Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

A Buddhist Ethical Classic: Aryasura's Jātakamālā

Year 2022, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 147 - 186, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1106956

Abstract

One of the most important aspects of religious traditions is their moral structure. All religions advise their followers to live morally and set out some principles in this sense. Moral principles occupy an important place in the sacred texts of religions. On the other hand, texts based on moral teachings are frequently encountered in the religious literature produced outside the sacred texts. These texts can use various literary genres. In the case of the Buddhist tradition, the stories called Jātaka constitute an important literary genre in this respect. The Jātakas, which can be defined as the past life narratives of Buddha, deal with the virtues he exhibited while he was a bodhisattva, a candidate to become a Buddha. Hundreds of Jātakas are mentioned in the Buddhist tradition. The Jātaka book of the Pali Kanon contains 547 of them. In the Buddhist literature, there are also compilations that take their inspiration from the Jātaka stories. Jātakamālā, written by Aryasura (4th century AD?) and containing thirty-four Jātaka stories, is the most well-known of these collections. This article, on the one hand, will try to introduce Jātakamālā and evaluate its contribution to reflecting the Buddhist moral tradition, on the other hand, it will try to reveal some moral principles of Buddhism within the framework of the stories contained in the work

References

  • Access to Insight. “Khuddaka Nikaya The Collection of Little Texts”. Erişim 22 Şubat, 2022. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/index.html.
  • Access to Insight. “Abhisanda Sutta: Rewards (AN 8.39)”. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Erişim 7 Şubat, 2022. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an08/an08.039.than.html.
  • Access to Insight. “Bhaya-bherava Sutta: Fear & Terror (MN 4)”. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Erişim 7 Mart, 2022. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.004.than.html.
  • Access to Insight. “Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion (Samyutta Nikaya, 56.11)”. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Erişim 3 Mart, 2022. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.than.html.
  • Access to Insight. “Kevatta (Kevaddha) Sutta: To Kevatta (DN 11)”. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Erişim 1 Mart, 2022. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.11.0.than.html.
  • Access to Insight. “Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life (DN 2)”. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Erişim 1 Mart, 2022. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html.
  • Arslan, Hammet. Kutsal Metinlere Göre Budizm’de Manastır Hayatı. İzmir: Tibyan Yayıncılık, 2015.
  • Ârya Sûra. The Gâtakamâlâ: Garland of Birth-Stories. Translated by J. S. Speyer. Edited by Max Müller. London: Oxford University Press, 1895.
  • Āryaśūra. Jātakamālā: Garland of Birth-Stories. Simplifier Ānandajoti Bhikkhu. E-book: 2010. https://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/English-Texts/Garland-of-Birth-Stories/Garland-of-Birth-Stories.pdf.
  • Āryaśūra. Jātakamālā: The Marvelous Companion. Berkeley: Dharma Press, 1983.
  • Brodd, Jeffrey. World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery. Minnesota: Saint Mary's Press, 2003.
  • Buddhist Suttas. Translated by T. W. Rhys Davids. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1881.
  • Buswell, Robert E. ve Lopez, Donald S. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.
  • Conze, Edward. Kısa Budizm Tarihi. Çeviren Ömer Cemal Güngören. İstanbul: Yol Yayınları, 2005.
  • Cowell, E. B. “Preface”. The Jātaka or Stories of The Buddha's Former Births (içinde). Translated by Robert Chalmers. Edited by E. B. Cowell, I/vii-xii. Oxford: 1895.
  • Davids, T. W. Rhys. Eski Hindistan’da Budizm. Çeviren Murat İnceayan. İstanbul: Okyanus Yayıncılık, 2007.
  • Dhammatalks.org. “Brahmajāla Sutta (DN 1)”. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Erişim 1 Mart, 2022. https://www.dhammatalks.org/suttas/DN/DN01.html.
  • Gnanarama, Pategama. Essentials of Buddhism. Singapore: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc., 2000.
  • Gül, Ali. Ansiklopedik Hinduizm Sözlüğü. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • Güngören, İlhan. Zen Budizm: Bir Yaşama Sanatı. İstanbul: Yol Yayıncılık, 2016.
  • Harvey, Peter. An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Hazen, Walter. Inside Buddhism. Dayton: Millikien Publishing Company, 2003.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Budist Kutsal Metin Külliyatında Lotus (Saddharmapundarika) Sutra”. Türkiye’de Dinler Tarihi’nin Kurumsallaşması Sürecinde Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman Küçük. Editör Ahmet Hikmet Eroğlu. 601-624. Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi, 2016.
  • Kaya, Korhan. Buddhizm Sözlüğü. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 2017.
  • Keown, Damien. Buddhist Ethics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005.
  • Keown, Damien. The Nature of Buddhist Ethics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1992.
  • Lay, U Ko. Guide to Tipitaka. E-book: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc., 1984. http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/tipitaka.pdf.
  • Mukhopadhyaya, Satkari. “Jataka”. Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Volume II, Edited by Amaresh Datta. 1812-1813. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2005.
  • Müller, Max. “Editor's Preface”. The Gâtakamâlâ or Garland of Birth-Stories. Translated by J. S. Speyer. Edited by Max Müller, vii-xvii. London: Oxford University Press, 1895.
  • Olcott, Henry Steel. Budist Kateşizm. Çeviren Ali Gül. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • Speyer, J. S. “Introduction”. The Gâtakamâlâ or Garland of Birth-Stories. Translated by J. S. Speyer. Edited by Max Müller, xxi-xxix. London: Oxford University Press, 1895.
  • Steiner, Roland. “Āryaśūra”. Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Edited by Jonathan A. Silk, 2/70-72. Leiden: Brill, 2019.
  • The Jātaka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Birth, Translated by Robert Chalmers et al. Volume I-VI. Edited by E. B. Cowell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press et al. 1895-1907.
  • The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. “Buddha”. Edited by John Bowker, 168-169. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Upadhyaya, Kashi Nath. Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1971.
  • Wangu, Madhu Bazaz. Buddhism. New York: Chelsea House Publisher, 2009.

