Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Participant Observations on Iranian Tourists Taking Part in Guided Excursion in Kusadasi, Turkey

Year 2019, , 2187 - 2213, 27.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.502494

Abstract

This research aims at investigating the behaviors of Iranian tourists on guided excursion tours. In accordance with this purpose, firstly, the authors used the scale developed by Pizam & Sussmann (1995) and added sixteen more items to find out Iranians’ behaviors on guided tours. Before adding those items, the researchers first acquire the opinions of industry professionals such as travel agents, tour operators, salespeople and guides. Then, secondly, one of the researchers joined in five guided excursions 174 Iranian tourists (71 male; 73 female and 30 children) participated at different occasions in Kusadasi (The Virgin Mary- Ephesus tour and shopping oriented city tours). During those daily excursions, one of the researchers participated as a participant observer and observed Iranians’ behaviors (such as bargaining, purchasing, tipping, interaction etc.). The observer was introduced to the tourists as an intern with the purpose of observing their natural behaviors from the beginning to the end of the tours. The research reveals that Iranians show a low tendency to interact with other tourists, salespeople/ vendors and to buy local products. Unless the tour guides take their attention to the tip box, Iranians do not show any tendency to leave tips. Besides, these tourists do not tend to eat or drink anything during the shopping oriented tours. It is also revealed that some delays are detected during the excursions, so it is possible to state that punctuality is not ranked among their priorities. On the other hand, they show a high tendency to buy clothes in their free time at the shopping malls. According to the findings of the research, LCW, Zara and Koton are, respectively, the clothing brands most preferred by Iranians during their shopping tours. In addition, they prefer buying souvenir photographs taken during the site visits and bargaining when the prices are not fixed.

