Research Article

Marriage, Mobility, and Islamization in the Indian Ocean World: The Case of Malabar (9th–12th Centuries)

Volume: 5 Number: 1 June 25, 2026
TR EN

Marriage, Mobility, and Islamization in the Indian Ocean World: The Case of Malabar (9th–12th Centuries)

Abstract

This article examines Islamization in the Indian Ocean world by foregrounding marriage and social mobility as central mechanisms of religious transmission beyond imperial conquest and state patronage. Focusing on the Malabar Coast of South India between the ninth and twelfth centuries, the study explores how Muslim merchant mobility and intermarriage facilitated the gradual and socially embedded spread of Islam. Rather than viewing Islamization as a product of political domination or military expansion, the article approaches it as a long-term process shaped by everyday social relations, family formation, and household-level religious practice. Malabar occupied a strategic position within the Indian Ocean trade network linking southern Arabia, East Africa, the Persian Gulf, and Southeast Asia. Muslim merchants particularly from Hadramawt established sustained commercial and residential ties with Malabar’s port cities. Over time, seasonal travel developed into permanent settlement, and intermarriage between Muslim merchants and local women became a key avenue for social integration. These marital unions created kinship networks through which Islamic norms, rituals, and moral values were transmitted across generations. The article argues that marriage functioned not merely as a demographic or cultural byproduct of trade but as a structural mechanism of Islamization. Religious practices were incorporated into domestic life, enabling Islam to take root without coercion or institutional enforcement. By situating the Malabar case within broader Indian Ocean patterns, the study demonstrates that non-imperial forms of Islamization were both widespread and effective. This analysis contributes to Indian Ocean studies and Islamic history by highlighting the role of family, kinship, and mobility in shaping early Muslim societies. It challenges empire-centered models of Islamization and underscores the importance of social processes in the global spread of Islam.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

Ethical principles were followed during the preparation of this study. Article does not require an Ethics Committee Approval.

References

  1. Ahmed, Shahab. What Is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.
  2. Asad, Talal. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003.
  3. Asad, Talal. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.
  4. Bloom, Jonathan. Early Islamic Art and Architecture. London: Thames & Hudson, 2002.
  5. Bulliet, Richard. Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period: An Essay in Quantitative History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979.
  6. Chaudhuri, K.N. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
  7. Eaton, Richard M. “Approaches to the Study of Conversion to Islam in India.” In Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies, edited by Richard C. Martin, 106–123. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985.
  8. Green, Nile. Global Islam: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Religion Anthropology

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

June 25, 2026

Submission Date

January 6, 2026

Acceptance Date

March 26, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 5 Number: 1

APA
Thottupurath, S. (2026). Marriage, Mobility, and Islamization in the Indian Ocean World: The Case of Malabar (9th–12th Centuries). MANAS Journal of Religious Sciences, 5(1), 75-84. https://izlik.org/JA96UM43BZ
AMA
1.Thottupurath S. Marriage, Mobility, and Islamization in the Indian Ocean World: The Case of Malabar (9th–12th Centuries). MANAS Journal of Religious Sciences. 2026;5(1):75-84. https://izlik.org/JA96UM43BZ
Chicago
Thottupurath, Suhair. 2026. “Marriage, Mobility, and Islamization in the Indian Ocean World: The Case of Malabar (9th–12th Centuries)”. MANAS Journal of Religious Sciences 5 (1): 75-84. https://izlik.org/JA96UM43BZ.
EndNote
Thottupurath S (June 1, 2026) Marriage, Mobility, and Islamization in the Indian Ocean World: The Case of Malabar (9th–12th Centuries). MANAS Journal of Religious Sciences 5 1 75–84.
IEEE
[1]S. Thottupurath, “Marriage, Mobility, and Islamization in the Indian Ocean World: The Case of Malabar (9th–12th Centuries)”, MANAS Journal of Religious Sciences, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 75–84, June 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA96UM43BZ
ISNAD
Thottupurath, Suhair. “Marriage, Mobility, and Islamization in the Indian Ocean World: The Case of Malabar (9th–12th Centuries)”. MANAS Journal of Religious Sciences 5/1 (June 1, 2026): 75-84. https://izlik.org/JA96UM43BZ.
JAMA
1.Thottupurath S. Marriage, Mobility, and Islamization in the Indian Ocean World: The Case of Malabar (9th–12th Centuries). MANAS Journal of Religious Sciences. 2026;5:75–84.
MLA
Thottupurath, Suhair. “Marriage, Mobility, and Islamization in the Indian Ocean World: The Case of Malabar (9th–12th Centuries)”. MANAS Journal of Religious Sciences, vol. 5, no. 1, June 2026, pp. 75-84, https://izlik.org/JA96UM43BZ.
Vancouver
1.Suhair Thottupurath. Marriage, Mobility, and Islamization in the Indian Ocean World: The Case of Malabar (9th–12th Centuries). MANAS Journal of Religious Sciences [Internet]. 2026 Jun. 1;5(1):75-84. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA96UM43BZ