Investıgatıng Tourists’ Behaviours On Packaged Tours: A Qualitative Research On Pakıstanı Tourists Visiting Istanbul

Abstract

In this research, behaviors of Pakistani tourists exhibited in a packaged tour visiting İstanbul were investigated by using the method of participant observation. One of the researchers participated in the aforementioned packaged tour as a participant observer. The observer was introduced to the tour participants as an intern with the purpose of observing their natural behaviors much better. As a result of the research, it was observed that the Pakistani tourists had a tendency to bargain, to maintain drinking English tea habits where they visited, to get off the tour schedule, not to respect the timing stated by the tour guide enough, not to leave any tip and to purchase mostly clothes and Turkish Delight during their packaged tour.

Keywords

• Pakistani tourists,tourist behaviors,guided tours,participant observation

Paket Turlarda Turist Davranışlarının İncelenmesi: İstanbul’u Ziyaret Eden Pakistanlı Turistler Üzerinde Nitel Bir Araştırma

Abstract

Bu araştırmada İstanbul’u ziyaret eden Pakistanlı turistlerin bir paket turda sergiledikleri turist davranışları katılımlı gözlem tekniği kullanılarak inceleme konusu yapılmıştır. Araştırmacılardan biri ilgili paket turda katılımlı gözlemci olarak yer almıştır. Turistlerin doğal davranışlarını daha iyi gözlemleyebilmek amacıyla araştırmacı, tur katılımcılarına stajyer rehber olarak tanıtılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, Pakistanlı turistlerin paket tur boyunca pazarlık etme eğiliminde oldukları, İngiliz çayı tüketme alışkanlıklarını ziyaret ettikleri yerlerde de sürdürmeye çalıştıkları, tur programı dışına çıkma yönünde davranışlar sergiledikleri, rehber tarafından belirtilen zaman planına yeterince riayet etmedikleri, bahşiş vermedikleri ve alışverişlerinde ağırlıklı olarak kıyafet ve lokum satın aldıkları gözlemlenebilmiştir. 

Keywords

• Pakistanlı turistler,turist davranışları,rehberli turlar

References

1. Abraham, Z. (2014). The Influence Of National Culture On Tipping Behavior, UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones, 2626.
2. Acar, V. (2018). Uluslararası Turistlerin Davranışlarının İncelenmesi: Türkiye’de Rehberli Turlara Katılan Turistler Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Doktora Tezi, Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
3. Ahmed, Z.U., & Krohn, F.B. (1992). Understanding the Unique Consumer Behavior Of Japanese Tourists. Journal Of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 1 (3), 73-86.
4. Asadi, R., & Daryaei, M. (2011a). Prioritization Of Pull Factors Of Malaysia As A Destination for Iranian Tourists, European Journal Of Social Sciences, 26 (2), 287-296.
5. Asadi, R., & Daryaei, M. (2011b). Prioritization Of Pull Factors Of China As A Destination For Iranian Tourists, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5 (11), 1129-1135.
6. Asadi, R., & Daryaei, M. (2011c). Prioritization Of Pull Factors Of Turkey As A Destination For Iranian Tourists. Australian Journal of Basic And Applied Sciences, 5 (10), 1510-1515.
7. Asadi, R., & Daryaei, M. (2012). Recognition And Prioritization Of Pull Factors Of Azerbaijan As A Destination For Iranian Tourists, Journal of American Science, 8 (8), 189-194.
8. Asgari, M., & Borzooei, M. (2014). Evaluating The Perception Of Iranian Students As Educational Tourists Towards Malaysia: In-Depth Interviews, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research In Business, 5 (9), 81-109.