References

  • Ahmed, Z.U., & Krohn, F.B. (1992), Understanding the unique consumer behavior of Japanese tourists, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp.73-86.
  • Andarabi, F.F., & Meydan Uygur, S. (2017). A research on determining the touristic destination image of Turkey in Iran, Tourism Academic Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.33-48.
  • Asadi, R., & Daryaei, M. (2011a). Prioritization of pull factors of Malaysia as a destination for Iranian tourists, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.287-296.
  • Asadi, R., & Daryaei, M. (2011b). Prioritization of pull factors of China as a destination for Iranian tourists, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 11, pp.1129-1135.
  • Asadi, R., & Daryaei, M. (2011c). Prioritization of pull factors of Turkey as a destination for Iranian tourists. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 10, pp.1510-1515.
  • Asadi, R., & Daryaei, M. (2012). Recognition and prioritization of pull factors of Azerbaijan as a destination for Iranian tourists, Journal of American Science, Vol. 8, No. 8, pp.189-194.
  • Asgari, M., & Borzooei, M. (2014). Evaluating the perception of Iranian students as educational tourists towards Malaysia: in-depth interviews, Interdiciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Vol. 5, No. 9, pp.81-109.
  • Bouzari, M. (2012). Preliminary study on destination attributes of Northern Cyprus: Iranian travellers’ perspective, Master of Science in Tourism Management: Eastern Mediterranean University: North Cyprus.
  • Clark, T. (1990). International marketing and national character: A review and proposal for an integrative theory, Journal of Marketing, 66-79.
  • Crotts, J.C., & Erdmann, R. (2000). Does national culture influence consumers' evaluation of travel services? A test of Hofstede's model of cross-cultural differences, Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp.410-419.
  • Crotts, J.C., & Pizam, A. (2003). The effect of national culture on consumers' evaluation of travel services,Tourism Culture and Communication, 4 (December), pp.17-28.
  • Dann, G.M.S. (1993). Limitations in the use of 'nationality' and 'country of residence' variables., in D. Pearce and R. Butler (Eds.): Tourism Research Critiques and Challenges, pp.88-112, Routledge: London.
  • Decrop, A. (2008). Qualitative research methods for the study of tourist behaviour in Consumer Behavior in Travel and Tourism (Eds: A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld), Routledge: London.
  • De Mooij, M. (2013). On the misuse and misinterpretation of dimensions of national culture, International Marketing Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp.253-261.
  • DeWalt, K., & DeWalt, B.R. (2011). Participant observation: A guide for fieldworkers (2ndEdt.), USA: Altaira Press.
  • Duman, M.Z. (2016). Van’a gelen İranlı turistlerin profilleri üzerine sosyolojik bir araştırma, Uluslar arası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9 (46), 399-408.
  • Egresi, I., & Arslan, S. (2016). Alternative tourism in Turkey, in I. Egresi (Eds): Shopping and tourism in Turkey: The perfect combination, pp.211-228, Springer.
  • Farahani, B.M., & Mohamed, B. (2013). Relationship between nationality and tourists’ behaviour: case of Middle East tourists in Malaysia from tour guides perspective, International Journal of Tourism Antropology, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.43-57.
  • Fard, M.M., & Saberi, H. (2015). Studying the motivations of choosing foreign tourism destinations: case study of Thailand, Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 8, No. 9, pp. 254-264.
  • Foroughi, A., Buang, N.A., & Sherilou, M. (2011). Exploring impulse buying behavior among Iranian tourists in Malaysia, Journal of Global Business and Economics, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 187-195.
  • Hobson, J.S.P., & Christensen, M. (2001). Cultural and structural issues affecting Japanese tourist shopping behaviour’, Asia Pasific Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp.37-45.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Cultures consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd Edt.), Thousand Oaks CA: Sage publications.
  • Ibrahim, Z., Zahari, M.S., Sulaiman, M., Othman, Z., & Jusoff, K. (2009). Travelling pattern and preferences of the Arab tourists in Malaysian Hotels’ International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 4, No. 7, pp.3-9.
  • Ikkai, M. (1988). The senbetsu-omiyage relationship: Traditional reciprocity among Japanese tourists, Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers, (67,68), pp.62-66.
  • Jang, S.C., Bai, B., Hong, G.S., & O'Leary, J.T. (2004). Understanding travel expenditure patterns: a study of Japanese pleasure travelers to the United States by income level’, Tourism Management, 25, pp. 331 341.
  • Jansen-Verbeke, M. (1994). The synergy between shopping and tourism: the Japanese experience. W.F. Theobald (Editor), in Global Tourism: The Next Decade (428-446). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Jorgensen, D.L. (1989) Participant observation: A methodology for human studies, Sage Publication: USA.
  • Kim, C., & Lee, S. (2000). Understanding the cultural differences in tourist motivation between Anglo American and Japanese tourists. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 9 (1-2), 153-170.
  • Kim, S.S., Timothy, D.J., & Hwang, J. (2011). Understanding Japanese tourists' shopping preferences using the decision tree analysis method, Tourism Management, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp.544-554.
  • Kozak, M. (2001). Repeaters’ behavior at two distinct destinations, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.784-807.
  • Kozak, M. (2002). Comparative analysis of tourist motivations by nationality and destinations, Tourism Management, 23, pp.221-232.
  • Kozak, M. (2016). Bargaining behavior and the shopping experiences of British tourists on vacation, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp.313-325.
  • Lee, J.A., Garbarino, E., & Lerman, D. (2007). How cultural differences in uncertainty avoidance affect product perceptions, International Marketing Review, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp.330- 349.
  • Lee, T.W., Mitchell, T.R., & Sablynski, C.J. (1999). Qualitative research in organizational and vocational psychology,1979-1999, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55, pp.161-187.
  • Lehto, X.Y., Cai, L.A., O’Leary, J.T., & Huan, T.C. (2004). Tourist shopping preferences and expenditure behaviours: the case of the Taiwanese outbound market, Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp.320-332.
