Doğu Hıristiyanlarının Bugünkü Durumuna Genel Bir Bakış

Year 2013, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 133 - 172, 17.12.2014

Ramazan Adıbelli

Abstract

Bu makalenin amacı Doğu Hıristiyanlığının ve özellikle de İslam ülkele-rinde yaşayan Hıristiyan grupların bugünkü durumu hakkında genel bir tablo oluşturmaktır. “Doğu Hıristiyanlığı” nedir ve nasıl oluşmuştur, Doğu Hıristiyanları kimlerden ibarettir gibi sorular ele alınarak Doğu Hıristiyan-lığının oluşum süreci, bu kavram içerisinde yer alan farklı kiliseler incelen-miş ve sonrasında günümüzde bu kiliselere mensup olan Hıristiyanlar hak-kında bilgi verilmiştir. Tarihsel perspektiften bakıldığında asırlar boyunca bir idare altında yaşayan, dini, ekonomik ve eğitimsel faaliyetlerinde özgür olan Hıristiyan grupların, Osmanlının çöküşüyle birlikte kendilerini farklı devletlerde, farklı idareler ve farklı muamelelerle karşı karşıya buldukları açıkça görülmektedir. Osmanlının çöküşü, bugün bu topraklarda hâlâ bir türlü sağlanamayan huzur ortamının çöküşü anlamına gelmiştir. Huzurlu ortam arayışına giren Hıristiyanların birçoğu bulundukları bölgeyi terk et-miş ve birçoğu da yurtdışına göç etmiştir. Doğu Hıristiyanlığının bugünkü karamsar tablosu karşısında söz konusu coğrafyada 13 asır hâkimiyet sü-ren bir paradigmanın yok olmasıyla birlikte huzur ve istikrarın da yok ol-duğunu görmemek elden değildir. Bugün “Doğu Hıristiyanlarından” bah-sedebilmemiz bile bu paradigmanın bir sonucudur.

Keywords

Doğu Hıristiyanlığı, İslam, Osmanlı, Misyonerlik, Money-te-izm.

An Overview of the Present Situation of the Eastern Christians

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to present an overall picture of the current state of Eastern Christianity and especially of Christian groups living in Islamic countries. After tackling with such questions as: what is "Eastern Christianity" and how it was formed, who are the Eastern Christians, the article examines the formation process of Eastern Christianity and the va-rious churches labeled with this term. Then some informations about the present situation of the christians belonging to these churches is given. Considered from the historical perspective it is clearly seen that these chris-tian group who had lived for centuries under one rule and who were free in the domain of religious, economic , and educational activities found them-selves after the the collapse of the Ottoman within different states, different administrations and faced different treatment. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire meant the collapse of the atmosphere of peace and tranquility which till now has not been regained in this geography. In search of peace-ful surroundings, many Christians have left their homeland and many have migrated abroad. In front of the pessimistic picture of today’s Eastern Christianity it is impossible to not see the disappearance of peace and sta-bility consequently to the disappearance of the paradigm which reigned over this area till the 13th century. Even the fact that one can speak of the today’s “Eastern Christians” is a gift of this paradigm.