Bir Budist Ahlak Klasiği: Aryaşura’nın Catakamala’sı

Year 2022, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 147 - 186, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1106956

Abstract

Dinî geleneklerin en önemli yönlerinden biri ahlaki yapılarıdır. Bütün dinler müntesiplerine ahlaklı yaşamayı salık verir ve bu anlamda birtakım prensipler ortaya koyar. Ahlaki prensipler dinlerin kutsal metinleri içinde önemli bir yer tutar. Öte yandan kutsal metinler dışında üretilen dinî literatürde ahlaki öğretileri esas alan metinlere çokça rastlanır. Bu metinler çeşitli edebî türleri kullanabilir. Budist gelenek söz konusu olduğunda Câtaka adı verilen öyküler, bu açıdan önemli bir edebî türü oluşturur. Buda’nın geçmiş yaşam anlatıları olarak tanımlanabilecek Câtakalar, onun bir bodhisattva yani Buda olma yolunda bir namzet iken sergilediği erdemleri konu edinir. Budist gelenekte yüzlerce Câtakadan söz edilir. Pali Kanon’un Câtaka kitabı bunların 547’sini içerir. Budist literatürde ilhamını Câtaka öykülerinden alan derlemeler de vardır. Aryaşura’nın (MS 4. yüzyıl?) kaleme aldığı ve otuz dört Câtaka öyküsünü barındıran Câtakamâlâ, bu derlemelerin en bilinenidir. Elinizdeki makale, bir taraftan Câtakamâlâ’yı tanıtmaya ve Câtakamâlâ’nın Budist ahlak geleneğini yansıtmadaki katkısını değerlendirmeye çalışırken diğer taraftan eserin içerdiği öyküler çerçevesinde Budizm’in kimi ahlaki esaslarını ortaya koymaya gayret edecektir