  • Litvin, S.W., Crotts, J.C., & Hefner, F.L. (2004). Cross-cultural tourist behaviour: a replication and extension involving Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance dimension, International Journal of Tourism Research, 6,pp. 29-37.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2017), Sınır Giriş-Çıkış İstatistikleri. Retrieved February 9, 2018, from http://yigm.kulturturizm.gov.tr/TR,9854/sinir-giris-cikis istatistikleri.html
  • Money, R.B., & Crotts, J.C. (2003). The effect of uncertainty avoidance on information search, planning and purchases of international travel vacations, Tourism Management, 24, pp.191-202.
  • Nikjoo, A.H., & Ketabi, M. (2015). The role of push and pull factors in the way tourists choose their destination’, Anatolia- An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp.588-597.
  • Nishiyama, K. (1996). Welcoming Japanese visitor: Insights, tips, tactics, University of Hawaii Press: USA.
  • Ozturk, Y., San, R.A., Okumus, F., & Rahimi, R. (2017). Travel motivations of Iranian tourists to Turkey and their satisfaction level with all-inclusive package tours, Journal of Vacation Marketing, pp.1-12.
  • Özdemir, C. (2014). Kültürlerarası turist davranışı: Turistlerin tur esnasındaki davranışlarının belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. Master’s thesis, Anadolu University Institute of Social Sciences.
  • Park, M.K. (2000). Social and cultural factors influencing tourists' souvenir-purchasing behavior: a comparative study on Japanese Omiyage and Korean Sunmul, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Vol.9, No. 1-2, pp.81-91.
  • Pigliasco, G.C. (2005). Lost in translation from omiyage to souvenir, Journal of Material Culture, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp.177-196.
  • Pizam, A. (1999). The American group tourists as viewed by British, Israeli, Korean, and Dutch tour guides, Journal of Travel Research, 38, pp.119-126.
  • Pizam, A., & Sussmann, S. (1995). Does nationality affect tourist behavior?, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp.901-917.
  • Pizam, A., & Jeong, G.H. (1996). Cross-cultural tourist behaviour: perceptions of Korean tour-guides, Tourism Management, Vol. 17,No. 4, pp.277-286.
  • Pizam, A., & Reichel, A. (1996). The effect of nationality on tourist behavior: Israeli tour guides' perceptions, Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.23-49.
  • Pizam, A., Jansen-Verbeke, M., & Steel, L. (1997). Are all tourists alike, regardless of nationality? The perceptions of Dutch tour-guides, Journal of International Hospitality Leisure and Tourism Management, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.19-38.
  • Pizam, A., & Fleischer, A. (2005) The relationship between cultural characteristics and preferences for active vs. passive tourist activities, Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp.5-25.
  • Reisinger, Y., & Crotts, J.C. (2010). Applying Hofstede’s national culture measures in tourism research: Illuminating issues of divergence and convergence, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp.153-164.
  • Reisinger, Y., & Waryszak, R.Z. (1994). Tourists’s perceptions of service in shops: Japanese tourists in Australia, International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp.20-28.
  • Rosenbaum, M.S., & Spears, D.L. (2005). Who buys that? Who does what? Analysis of cross cultural consumption behaviours among tourists in Hawaii, Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp.235-247.
  • Rosenbaum, M.S. & Spears, D.L. (2006a). Who buys what? Who does that? The case of Golden Week in Hawaii. Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp.246-255.
  • Rosenbaum, M.S., & Spears, D.L. (2006b). An exploration of spending behaviors among Japanese tourists, Journal of Travel Research, 44, pp.467-473.
  • Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach, 4th Edition, England: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Spears, D.L., & Rosenbaum, M.S. (2012). The packaged tourist: A Japanese and American perspective, Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism,Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.19-40.
  • Steenkamp, Jan-Benedict E.M. (2001). The role of national culture in international marketing research, International Marketing Review, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp.30-44.
  • Sussmann, S., & Rashcovsky, C. (1997). A cross-cultural analysis of English and French Canadians' vacation travel patterns, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp.191-208.
  • Tayfun, A., & Yıldırım, M. (2010). Turistlerin tüketim davranışları kültüre/ milliyete göre farklılık gösterir mi? Alman ve Rus turistler üzerine bir araştırma, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.43-64.
  • Timothy, D.J. (2005). Shopping tourism, retailing and leisure, Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
  • Tourism Strategy of Turkey (2007). Türkiye Turizm Stratejisi 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2018, from https://www.kuzka.gov.tr/dosya/turizm_stratejisi_2023.pdf.
  • TUIK (2017) www.tuik.gov.tr. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  • Watkins, L. (2008). Japanese travel culture: An investigation of the links between early Japanese pilgrimage and modern Japanese travel behaviour, New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp.93 110.
  • Weiermair, K. (2000). Tourists’ perceptions towards and satisfaction with service quality in the cross cultural service encounter: implications for hospitality and tourism management, Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp.397-409.
  • Veal, A.J. (1997). Research methods for leisure and tourism: A practical guide 2nd edition, Pitman Publishing: London.
  • Venaik, S., & Brewer, P. (2013). Critical issues in the Hofstede and GLOBE national culture models, International Marketing Review, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp.469-482.
  • Yeung, M.W.V., Kim, S.S., & Schuckert, M. (2016). Japanese tourists to Hong Kong: Their preferences, behavior, and image perception’, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp.730-741.
  • TURSAB, (2016). 2016 İran Uluslar arası Turizm Fuarı Sonuç Raporu, https://www.tursab.org.tr/dosya/14221/iran-2016-raporu_14221_6413885.pdf (accessed 26 January 2018).
  • TURSAB, (2018). Milliyetlere göre gelen yabancıların bireysel ve paket tur harcama-2016, https://www.tursab.org.tr/tr/turizm-verileri/istatistikler. (accessed 26 January 2018).
  • turizm.news.com İranlı turist Türkiye’de ortalama 1042 Dolar harcıyor, http://turizmnews.com/haber/iranli turist-turkiyede-ortalama-1042-dolar-harciyor8416.html.(26 January 2018).
  • www.turizmajans.com İranlı acentalardan Türkiye’ye yoğun ilgi https://www.turizmajansi.com/haber/iranli- acentelerden-turkiye-ye-yogun-ilgi-h21196 (26 January 2018).
  • www.vanshoppingfest.org, http://www.vanshoppingfest.org/hakkimizda. (accessed 26 January 2018).