Keywords

Eastern Christianity, Islam, Ottoman Empire, Missionary Activities, Moneytheism

References

• “2008: violences à Mossoul”, L’histoire, sayı: 337 (2008), s. 66.
• Addison, James Thayer, The Christian Approach to the Moslem. A Historical Study, New York 1942.
• Adıbelli, Ramazan, “XIX. Uluslararası Dinler Tarihi Kongresi”, Bilimname, c. 2, sayı: 6 (2004/3), s. 225–238.
• _______, “XIX. Yüzyılda Ermeni Milliyetçiliğinin Doğuşunda Misyonerlik Faaliyetlerinin Rolü: Kayseri Örneği”, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bi- limler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sayı: 26 (2009/1), s. 313-332.
• Ainsworth, William F., Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia, c. I, London 1842.
• Albayrak, Kadir, Keldaniler ve Nasturîler, Ankara 1997, s. 116-119.
• Anagnostakis, Ilias & Evangalia Balta, La découverte de la Cappadoce au dix- neuvième siècle, Istanbul 1994.
• Anderson, Rufus, History of the Missions of the American Board of Commission- ers for Foreign Missions to the Oriental Churches, c. 1, Boston 1872.
• Atiya, Aziz S., Doğu Hıristiyanları Tarihi, İstanbul 2005.
• Bailey, Betty Jane, J. Martin Bailey, Who are the Christians in the Middle East?, Michigan 2003.
• Barkley, Henry C., A Ride through Asia Minor and Armenia, London, 1891.
• Bauman, Zygmunt, Consuming Life, Cambridge 2007.
• Bilaniuk, Petro B. T., “Coptic Catholic Church”, The Coptic Encyclopedia, Aziz S. Atiya (ed.), New York 1991, c. 2, s. 601-602.
• Bird, Isabella L., Jouney of Persia and Kurdistan, c. 2, London 1891.
• Bond, Alvan, Memoir of the Rev. Pliny Fisk, A.M.: Late Missionary to Palestine, New York 1977.
• Bkz. Loosley, “Peter, Paul, and James of Jerusalem”, s. 12.
• Bkz. Zygmunt Bauman, Consuming Life, Cambridge 2007.
• Brock, Sebastian, “The 'Nestorian' Church: A Lamentable Misnomer”, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, c. 78, sayı: 3 (1996), s. 23–35.
• _______, “The Syrian Orthodox Church in the modern Middle East”, Eastern Christianity in the modern Middle East, Anthony O'Mahony, Emma Loosley (eds.), London 2010, s. 13-24.
• Catherine Mayeur-Jaouen, “Dans la tourmente”, L’histoire, sayı: 337 (2008), s. 62- 67.
• Chronique de Michel le Syrien, Jean-Baptiste Chabot (ed. ve çev.), c. 2, Paris 1901.
• Congress Secreteriat of the 19th World Congress of IAHR, Programme, Tokyo, 2005.
• Cuinet, Vital, La Turquie D'Asie. Vol.VI: L'Anatolie centrale Angora, Koniah, Adana, Mamouret-ul-Aziz, Sivas, Istanbul 2001.
• De Cholet, Armand Pierre, Voyage en Turquie d’Asie. Arménie, Kurdistan et Mésopotamie, Paris 1892.
• De Montclos, Xavier, Histoire religieuse de la France, 2. bsk., Paris 1990.
• Durak, Nihat, “İstanbul’un Kadim Süryanileri”, Turkish Studies, c. 8, sayı: 12 (2013), s. 427-441.
• Duval, Rubens, Histoire politique, religieuse et littéraire d'Édesse jusqu'à la pre- mière croisade, Paris 1892.
• Dvornik, Francis, Konsiller Tarihi. İznik’ten II. Vatikan’a, Ankara 1990.
• Eroğlu, Ahmet Hikmet, “Hıristiyanların Bölünme Sürecine Genel bir Bakış”, Ankara Üniversitesi ilahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 41 (200), s. 309- 325.
• Eusebius, Life of Constantin, Oxford 1999.
• Every, Edward, “Asuriler”, Fırat Üniversitesi îlahıyat Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 10, sayı: 1 (2005), 97-106.
• Febvre, Michel, Théâtre de la Turquie, Paris 1682.
• Gürün, Kamuran, Ermeni Dosyası, Ankara 1983.