References

  • Access to Insight. “Khuddaka Nikaya The Collection of Little Texts”. Erişim 22 Şubat, 2022. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/index.html.
  • Access to Insight. “Abhisanda Sutta: Rewards (AN 8.39)”. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Erişim 7 Şubat, 2022. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an08/an08.039.than.html.
  • Access to Insight. “Bhaya-bherava Sutta: Fear & Terror (MN 4)”. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Erişim 7 Mart, 2022. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.004.than.html.
  • Access to Insight. “Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion (Samyutta Nikaya, 56.11)”. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Erişim 3 Mart, 2022. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.than.html.
  • Access to Insight. “Kevatta (Kevaddha) Sutta: To Kevatta (DN 11)”. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Erişim 1 Mart, 2022. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.11.0.than.html.
  • Access to Insight. “Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life (DN 2)”. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Erişim 1 Mart, 2022. https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html.
  • Arslan, Hammet. Kutsal Metinlere Göre Budizm’de Manastır Hayatı. İzmir: Tibyan Yayıncılık, 2015.
  • Ârya Sûra. The Gâtakamâlâ: Garland of Birth-Stories. Translated by J. S. Speyer. Edited by Max Müller. London: Oxford University Press, 1895.
  • Āryaśūra. Jātakamālā: Garland of Birth-Stories. Simplifier Ānandajoti Bhikkhu. E-book: 2010. https://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/English-Texts/Garland-of-Birth-Stories/Garland-of-Birth-Stories.pdf.
  • Āryaśūra. Jātakamālā: The Marvelous Companion. Berkeley: Dharma Press, 1983.
  • Brodd, Jeffrey. World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery. Minnesota: Saint Mary's Press, 2003.
  • Buddhist Suttas. Translated by T. W. Rhys Davids. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1881.
  • Buswell, Robert E. ve Lopez, Donald S. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.
  • Conze, Edward. Kısa Budizm Tarihi. Çeviren Ömer Cemal Güngören. İstanbul: Yol Yayınları, 2005.
  • Cowell, E. B. “Preface”. The Jātaka or Stories of The Buddha's Former Births (içinde). Translated by Robert Chalmers. Edited by E. B. Cowell, I/vii-xii. Oxford: 1895.
  • Davids, T. W. Rhys. Eski Hindistan’da Budizm. Çeviren Murat İnceayan. İstanbul: Okyanus Yayıncılık, 2007.
  • Dhammatalks.org. “Brahmajāla Sutta (DN 1)”. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Erişim 1 Mart, 2022. https://www.dhammatalks.org/suttas/DN/DN01.html.
  • Gnanarama, Pategama. Essentials of Buddhism. Singapore: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc., 2000.
  • Gül, Ali. Ansiklopedik Hinduizm Sözlüğü. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • Güngören, İlhan. Zen Budizm: Bir Yaşama Sanatı. İstanbul: Yol Yayıncılık, 2016.
  • Harvey, Peter. An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Hazen, Walter. Inside Buddhism. Dayton: Millikien Publishing Company, 2003.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Budist Kutsal Metin Külliyatında Lotus (Saddharmapundarika) Sutra”. Türkiye’de Dinler Tarihi’nin Kurumsallaşması Sürecinde Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman Küçük. Editör Ahmet Hikmet Eroğlu. 601-624. Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi, 2016.
  • Kaya, Korhan. Buddhizm Sözlüğü. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 2017.
  • Keown, Damien. Buddhist Ethics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005.
  • Keown, Damien. The Nature of Buddhist Ethics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1992.
  • Lay, U Ko. Guide to Tipitaka. E-book: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc., 1984. http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/tipitaka.pdf.
  • Mukhopadhyaya, Satkari. “Jataka”. Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Volume II, Edited by Amaresh Datta. 1812-1813. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2005.
  • Müller, Max. “Editor's Preface”. The Gâtakamâlâ or Garland of Birth-Stories. Translated by J. S. Speyer. Edited by Max Müller, vii-xvii. London: Oxford University Press, 1895.
  • Olcott, Henry Steel. Budist Kateşizm. Çeviren Ali Gül. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • Speyer, J. S. “Introduction”. The Gâtakamâlâ or Garland of Birth-Stories. Translated by J. S. Speyer. Edited by Max Müller, xxi-xxix. London: Oxford University Press, 1895.
  • Steiner, Roland. “Āryaśūra”. Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Edited by Jonathan A. Silk, 2/70-72. Leiden: Brill, 2019.
  • The Jātaka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Birth, Translated by Robert Chalmers et al. Volume I-VI. Edited by E. B. Cowell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press et al. 1895-1907.
  • The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. “Buddha”. Edited by John Bowker, 168-169. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Upadhyaya, Kashi Nath. Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1971.
  • Wangu, Madhu Bazaz. Buddhism. New York: Chelsea House Publisher, 2009.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ali Gül 0000-0003-2271-8390

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Submission Date April 21, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 19 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Gül, Ali. “Bir Budist Ahlak Klasiği: Aryaşura’nın Catakamala’sı”. Milel ve Nihal 19/2 (December 2022), 147-186. https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1106956.