PREVENTION OF ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING AND TRANSFER OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES IN THE LIGHT OF UNITED NATIONS CONVENTIONS

Year 2018, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 91 - 110, 01.04.2018

Ali Rıza Tongur

Abstract

Protection of cultural properties of which existence decreases every day is one of the most
important issues causing global concern. Many important conventions have been drawn up as a
result of the efforts led by United Nations in order to prevent the threats against these properties
accepted as the common heritage of the mankind. The purpose of this study is to examine the
criminal law provisions included in the leading ones of these internationally important
conventions, to raise awareness and to contribute, even slightly, to the future works concerning
this issue in our domestic law

Keywords

Cultural Property, Historical Artifact, Antique, Illegal Trafficking Of Cultural

BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER KONVANSİYONLARI IŞIĞINDA KÜLTÜR VARLIKLARININ YASADIŞI TİCARETİNİN VE NAKİLLERİNİN ÖNLENMESİ

Abstract

Varlıkları her geçen gün hızla azalan kültür varlıklarının korunması küresel ölçekte endişeye neden olan önemli sorunlardan biridir. İnsanlığın ortak mirası olarak kabul edilen bu varlıklara yönelen tehlikelerin önlenmesi için Birleşmiş Milletler öncülüğünde yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda birçok önemli konvansiyon hazırlanmıştır. Çalışmamızın amacı, uluslararası alanda önem arz eden bu konvansiyonlardan öne çıkanların içeriğinde yer verilen ceza hukukuna ilişkin hükümlerin incelenmesi, farkındalık oluşturulması ve gelecekte bu alanda iç hukukumuzda yapılacak çalışmalara az da olsa katkı sağlayabilmektir

Keywords

Kültür Varlığı, Tarihi Eser, Antika, Yasadışı Kültür Varlığı Ticareti

References

• Alder, C., Polk, K. (2005). ‘The Illicit Traffic in Plundered Antiquities’, (Ed). Philip Reichel, Handbook of Transnational Crime&Justice, California: Sage Publications.
• Alderman, K. (2012), ‘Honor Amongst Thieves: Organized Crime and the Illicit Antiquities Trade’, Indiana Law Review, Vol. 45, No. 3.
• Blake, J. Export Embargoes and the International Antiquities Market-the Turkish Experience-Art, Antiquity and The Law, 1997,Vol. 2.
• Blake, J. (2000a). ‘On Defining the Cultural Heritage’, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 49, No. 1 (January).
• Bowman, B. A. (2008) ‘Transnational Crimes Against Culture: Looting at Archaeological Sites and the “grey” Market in Antiquities’ Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, August; Vol. 24.
• Brodie, N. (2011).The market in Iraqi Antiquities 1980-2009, S. Manacorda and D. Chappell (eds.), Crime in the Art and Antiquities World: 87 Illegal Trafficking in Cultural Property, New York: Springer.
• Brodie, N., Renfrew, C. (2005). Looting and the World’s Archaeological Heritage: the Inadequate Response, Annual Reviews Anthropology C 34.
• Conklin, J. E.(1994). Art Crime, Westport: CT Praeger.
• Dietzler, J. (2013). On Organized Crime in the Illicit Antiquities Trade: Moving Beyond the Definitional Debate, Trends in Organized Crime, Vol. 16, Springer.
• Forrest, C. (2010). International Law and the Protection of Cultural Heritage, New York: Routledge.
• Gerstenblith, P. (2002). The United States vs. Schultz Culture Without Context, Spring.
• Greenfield, J. (1996). The Return of Cultural Treasures, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Hilaire, R. A. ‘International Antiquities Trafficking: Theft by Another Name, Protecting Archaeological Sites Abroad by Prosecuting Receivers, Sellers, and Smugglers of Looted Antiquities under United States Domestic content/uploads/2013/08/InternationalAntiquitiesTrafficking.pdf, Law’,
• http://www.savingantiquities.org/wp
• Kaye, L. M. The Future of the Past: Recovering Cultural Property, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, 4(1), http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cjic.
• Lehman, J. N. (1997). ‘The Continued Struggle With Stolen Cultural Property: The Hague Convention, The UNESCO Convention, and the Unidroit Draft Convention’14 Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law.
• Mackenzie, S., Tess, D. (2014). ‘Temple Looting in Cambodia, Anatomy of a Statue Trafficking Network,’ The British Journal of Criminology, Oxford University Press, June 2014, Vol.54.
• Mackenzie, S. (2011). ‘The Market as Criminal and Criminals in the Market: Reducing Opportunities for Organised Crime in the International Antiquities Market’ in: Manacorda S, Chappell D (eds) Crime in the Art and Antiquities World, New York: Springer.
• Mackenzie, S. (2011). ‘Illicit Deals in Cultural Objects as Crimes of the Powerful’, Crime Law Social Change.
• Manacorda, S. (2011). ‘Criminal Law Protection of Cultural Heritage: An International Perspective’, S. Manacorda and D. Chappell (eds.), Crime in the Art and Antiquities World: 87 Illegal Trafficking in Cultural Property, New York: Springer.
• Merryman, J. H. (1990). ‘Protection of the Cultural Heritage’,The American Journal of Comparative Law,Vol. 38.
• Murphy, J. D. (1995). Plunder and Preservation: Cultural Property Law and Practice in the People’s Republic of China, Oxford: Oxford University Press.