• Habib, Samuel, “Coptic Evanjelical Church”, The Coptic Encyclopedia, Aziz S. Atiya (ed.), New York 1991, c. 2, s. 603-604.
• Hamilton, Alastair, The Copts and the West, 1439-1822: The European Discovery of the Egyptian Church, New York 2006.
• Henderson, Randall P., “The Egyptian Coptic Christians: the conflict between identity and equality”, Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, c. 16, sayı: 2 (2005), s. 155-166.
• Heyberger, Bernard, “Le “bon temps” des Ottomans”, L’histoire, sayı: 337 (2008), s. 56-61.
• Jameson, Fredric, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Durham 1991.
• Jenkins, Philip, The Lost History of Christianity: The Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia--and How It Died, San Francisco 2008.
• John Healey, “‘The Church across the Border’: the Church of the East and its Chaldaean Branch”, Eastern Christianity in the modern Middle East, Anthony O'Mahony, Emma Loosley (eds.), London 2010, s. 41-55.
• Karpat, Kemal H., “Millets and Nationality: The Roots af the Incongruity of Nation and Stati in the Post-Ottoman Era”, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, Benjamin Braude & Bernard Lewis (ed.), c. I, New York 1982.
• Kılıç, Davut, Osmanlı İdaresinde Ermeniler Arasındaki Dinî ve Siyasî Mücadele- ler, Ankara 2000.
• Küçük, Zeynep Gül, Mardin ve Çevresinde Süryaniler, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adana 2008.
• Labourt, J., Le christianisme dans l'empire perse sous la dynastie sassanide (224– 632), 1904.
• Levçenko, M. V., Kuruluşundan Yıkılışına Kadar Bizans Tarihi, İstanbul 1999.
• Loosley, Emma, “Peter, Paul, and James of Jerusalem: The Doctrinal and Political Evolution of the Eastern and Oriental Churches”, Eastern Christianity in the modern Middle East, Anthony O'Mahony, Emma Loosley (eds.), London 2010, s. 1–12.
• Maalouf, Amin, Les croisades vues par les Arabes. La barbarie franque en terre sainte, Paris 1999.
• Mandel, Ernest, Late Capitalism, 2. bsk., London 1976.
• Mayeur-Jaouen, Catherine, “Dans la tourmente”, L’histoire, sayı: 337 (2008), s. 62- 67.
• McCallum, Fiona, “The Maronites in Lebanon: An historical and political perspective”, Eastern Christianity in the modern Middle East, Anthony O'Mahony, Emma Loosley (eds.), London 2010, s. 25-40.
• McGuckin, John A., “Assyrian Apostolic Church of the East”, The Encyclo- pedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, John A. McGuckin (ed.), Oxford 2011, c. 1, s. 55-60.
• Melton, J. Gordon, “Ancient Church of the East”, Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann (eds.), Religions of the World, 2. Bsk., Santa Barbara 2010, s. 110-111.
• _______, “Armenian Catholic Church”, J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann (eds.), Religions of the World, 2. Bsk., Santa Barbara 2010, s. 189-191.
• _______, “Chaldean Catholic Church”, Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann (eds.), Religions of the World, 2. Bsk., Santa Barbara 2010, s. 536-537.
• _______, “Coptic Catholic Church”, J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann (eds.), Religions of the World, 2. Bsk., Santa Barbara 2010, s. 793-794.
• Micheau, Françoise, "Eastern Christianities (Eleventh to Fourteenth Cen- tury): Copts, Melkites, Nestorians, and Jacobites", The Cambridge History of Christianity V: Eastern Christianity, Michael Angold (ed.), Cambridge 2006, s. 373-403.
• Morton, Daniel O., Memoir of Rev. Levi Parsons, First Missionary to Palestine, 2. bsk., New York 1830.