Günübirlik Rehberli Turlara Katılan İranlı Turistler Üzerine Katılımlı Gözlemler: Kuşadası (Türkiye) Örneği

Year 2019, , 2187 - 2213, 27.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.502494

Abstract

Bu araştırma, Kuşadası’nı ziyaret eden İranlı turistlerin rehberli turlarda sergiledikleri turist davranışlarını (pazarlık, etkileşim, alışveriş vb.) ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Öncelikle, Pizam ve Sussmann (1995) tarafından geliştirilen “20 tipik turist davranışı” ölçeğinden yararlanılmış, sonrasında turizm sektörü çalışanları ile yapılan fikir alışverişleri neticesinde bu ölçeğe 16 ifade daha ilave edilerek bir katılımlı gözlem formu oluşturulmuştur. Daha sonra, araştırmacılardan biri, Kuşadası’nda farklı zamanlarda İranlı turistlere yönelik gerçekleştirilen rehberli turlara katılarak onların davranışlarını gözlemlemiştir. Beş günübirlik tur boyunca toplamda 174 İranlı turist (71 erkek, 73 kadın ve 30 çocuk) gözlemlenmiştir. Katılımlı gözlemler esnasında turist gruplarını rahatsız etmemek adına aynı zamanda profesyonel turist rehberi olan araştırmacı, turlar boyunca turist rehberi çalışma kartını boynuna asmıştır. Bu yaklaşımla araştırmacı, İranlı turistler tarafından seyahat acentası çalışanı olarak algılanmasını amaçlamıştır. Bu araştırmada, İranlıların diğer turistlerle, satış personeli/ seyyar satıcılarla etkileşime girme ve yöresel ürün satın alma eğilimlerinin düşük düzeyde olduğu ortaya koyulmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra, tur rehberi bahşiş kutusuna dikkat çekmedikçe İranlı turistlerden bahşiş veren olmamıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, alışveriş odaklı turlarda İranlı turistler, düşük düzeyde yeme içme eğilimi sergilemiştir. Günübirlik turlar boyunca zaman zaman gecikmeler yaşanmıştır. Dolayısıyla, dakikliğin İranlı turistlerin öncelikleri arasında yer almadığı söylenebilir. Diğer yandan İranlı turistlerin, alışveriş merkezinde kıyafet satın alma eğilimlerinin yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, alışveriş turları boyunca İranlı turistler tarafından en fazla tercih edilen giyim markaları sırasıyla LCW, Zara ve Koton olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, bazı turistler, ören yeri ziyaretleri esnasında çekilen hatıra fotoğraflarından satın almışlardır. Alışveriş merkezinde pazarlığa yönelen İranlı ziyaretçi olmamasına rağmen Efes’teki seyyar satıcılarla ve deri mağazasında görevli tezgâhtarlarla pazarlık eden ziyaretçiler olmuştur.  

