı çelişkili miras işlenmeye çalışacaktır. Zira Siyonizm İsrail toplumunda derin ayrılıklara yol açarak, devletin seküler ve dini kimlikleri arasında sürekli bir gerilim yaratmaya devam etmektedir. Radikal Siyonist dini gruplar, hem Filistinlilere karşı şiddet eylemlerini meşrulaştırmaya devam etmektedirler. Bu durum, İsrail siyasetinde ve Filistin topraklarındaki yerleşim politikalarında derin bir çatışma alanı olarak varlığını sürdürmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma, Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk Harman danışmanlığında hazırlanan “Siyonizmin Yahudi radikalizmi üzerindeki etkisi” (İbn Haldun Üniversitesi: 2020) adlı yüksek lisans tez çalışması esnasındaki araştırmalardan faydalanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde etik ilkelere uyulmuştur.

References

  • Aljazeera. Jewish Settler Convicted in Arson Attack That Killed Palestinians. (2020 May) Accessed on 28 October 2024 from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/jewish-settler-convicted-arson-killed-palestinian-200518075142356.html.
  • Arian, A. Security Threatened Surveying Israeli Opinion on Peace and War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • BBC News. Man Charged Over Jerusalem Attack. (2005, July). Accessed on 21 October 2024 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4653655.stm.
  • Çağlayan, S. İsrail Sözlüğü Siyonistler, Muhalifler, Tarihçiler, Eylemciler, Yerleşimciler, İsrailliler. İstanbul: İletişim, 2004.
  • Feige, M. Settling in the Hearts Jewish Fundamentalism in the Occupied Territories. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2009.
  • Gottheil R., Krauss, S. “Sicarii”. Jewish Encyclopedia, 2nd ed. Vol. 11, 323-324. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  • Holzer, E. “The Use of Military Force in the Religious Zionist Ideology of Rabbi Yitzchak Ya'akov Reines and his Successors” Studies in Contemporary Jewry 18 (2002), 74-94.
  • IUVM Press. Israeli Massacres Against The Aqsa... Scenes of Bloodbaths. (2017, September). Accessed on 21 October, 2024, from https://iuvmpress.com/17133.
  • Jerusalem Post. “Analysis: The Jewish Department’s Worst Nightmare”. 22 April 2007. Accessed on November 19, 2024, from https://www.jpost.com/israel/analysis-the-jewish-departmentsworst-nightmare
  • Kaplan, L. J., David Shatz. Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook and Jewish Spirituality. New York: New York University Press, 1995.
  • Kook, A. I. Orot. Trans. B. Naor. New York: Tobi Press, 2015.
  • Lawee, E. Rashi’s Commentary on the Torah: Canonization and Resistance in the Reception of a Jewish Classic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
  • Le Monde avec Reuters. (2012, January). Une manifestation de juifs ultra-orthodoxes choque Israël. Le Monde. Accessed on 17 October 2024, https://www.lemonde.fr/procheorient/article/2012/01/01/une-manifestation-de-juifs-ultra-orthodoxeschoque-israel_1624659_3218.html.
  • Lehava. Our Story. 2020. Accessed on 18 October 2024, from https://www.lehava-us.com/our-story/
  • Liebman, C. S. Choosing Survival: Strategies for a Jewish Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Louis, R. Shlaim, A. The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Lustick, I. S. Barry, R. Critical Essays on Israeli Society, Politics, and Culture: Books on Israel. Albani: SUNY Press, 1991.
  • Khalifa, A. “Terrorism in Israel”. Journal of Palestine Studies 14/1 (Autumn 1984), 152-157.
  • Kurt, M. “Religious Jewish Terrorism in Israel”. Bulletin of Palestine Studies 4 (2018), 1-26.
  • Morrison, C. Gold from the Land of Israel: A New Light on the Weekly Torah Portion from the Writings of Rabbi Abraham Isaac HaKohen Kook. Jerusalem: Urim Publications, 2006.
  • Navon C. Genesis and Jewish Thought. NewYork: KTAV Publishing House, 2008.
  • Pappé, I. Modern Filistin Tarihi. Trans. N. Plümer. Ankara: Phoenix, 2007.
  • Pedahzur, A. Perliger, A. Jewish Terrorism in Israel. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.
  • Ravitzky, A. Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism. London: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
  • Robinson, G. Essential Judaism: Updated Edition: A Complete Guide to Beliefs, Customs & Rituals. New York: Atria Paperback, 2016.
  • Shahak I., Mevzinsky N. İsrail’de Yahudi Fundamentalizmi. İstanbul: Düşün Yayıncılık, 2015.
  • Sprinzak, E. Brother Against Brother: Violence and Extremism in Israeli Politics from Altalena to the Rabin Assassination. New York: Free Press, 1999.
  • Sprinzak, E. “Fundamentalism, Terrorism, and Democracy: the Case of the Gush Emunim Underground”. Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Accessed on October 24, 2024. https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/ACLURM018956.pdf
  • The Guardian. Rioting As Sharon Visits Islam Holy Site. September, 2020. Accessed on 21 October 2024 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/sep/29/israel.
  • The Pittsburg Press. Radical Orthodox Group Terrorizes Secular Israelis. 25 February 1989. Accessed on October 27, 2024. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZfgjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0GMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4909,4382253&dq=keshet+bombing&hl=en
  • Winther, J. “Rabbi Avraham Yizhak HaCohen Kook: Between Exile and Messianic Redemption”. Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 9/2 (1988), 69-81.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Jewish Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Leyla Kuşaslan 0000-0003-1969-5167

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date October 31, 2024
Acceptance Date December 4, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

ISNAD Kuşaslan, Leyla. “The Contradictory Legacy of Zionism: Radical Religious Groups”. Milel ve Nihal 21/The Critique of Zionism (December 2024), 137-155. https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1577121.