9. Avcıkurt, C. (2007). Turizm Sosyolojisi: Turist-Yerel Halk Etkileşimi (İkinci Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
10. Begum, S., Khan, M., Farooq, M., Begum, N, & Shah, I.U. (2010). Socio Economic Factors Affecting Food Consuption Pattern In Rural Area Of District Nowshera, Pakistan. Sarhad J. Agric, 26 (4), 649-653.
11. Clark, T. (1990). International Marketing And National Character: A Review And Proposal For An Integrative Theory. Journal of Marketing, 66-79.
12. Crotts, J.C., & Erdmann, R. (2000). Does National Culture Influence Consumers’ Evaluation Of Travel Services? A Test Of Hofstede’s Model Of Cross-Cultural Differences. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 10 (6), 410-419.
13. Cüceloğlu, D. (2002). Yeniden İnsan İnsana (Yirmiyedinci Baskı). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
14. Dann, G.M.S. (1993). Limitations In The Use Of ‘Nationality’ And ‘Country Of Residence’ Variables. D.G. Pearce And R.W. Butler (Editors) In Tourism Research Critiques And Challenges (88-112). London: Routledge.
15. Decrop, A. (2008). Qualitative Research Methods For The Study Of Tourist Behaviour. A. Pizam And Y. Mansfeld. (Editors), In Consumer Behavior In Travel And Tourism (335-365), London: Routledge.
16. De Mooij, M. (2013). On The Misuse And Misinterpretation Of Dimensions Of National Culture. International Marketing Review, 30 (3), 253-261.
17. Duman, M.Z. (2016). Van’a Gelen İranlı Turistlerin Profilleri Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Araştırma, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9 (46), 399-408.
18. Doğan, H.Z. (1983). Turistik Davranış. Aydın: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.
19. Egresi, I., & Arslan, S. (2016). Alternative Tourism In Turkey: Role Potential Development and Sustainability In I. Egresi (Eds): Shopping And Tourism In Turkey: The Perfect Combination (211-228), Springer.
20. Farahani, B.M., & Mohamed, B. (2013). Relationship Between Nationality And Tourists’ Behaviour: Case Of Middle East Tourists In Malaysia From Tour Guides Perspective. International Journal Of Tourism Antropology, 3 (1), 43-57.
21. Fard, M.M., & Saberi, H. (2015). Studying The Motivations Of Choosing Foreign Tourism Destinations: Case Study Of Thailand. Journal of Sustainable Development, 8 (9), 254-264.
22. Güler, Ş. (1978). Turizm Sosyolojisi. Ankara: Turizm ve Tanıtma Bakanlığı.
23. Hakeem, R., Thomas, J., & Badruddin, S.H. (1999). Rural-Urban Differences In Food and Nutrient Intake of Pakistani Children, The Journal Of The Pakistan Medical Association., 49 (12), 288-294.
24. Heung, V.C.S., Qu, H., & Chu, R. (2001). The Relationship Between Vacation Factors And Socio-Demographic And Travelling Characteristics: The Case Of Japanese Leisure Travellers. Tourism Management, 22, 259-269.
25. Hofstede, G. (2001). Cultures Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions And Organizations Across Nations (Second Edition). Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications.
26. Hofstede.Insights.com, Compare countries, https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2019).
27. Ibrahim, Z., Zahari, M.S., Sulaiman, M., Othman, Z., & Jusoff, K. (2009). Travelling Pattern And Preferences Of The Arab Tourists In Malaysian Hotels. International Journal of Business And Management, 4 (7), 3-9.
28. Jansen-Verbeke, M. (1994). The Synergy Between Shopping And Tourism: The Japanese Experience. W.F. Theobald (Editor), In Global Tourism: The Next Decade (428-446). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
29. Kim, C., & Lee, S. (2000). Understanding The Cultural Differences In Tourist Motivation Between Anglo-American And Japanese Tourists. Journal Of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 9 (1-2), 153-170.
30. Kim, S.M., & Prideaux, B. (1999). Korean Inbound Tourism To Australia- A Study Of Supply-Side Deficiencies. Journal Of Vacation Marketing, 5 (1), 66-81.
31. Kozak, M. (2002). Comparative Analysis Of Tourist Motivations By Nationality And Destinations. Tourism Management, 23 (3), 221-232.
32. Kozak, M. (2014). Bilimsel Araştırma: Tasarım, Yazım Ve Yayım Teknikleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
33. Kozak, M. (2016). Bargaining Behavior And The Shopping Experiences of British Tourists On Vacation. Journal Of Travel And Tourism Research, 33 (3), 313-325.
34. Laitinen, K. (2004). The Perceptions Of Tour Guides Of Finland As A Travel Destination For Chinese Tourists. M.A. European Tourism Management: Bournemouth University.
35. Lee, J.A., Garbarino, E., & Lerman, D. (2007). How Cultural Differences In Uncertainty Avoidance Affect Product Perceptions. International Marketing Review, 24 (3), 330- 349.
36. Lehto, X.Y., Cai, L.A., O’Leary, J.T., & Huan, T.C. (2004). Tourist Shopping Preferences And Expenditure Behaviours: The Case Of The Taiwanese Outbound Market. Journal Of Vacation Marketing, 10 (4), 320-332.
37. Litvin, S.W., Crotts, J.C., & Hefner, F.L. (2004). Cross-Cultural Tourist Behaviour: A Replication And Extension Involving Hofstede’s Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6 (1), 29-37.
38. Mok, C., & Lam, T. (2000). Travel-Related Behavior Of Japanese Leisure Tourists: A Review And Discussion. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 9 (1-2), 171-184.