References

  • Ahmed, Z.U., & Krohn, F.B. (1992), Understanding the unique consumer behavior of Japanese tourists, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp.73-86.
  • Andarabi, F.F., & Meydan Uygur, S. (2017). A research on determining the touristic destination image of Turkey in Iran, Tourism Academic Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.33-48.
  • Asadi, R., & Daryaei, M. (2011a). Prioritization of pull factors of Malaysia as a destination for Iranian tourists, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.287-296.
  • Asadi, R., & Daryaei, M. (2011b). Prioritization of pull factors of China as a destination for Iranian tourists, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 11, pp.1129-1135.
  • Asadi, R., & Daryaei, M. (2011c). Prioritization of pull factors of Turkey as a destination for Iranian tourists. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 10, pp.1510-1515.
  • Asadi, R., & Daryaei, M. (2012). Recognition and prioritization of pull factors of Azerbaijan as a destination for Iranian tourists, Journal of American Science, Vol. 8, No. 8, pp.189-194.
  • Asgari, M., & Borzooei, M. (2014). Evaluating the perception of Iranian students as educational tourists towards Malaysia: in-depth interviews, Interdiciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, Vol. 5, No. 9, pp.81-109.
  • Bouzari, M. (2012). Preliminary study on destination attributes of Northern Cyprus: Iranian travellers’ perspective, Master of Science in Tourism Management: Eastern Mediterranean University: North Cyprus.
  • Clark, T. (1990). International marketing and national character: A review and proposal for an integrative theory, Journal of Marketing, 66-79.
  • Crotts, J.C., & Erdmann, R. (2000). Does national culture influence consumers' evaluation of travel services? A test of Hofstede's model of cross-cultural differences, Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp.410-419.
  • Crotts, J.C., & Pizam, A. (2003). The effect of national culture on consumers' evaluation of travel services,Tourism Culture and Communication, 4 (December), pp.17-28.
  • Dann, G.M.S. (1993). Limitations in the use of 'nationality' and 'country of residence' variables., in D. Pearce and R. Butler (Eds.): Tourism Research Critiques and Challenges, pp.88-112, Routledge: London.
  • Decrop, A. (2008). Qualitative research methods for the study of tourist behaviour in Consumer Behavior in Travel and Tourism (Eds: A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld), Routledge: London.
  • De Mooij, M. (2013). On the misuse and misinterpretation of dimensions of national culture, International Marketing Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp.253-261.
  • DeWalt, K., & DeWalt, B.R. (2011). Participant observation: A guide for fieldworkers (2ndEdt.), USA: Altaira Press.
  • Duman, M.Z. (2016). Van’a gelen İranlı turistlerin profilleri üzerine sosyolojik bir araştırma, Uluslar arası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9 (46), 399-408.
  • Egresi, I., & Arslan, S. (2016). Alternative tourism in Turkey, in I. Egresi (Eds): Shopping and tourism in Turkey: The perfect combination, pp.211-228, Springer.
  • Farahani, B.M., & Mohamed, B. (2013). Relationship between nationality and tourists’ behaviour: case of Middle East tourists in Malaysia from tour guides perspective, International Journal of Tourism Antropology, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.43-57.
  • Fard, M.M., & Saberi, H. (2015). Studying the motivations of choosing foreign tourism destinations: case study of Thailand, Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 8, No. 9, pp. 254-264.
  • Foroughi, A., Buang, N.A., & Sherilou, M. (2011). Exploring impulse buying behavior among Iranian tourists in Malaysia, Journal of Global Business and Economics, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 187-195.
  • Hobson, J.S.P., & Christensen, M. (2001). Cultural and structural issues affecting Japanese tourist shopping behaviour’, Asia Pasific Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp.37-45.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Cultures consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd Edt.), Thousand Oaks CA: Sage publications.
  • Ibrahim, Z., Zahari, M.S., Sulaiman, M., Othman, Z., & Jusoff, K. (2009). Travelling pattern and preferences of the Arab tourists in Malaysian Hotels’ International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 4, No. 7, pp.3-9.
  • Ikkai, M. (1988). The senbetsu-omiyage relationship: Traditional reciprocity among Japanese tourists, Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers, (67,68), pp.62-66.