• O’Brien (ed.), Patrick K. ,Philip’s Atlas of World History, London 2007.
• O’Brien, Peter, European Perceptions of Islam and America from Saladin to Ge- orge W. Bush: Europe's Fragile Ego Uncovered, New York 2009.
• O’Mahony, Anthony, “The Coptic Orthodox Church in modern Egypt”, Eastern Christianity in the modern Middle East, Anthony O'Mahony, Emma Loosley (eds.), London 2010, s. 56-77.
• _______, “Christianity in Modern Iraq”, International journal for the Study of the Christian Church, c. 4, sayı: 2 (2004), s. 121-142.
• Papazian, Michael, “Armenian Apostolic Church”, J. Gordon Melton, Mar- tin Baumann (eds.), Religions of the World, 2. Bsk., Santa Barbara 2010, s. 186-188.
• Prime, E. D. G., Forty Years in the Turkish Empire; or, memoirs of Rev. William Goodell, D.D., Late Missionary of the A.B.C.F.M. at Constantinople, New York 1876.
• Richard, Jean, “Face aux croisés”, L’histoire, sayı: 337 (2008), s. 52-55.
• Rondot, Pierre, “Le destin des chrétiens d'Orient”, Politique Etrangère, sayı: 1 (1986), s. 47-62.
• Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, c. 1, Michigan 1955.
• Shedd, William A., Islam and the Oriental Churches: Their Historical Relations, New York 1908.
• Sivan, Emmanuel, “Notes sur la situation des chrétiens à l'époque ayyu- bide”, Revue de l'histoire des religions, c. 172, sayı: 2 (1967), s. 117-130.
• Süslü, Azmi, Yusuf Hallaçoğlu, “Selçuklulardan Osmanlılar’a Ermeniler”, Türk Tarihinde Ermeniler (Temel Kitap), Azmi Süslü ve diğer. (ed.), Ankara 1995
• Swanson, Mark N., The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641–1517), New York 2010.
• The Religious Tract Society, A Handbook of Foreign Missions, London 1888.
• Vine, Aubrey R., The Nestorian Churches: A concise history of Nestorian Chris- tianity in Asia from the Persian Schism to the Modern Assyrians, London 1937.
• Voltaire, Dictionnaire Philosophique, c. 7, Paris 1829.
• Watson, Charles R., Egypt and the Chrsitian Crusade, New York 1907.
• Wigram, W. A., An Introduction to the History of the Assyrian Church 100-640 A.D, New York 1910.
• Williams, Rowan, Arius: Heresy and Tradition, Cambridge 2001. İnternet Kaynakları
• “Abp. Louis Sako elected Patriarch of the Chaledean Church”, http://www.news.va/en/news/vatican-abp-louis-sako-elected-patri- arch-of-the-ch, 14.05.2014.
• “An Introduction to the World Council of Churches”, http://www.oikoumene.org/en/about-us/about-us/wcc-intro- brochure, 14.05.2014.
• “Le temps du génocide des chrétiens en terre d'islam est proche [İslam Topraklarındaki Hıristiyanların Soykırımı Yakın]”, http://www.dreuz.info/2012/03/le-temps-du-genocide-des- chretiens-en-terre-dislam-est-proche/, 14.04.2013.
• “L'Œuvre d'Orient appelle au secours pour les Coptes d'Égypte”, http://www.christianophobie.fr/breves/loeuvre-dorient-appelle-au- secours-pour-les-coptes-degypte, 14.04.2013.
• “Mourir ou partir ? Un choix amer pour les Chrétiens de Syrie”, http://www.chretiensdorient.com/article-mourir-ou-partir-un- choix-amer-pour-les-chretiens-de-syrie-117247817.html, 14.04.2013.
• “Statistics”, http://www.maronite-heritage.com/LNE.php?page=Statistics. 11.04.2013.
• “Vers un génocide des chrétiens d'Orient en Islamie ? [İslamistan'da Doğu Hıristiyanlarının Soykırımına Doğru?]”, http://ripostelaique.com/Vers-un-genocide-des-chretiens-d.html, 14.04.2013.