39. Money, R.B., & Crotts, J.C. (2003). The Effect Of Uncertainty Avoidance On Information Search, Planning, And Purchases Of International Travel Vacations. Tourism Management, 24 (2), 191-202.
40. Moscardo, G. (2004). East Versus West: A Useful Distinction Or Misleading Myth. Tourism, 52 (1), 7-20.
41. Özdemir, C. (2014). Kültürlerarası Turist Davranışı: Turistlerin Tur Esnasındaki Davranışlarının Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü: Eskişehir.
42. Pizam, A. (1999). The American Group Tourist As Viewed By British, Israeli, Korean, and Dutch Tour Guides. Journal of Travel Research, 38 (2), 119-126.
43. Pizam, A., & Fleischer, A. (2005). The Relationship Between Cultural Characteristics And Preference For Active Vs. Passive Tourist Activities. Journal Of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 12 (4), 5-25.
44. Pizam, A., & Sussmann, S. (1995). Does Nationality Affect Tourist Behavior?. Annals Of Tourist Research, 22 (4), 901-917.
45. Pizam, A., & Jeong, G.H. (1996). Cross-Cultural Tourist Behavior. Tourism Management, 17 (4), 277-286.
46. Pizam, A., Jansen- Verbeke, M., & Steel, L. (1997). Are All Tourists Alike, Regardless Of Nationality? The Perceptions Of Dutch Tour-Guides. Journal of International Hospitality Leisure and Tourism Management, 1 (1,), 19-38.
47. Pizam, A. & Reichel, A. (1996). The Effect Of Nationality On Tourist Behavior: Israeli Tour-Guides’ Perceptions. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 4 (1), 23-49.
48. Reisinger, Y. (2009). Cross-Cultural Differences In Tourist Behavior (237-255), In Handbook Of Tourist Behavior Theory & Practice (Edt: M. Kozak, & A. Decrop), New York: Routledge.
49. Reisinger, Y., & Crotts, J.C. (2010). Applying Hofstede’s National Culture Measures In Tourism Research: Illuminating Issues of Divergence and Convergence. Journal Of Travel Research, 49 (2), 153-164.
50. Reisinger, Y., & Turner, L. (1997). Cross-Cultural Differences In Tourism: Indonesian Tourists In Australia. Tourism Management, 18 (3), 139-147.
51. Reisinger, Y., & Turner, L. (2000). Japanese Tourism Satisfaction: Gold Coast Versus Hawaii. Journal Of Vacation Marketing, 6 (4), 299-317.
52. Reisinger, Y., & Turner, L.W. (2003). Cross-Cultural Behaviour In Tourism: Concepts And Analysis. Great Britain: Butterworth Heinemann.
53. Rızaoğlu, B. (2012). Turizm Davranışı (Üçüncü Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
54. Rosenbaum, M.S., & Spears, D.L. (2006a). Who Buys What? Who Does That? The Case Of Golden Week In Hawaii. Journal Of Vacation Marketing, 12 (3), 246-255.
55. Rosenbaum, M.S., & Spears, D.L. (2006b). An Exploration Of Spending Behaviors Among Japanese Tourists. Journal Of Travel Research, 44 (4), 467-473.
56. Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods For Business: A Skill Building Approach, 4th Edition, USA: John Wiley And Sons.
57. Sheldon, P.J., & Fox, M. (1988). The Role Of Foodservice In Vacation Choice And Experience: A Cross Cultural Analysis, Journal Of Travel Research, 27 (3), 9-15.
58. Siddiqui, R. (1982). An Analysis Of Consumption Pattern In Pakistan, The Pakistan Development Review, 21 (4), 275-296.
59. Steenkamp, Jan-Benedict E.M. (2001). The Role Of National Culture In International Marketing Research. International Marketing Review, 18 (1), 30-44.
60. Timothy, D.J. (2005). Shopping Tourism, Retailing, and Leisure. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
61. Venaik, S., & Brewer, P. (2013). Critical Issues In The Hofstede And GLOBE National Culture Models. International Marketing Review, 30 (5), 469-482.
62. Veal, A.J. (1997). Research Methods For Leisure And Tourism: A Practical Guide 2nd Edition, London: Pitman Publishing.
63. Watkins, L. (2008). Japanese Travel Culture: An Investigation Of The Links Between Early Japanese Pilgrimage And Modern Japanese Travel Behaviour. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, 10 (2), 93-110.
64. Weiermair, K. (2000). Tourists’ Perceptions Towards And Satisfaction With Service Quality In The Cross Cultural Service Encounter: Implications for Hospitality and Tourism Management. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 10 (6), 397-409.
65. www.businessinsider.com,https://www.businessinsider.com/biggest-cities-by-2030-2018-7#12-karachi-pakistan-204-million-2 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019).
66. www.worldatlas.com, The 150 Largest Cities in the World, https://www.worldatlas.com/citypops.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019).
67. worldpopulationreview.com, http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019).
68. www.un.org., The World’s Cities in 2016, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/
69. urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019).
70. Yagi, C. (2001). How Tourists See Other Tourists: Analysis Of Online Travelogues. The Journal of Tourism Studies,12 (2), 22-31.
71. Yeung, M.W.V., Kim, S.S, & Schuckert, M. (2016). Japanese Tourists To Hong Kong: Their Preferences, Behavior, And Image Perception. Journal Of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33 (5), 730-741.
72. Ziff-Levine, W. (1990). The Cultural Logic Gap: A Japanese Tourism Research Experience. Tourism Management, 11 (2), 105-110.