  • Jang, S.C., Bai, B., Hong, G.S., & O'Leary, J.T. (2004). Understanding travel expenditure patterns: a study of Japanese pleasure travelers to the United States by income level’, Tourism Management, 25, pp. 331 341.
  • Jansen-Verbeke, M. (1994). The synergy between shopping and tourism: the Japanese experience. W.F. Theobald (Editor), in Global Tourism: The Next Decade (428-446). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Jorgensen, D.L. (1989) Participant observation: A methodology for human studies, Sage Publication: USA.
  • Kim, C., & Lee, S. (2000). Understanding the cultural differences in tourist motivation between Anglo American and Japanese tourists. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 9 (1-2), 153-170.
  • Kim, S.S., Timothy, D.J., & Hwang, J. (2011). Understanding Japanese tourists' shopping preferences using the decision tree analysis method, Tourism Management, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp.544-554.
  • Kozak, M. (2001). Repeaters’ behavior at two distinct destinations, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.784-807.
  • Kozak, M. (2002). Comparative analysis of tourist motivations by nationality and destinations, Tourism Management, 23, pp.221-232.
  • Kozak, M. (2016). Bargaining behavior and the shopping experiences of British tourists on vacation, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp.313-325.
  • Lee, J.A., Garbarino, E., & Lerman, D. (2007). How cultural differences in uncertainty avoidance affect product perceptions, International Marketing Review, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp.330- 349.
  • Lee, T.W., Mitchell, T.R., & Sablynski, C.J. (1999). Qualitative research in organizational and vocational psychology,1979-1999, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55, pp.161-187.
  • Lehto, X.Y., Cai, L.A., O’Leary, J.T., & Huan, T.C. (2004). Tourist shopping preferences and expenditure behaviours: the case of the Taiwanese outbound market, Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp.320-332.
  • Litvin, S.W., Crotts, J.C., & Hefner, F.L. (2004). Cross-cultural tourist behaviour: a replication and extension involving Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance dimension, International Journal of Tourism Research, 6,pp. 29-37.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2017), Sınır Giriş-Çıkış İstatistikleri. Retrieved February 9, 2018, from http://yigm.kulturturizm.gov.tr/TR,9854/sinir-giris-cikis istatistikleri.html
  • Money, R.B., & Crotts, J.C. (2003). The effect of uncertainty avoidance on information search, planning and purchases of international travel vacations, Tourism Management, 24, pp.191-202.
  • Nikjoo, A.H., & Ketabi, M. (2015). The role of push and pull factors in the way tourists choose their destination’, Anatolia- An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp.588-597.
  • Nishiyama, K. (1996). Welcoming Japanese visitor: Insights, tips, tactics, University of Hawaii Press: USA.
  • Ozturk, Y., San, R.A., Okumus, F., & Rahimi, R. (2017). Travel motivations of Iranian tourists to Turkey and their satisfaction level with all-inclusive package tours, Journal of Vacation Marketing, pp.1-12.
  • Özdemir, C. (2014). Kültürlerarası turist davranışı: Turistlerin tur esnasındaki davranışlarının belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. Master’s thesis, Anadolu University Institute of Social Sciences.
  • Park, M.K. (2000). Social and cultural factors influencing tourists' souvenir-purchasing behavior: a comparative study on Japanese Omiyage and Korean Sunmul, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Vol.9, No. 1-2, pp.81-91.
  • Pigliasco, G.C. (2005). Lost in translation from omiyage to souvenir, Journal of Material Culture, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp.177-196.
  • Pizam, A. (1999). The American group tourists as viewed by British, Israeli, Korean, and Dutch tour guides, Journal of Travel Research, 38, pp.119-126.
  • Pizam, A., & Sussmann, S. (1995). Does nationality affect tourist behavior?, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp.901-917.
  • Pizam, A., & Jeong, G.H. (1996). Cross-cultural tourist behaviour: perceptions of Korean tour-guides, Tourism Management, Vol. 17,No. 4, pp.277-286.
  • Pizam, A., & Reichel, A. (1996). The effect of nationality on tourist behavior: Israeli tour guides' perceptions, Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.23-49.