• Aguirre, Mariano, “L'Occident en quête d'un « ennemi total »: Guerres de civilisations ? [Bir “Külli Düşman” Arayışında Olan Batı: Medeni- yetler Savaşı mı?]”, http://www.monde- diplomatique.fr/1994/12/AGUIRRE/945, 14.04.2013.
• Atia, Hayat al Huwik, “Lettre ouverte des Chrétiens arabes du Machrek à Sa Sainteté le Pape [Maşrik'teki Arap Hıristiyanlarmdan Papa Hazretlerine Açık Mektup]”, http://www.alterinfo.net/Lettre- ouverte-des-Chretiens-arabes-du-Machrek-a-Sa-Saintete-le-Pape- par-Hayat-al-Huwik-Atia_a32689.html,14.04.2013.
• BBC News, “Bishop Tawadros new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians”, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20192922, 14.04.2013.
• Belkeziz, Abdul ilah, “ﺎﮭﯿﯿﺤﯿﺴﻣ بﺎﺼﻤﺑ ﺔﻣﻷا بﺎﺼﺗ [Arap Milleti Hıristiyanlarının Çektiği Acıyı Çekiyor]”, http://www.alkhaleej.ae/portal/5757eb28- 3b90-4656-9171-e80f28e442d5.aspx, 14.04.2013.
• Beylau, Pierre, “La chasse aux chrétiens”, http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/la- chasse-aux-chretiens-06-01-2011-127240_24.php, 14.04.2013.
• Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, “Turkey”, International Re- ligious Freedom Report for 2011, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/reli- giousfreedom/#wrapper, 14.04.2013.
• Chitour, Chems Eddine, "Les chrétiens d'Orient veulent rester Arabes [Doğu Hıristiyanları Arap Kalmak İstiyor]", http://www.lexpressi- ondz.com/chroniques/analyses_du_professeur_chitour/160472- %20les-chretiens-d-orient-veulent-rester-arabes.html, 14.04.2013.
• Chitour, Chems Eddine, “La tragédie des Chrétiens d'Orient : La responsa- bilité de l'Occident [Doğu Hıristiyanlarının Trajedisi: Batı'nın Sorumluluğu]”, http://www.mondialisation.ca/la-trag-die-des-chr- tiens-d-orient-la-responsabilit-de-l-occident/21884, 14.04.2013.
• Chitour,Chems Eddine, “Les chrétiens d'Orient veulent rester Arabes [Doğu Hıristiyanları Arap Kalmak İstiyor]”, http://metamag.fr/imprimer-metamag-964-POUR-LA-PAIX-AU- MOYEN-ORIENT-Les-chretiens-d-Orient-veulent-rester- Arabes.html, 14.04.2013.
• CIA, The World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/librarv/publications/the- world- factbook/geos/le.html, 14.04.2013.
• Habertürk, “Papazlar kilisede birbirine girdi”, http://www.haberturk.com/dunya/haber/701076-papazlar-kilisede- birbirine-girdi, 14.04.2013.
• Haddad, Joumana, “Cher pape, je ne te dis pas bienvenue”, http://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2012/09/14/cher-pape- je-ne-te-dis-pas-bienvenue, 14.04.2013.
• http://copticchurch.net/topics/pope/pope_tawadros_ii.html, 14.05.2014.
• http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcat- holic-stat08.pdf, 14.05.2014.
• http://www.pgc-lb.org/fre/gregorios/view/biographical-notice, 14.05.2014.
• Le Monde, "Carte: les chrétiens d'Orient", http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/infographie/2012/09/18/carte-les- chretiens-d-orient_1760131_3214.html, 14.04.2013. Türkçe'ye tarafımızdan uyarlanmıştır.
• Lesegretain, Claire, “Les chrétiens de Bagdad frappés en pleine messe”, La Croix, http://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Actualite/Les-chretiens- de-Bagdad-frappes-en-pleine-messe-_NG_-2010-11-02-558096, 14.04.2013.
• Saleh, Yasmine, Jean-Philippe Lefief, Tawadros II devient le 118e primat de l'église copte”, Reuters/Nouvel Observateur, 18/11/2012, http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/monde/20121118.REU0963/tawadr os-ii-devient-le-118e-primat-de-l-eglise-copte.html, 14.05.2014.