Effect of Defense Expenditures on Economic Growth in D-8 Countries

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of defense expenditures on economic growth in the D-8 countries, namely Turkey, Indonesia, Iran, Egypt, Pakistan, Malaysia, Nigeria and Bangladesh between 1993 and 2022. Panel unit root tests, homogeneity tests, Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) and Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse (2011) panel causality tests were applied in the study. According to the results of Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) panel causality test, there is a causality relationship from defense industry expenditures to GDP variable at 10% significance level at the first and third lags and 5% significance level at the second lag, and there is a causality relationship from GDP variable to defense industry expenditures variable at 1% significance level at all lag levels. According to Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse (2011) Panel causality test results, a causality relationship was found from defense industry expenditures to economic growth at 5% significance level in Bangladesh and Egypt, at 1% significance level in Indonesia and at 5% significance level in all countries. Moreover, a causality relationship from economic growth to defense industry expenditures was found at the 10% significance level in Bangladesh and Nigeria, at the 5% significance level in Egypt and Pakistan, and at the 1% significance level in all countries.

Keywords

• Military Expenditures
• Economic Growth
• Benoid Hypothesis
• D-8 Countrıes.

D-8 Ülkelerinde Savunma Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, D-8 ülkeleri olarak ifade edilen Türkiye, Endonezya, İran, Mısır, Pakistan, Malezya, Nijerya ve Bangladeş’in 1993-2022 yılları arasında yapmış olduğu savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisini incelemektir. Çalışmada panel birim kök testleri, homojenlik testleri, Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) ve Emirmahmutoğlu ve Köse (2011) panel nedensellik testleri uygulanmıştır. Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) panel nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre panel geneli ülkelerde savunma sanayi harcamalarından GSYİH değişkenine birinci ve üçüncü gecikmede %10, ikinci gecikmesinde %5 anlamlılık seviyesinde nedensellik ilişkisi bulunduğu, GSYİH değişkeninden savunma sanayi harcamaları değişkenine de tüm gecikme düzeylerinde %1 anlamlılık seviyesinde nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Emirmahmutoğlu ve Köse (2011) Panel nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre, savunma sanayi harcamalarından ekonomik büyümeye Bangladeş ve Mısır’da %5 anlamlılık seviyesinde, Endonezya’da ise %1 anlamlılık seviyesinde, ülkelerin genelinde ise %5 anlamlılık seviyesinde nedensellik ilişkisi bulgusu elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca ekonomik büyümeden savunma sanayi harcamalarına, Bangladeş ve Nijerya’da %10 anlamlılık seviyesinde, Mısır ve Pakistan’da ise %5 anlamlılık seviyesinde, ülkelerin genelinde ise %1 anlamlılık seviyesinde nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Savunma Harcamaları
• Ekonomik Büyüme
• Benoit Hipotezi
• D-8 Ülkeleri.

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