  • Pizam, A., Jansen-Verbeke, M., & Steel, L. (1997). Are all tourists alike, regardless of nationality? The perceptions of Dutch tour-guides, Journal of International Hospitality Leisure and Tourism Management, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.19-38.
  • Pizam, A., & Fleischer, A. (2005) The relationship between cultural characteristics and preferences for active vs. passive tourist activities, Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp.5-25.
  • Reisinger, Y., & Crotts, J.C. (2010). Applying Hofstede’s national culture measures in tourism research: Illuminating issues of divergence and convergence, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp.153-164.
  • Reisinger, Y., & Waryszak, R.Z. (1994). Tourists’s perceptions of service in shops: Japanese tourists in Australia, International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp.20-28.
  • Rosenbaum, M.S., & Spears, D.L. (2005). Who buys that? Who does what? Analysis of cross cultural consumption behaviours among tourists in Hawaii, Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp.235-247.
  • Rosenbaum, M.S. & Spears, D.L. (2006a). Who buys what? Who does that? The case of Golden Week in Hawaii. Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp.246-255.
  • Rosenbaum, M.S., & Spears, D.L. (2006b). An exploration of spending behaviors among Japanese tourists, Journal of Travel Research, 44, pp.467-473.
  • Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach, 4th Edition, England: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Spears, D.L., & Rosenbaum, M.S. (2012). The packaged tourist: A Japanese and American perspective, Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism,Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.19-40.
  • Steenkamp, Jan-Benedict E.M. (2001). The role of national culture in international marketing research, International Marketing Review, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp.30-44.
  • Sussmann, S., & Rashcovsky, C. (1997). A cross-cultural analysis of English and French Canadians' vacation travel patterns, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp.191-208.
  • Tayfun, A., & Yıldırım, M. (2010). Turistlerin tüketim davranışları kültüre/ milliyete göre farklılık gösterir mi? Alman ve Rus turistler üzerine bir araştırma, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.43-64.
  • Timothy, D.J. (2005). Shopping tourism, retailing and leisure, Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
  • Tourism Strategy of Turkey (2007). Türkiye Turizm Stratejisi 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2018, from https://www.kuzka.gov.tr/dosya/turizm_stratejisi_2023.pdf.
  • TUIK (2017) www.tuik.gov.tr. Retrieved February 9, 2018.
  • Watkins, L. (2008). Japanese travel culture: An investigation of the links between early Japanese pilgrimage and modern Japanese travel behaviour, New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp.93 110.
  • Weiermair, K. (2000). Tourists’ perceptions towards and satisfaction with service quality in the cross cultural service encounter: implications for hospitality and tourism management, Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp.397-409.
  • Veal, A.J. (1997). Research methods for leisure and tourism: A practical guide 2nd edition, Pitman Publishing: London.
  • Venaik, S., & Brewer, P. (2013). Critical issues in the Hofstede and GLOBE national culture models, International Marketing Review, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp.469-482.
  • Yeung, M.W.V., Kim, S.S., & Schuckert, M. (2016). Japanese tourists to Hong Kong: Their preferences, behavior, and image perception’, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp.730-741.
  • TURSAB, (2016). 2016 İran Uluslar arası Turizm Fuarı Sonuç Raporu, https://www.tursab.org.tr/dosya/14221/iran-2016-raporu_14221_6413885.pdf (accessed 26 January 2018).
  • TURSAB, (2018). Milliyetlere göre gelen yabancıların bireysel ve paket tur harcama-2016, https://www.tursab.org.tr/tr/turizm-verileri/istatistikler. (accessed 26 January 2018).
  • turizm.news.com İranlı turist Türkiye’de ortalama 1042 Dolar harcıyor, http://turizmnews.com/haber/iranli turist-turkiyede-ortalama-1042-dolar-harciyor8416.html.(26 January 2018).
  • www.turizmajans.com İranlı acentalardan Türkiye’ye yoğun ilgi https://www.turizmajansi.com/haber/iranli- acentelerden-turkiye-ye-yogun-ilgi-h21196 (26 January 2018).
  • www.vanshoppingfest.org, http://www.vanshoppingfest.org/hakkimizda. (accessed 26 January 2018).
There are 73 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Vedat Acar 0000-0002-1679-6360

Abdullah Tanrısevdi 0000-0002-6640-2008

Publication Date April 27, 2019
Submission Date December 25, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Acar, V., & Tanrısevdi, A. (2019). Participant Observations on Iranian Tourists Taking Part in Guided Excursion in Kusadasi, Turkey. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(2), 2187-2213. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.502494
AMA Acar V, Tanrısevdi A. Participant Observations on Iranian Tourists Taking Part in Guided Excursion in Kusadasi, Turkey. MJSS. April 2019;8(2):2187-2213. doi:10.33206/mjss.502494
Chicago Acar, Vedat, and Abdullah Tanrısevdi. “Participant Observations on Iranian Tourists Taking Part in Guided Excursion in Kusadasi, Turkey”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8, no. 2 (April 2019): 2187-2213. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.502494.
EndNote Acar V, Tanrısevdi A (April 1, 2019) Participant Observations on Iranian Tourists Taking Part in Guided Excursion in Kusadasi, Turkey. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8 2 2187–2213.
IEEE V. Acar and A. Tanrısevdi, “Participant Observations on Iranian Tourists Taking Part in Guided Excursion in Kusadasi, Turkey”, MJSS, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 2187–2213, 2019, doi: 10.33206/mjss.502494.
ISNAD Acar, Vedat - Tanrısevdi, Abdullah. “Participant Observations on Iranian Tourists Taking Part in Guided Excursion in Kusadasi, Turkey”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8/2 (April 2019), 2187-2213. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.502494.
JAMA Acar V, Tanrısevdi A. Participant Observations on Iranian Tourists Taking Part in Guided Excursion in Kusadasi, Turkey. MJSS. 2019;8:2187–2213.
MLA Acar, Vedat and Abdullah Tanrısevdi. “Participant Observations on Iranian Tourists Taking Part in Guided Excursion in Kusadasi, Turkey”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 2, 2019, pp. 2187-13, doi:10.33206/mjss.502494.
Vancouver Acar V, Tanrısevdi A. Participant Observations on Iranian Tourists Taking Part in Guided Excursion in Kusadasi, Turkey. MJSS. 2019;8(2):2187-213.

MANAS Journal of Social Studies (MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi)     


16155