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EVOLUTION OF PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS IN THE BALTIC STATES EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARLIAMENTS IN ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA

Year 2017, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 663 - 676, 01.10.2017

Abstract

This article is a work of comparative parliamentary study which focuses on legislatures of the Baltic States. It looks at parliamentary institutions of Estonia, Riigikogu; Latvia, Saeima and Lithuania, Seimas using historical approach of analysis and comparative method. The paper analyses historical evolution and development of parliaments of Baltic nations dividing it to two parts. The first part of this paper considers the period from 1917 to 1940 and gives precise information about emergence and activities of Riigikogu, Saeima and Seimas. The last part of the paper will look at the parliamentary experience of respective countries after 1990. In addition to comparative analysis of parliaments and parliamentary experience in the Baltic States, the paper gives an analysis of historical processes and political developments of these countries. This paper is an original comparative case study and it aims to expose workings of legislative and parliamentary mechanisms in the Baltic States. Other aim of this paper is to show regional cooperation and collaboration through parliamentary institutions

References

  • Borejsza J. W., Zimmer, K.(2006). Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe: Legacies and Lessons from the Twentieth Century, Oxford, New York: Berghahn Books.
  • Blevere, D. (2005). Istoriya Latvii: XX vek. Riga: Jumava.
  • Dzyuba, I. (1974). Internationalism or Russification? A Study in the Soviet Nationalities Problem. New York: Monad Press.
  • Eidintas, A., Senn, A.E. (2015). Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893–1940). Leiden: Brill Rodopi.
  • Gieller, W. (2005) Foreign Policy of States: A Handbook on World Affairs. Istanbul: Tasam Press.
  • Huttenbach, H. R., (1990). “Introduction: Towards a Unitary Soviet State: Managing a Multinational Society, 1917-1985,” in Soviet Nationality Policies: Ruling Ethnic Groups in the USSR, London: Mansell Publishing Limited.
  • Kasekamp, A. (2000). The Radical Right in Interwar Estonia. NY: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Kasparavičius, A. (2007). “Views of Western countries on the 1926 coup d’état in Lithuania”, Lithuanian Historical Studies: 12.
  • Kaszeta, D. J. (1988). "Lithuanian Resistance to Foreign Occupation 1940-1952". Lituanus, Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences.
  • Laar, M. (1992). War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944–1956. Compass Press.
  • Leimus, I., Aru, M., Bates, C. (2008). A Will to Be Free: 90 Years of the Republic of Estonia, OÜ Luisa Tölkebüroo, Tallinn: Estonian History Museum.
  • Laucka, B. J. (1986). The Structure and Operations of Lithuania’s Parliamentary Democracy 1920–1939, Lituanus – Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences: 32/3.
  • Lawrence, E. M., Ronis, A. G., Liepins, A.R. (1999). “Karlis Ulmanis: From University of Nebraska Graduate to President of Latvia,” Nebraska History 80.
  • Löffer, K . (2005). “Republic of Estonia”, Foreign Policy of States: A Handbook on World Affairs. Istanbul: Tasam Press.
  • Mackevicičius, M. (1986) Lithuanian Resistance to German Mobilization Attempts 1941–1944, Lituanus Vol. 32, No. 4.
  • Miljan, Toivo. (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
  • Misiunas, R. J., Taagepera, R. (1993). The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1940-1990. London: Hurst & Company.
  • O’Connor, K. (2003). The History of the Baltic States. London: Greenwood Press.
  • Otfinoski, S. (2004). Nations in Transition - The Baltic Republics. New York: Facts on File.
  • Pajur, A. “Years of authoritarian regime”, Estonica (Encyclopedia about Estonia), http://www.estonica.org, 28 November 2016.
  • Rogainis, J. (1971). “The Emergence of an Authoritarian Regime in Latvia, 1932–1934”, Lituanus – Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Art and Sciences, Volume 17, No.3 - Fall 1971. http://www.lituanus.org, 29.11.2016.
  • Sprudzs, A. (2001) “Rebuilding Democracy in Latvia: Overcoming a dual legacy”, Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe. Oxford University Press.
  • Steen, A. (2000). “Ethnic Relations, Elites and Democracy in the Baltic,” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 16, 4.
  • Steen, A. (2006) “Accessioning Liberal Compliance? Baltic Elites and Ethnic Politics under New International Conditions,” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 13, 2-3.
  • Tykwer, G. A. (2005) “Republic of Lithuania”, Foreign Policy of States: A Handbook on World Affairs, Istanbul: Tasam Press.
  • Wolchik, S. L., Curry, J. L. (2007) Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. Web Based Sources
  • http://www.riigikogu.ee – Official website of the parliament of Estonia.
  • http://www.president.ee – Official website of the president of Estonia.
  • http://www.estonica.org – Encyclopedia about Estonia.
  • http://www.saeima.lt - Official website of the parliament of Latvia.
  • http://www.lituanus.org - Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Art and Sciences.
  • http://www.lrs.lt - Official website of the parliament of Lithuania, Seimas.
  • www.baltasam.org Official website of the Baltic Assembly
  • www.cbss.org Official website of the Council of the Baltic Sea States
  • www.ipu.org Official website of the Inter-Parliamentary Union
  • www.britannica.com Official website of the Encyclopedia Britannica
Year 2017, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 663 - 676, 01.10.2017

Abstract

References

  • Borejsza J. W., Zimmer, K.(2006). Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe: Legacies and Lessons from the Twentieth Century, Oxford, New York: Berghahn Books.
  • Blevere, D. (2005). Istoriya Latvii: XX vek. Riga: Jumava.
  • Dzyuba, I. (1974). Internationalism or Russification? A Study in the Soviet Nationalities Problem. New York: Monad Press.
  • Eidintas, A., Senn, A.E. (2015). Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893–1940). Leiden: Brill Rodopi.
  • Gieller, W. (2005) Foreign Policy of States: A Handbook on World Affairs. Istanbul: Tasam Press.
  • Huttenbach, H. R., (1990). “Introduction: Towards a Unitary Soviet State: Managing a Multinational Society, 1917-1985,” in Soviet Nationality Policies: Ruling Ethnic Groups in the USSR, London: Mansell Publishing Limited.
  • Kasekamp, A. (2000). The Radical Right in Interwar Estonia. NY: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Kasparavičius, A. (2007). “Views of Western countries on the 1926 coup d’état in Lithuania”, Lithuanian Historical Studies: 12.
  • Kaszeta, D. J. (1988). "Lithuanian Resistance to Foreign Occupation 1940-1952". Lituanus, Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences.
  • Laar, M. (1992). War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944–1956. Compass Press.
  • Leimus, I., Aru, M., Bates, C. (2008). A Will to Be Free: 90 Years of the Republic of Estonia, OÜ Luisa Tölkebüroo, Tallinn: Estonian History Museum.
  • Laucka, B. J. (1986). The Structure and Operations of Lithuania’s Parliamentary Democracy 1920–1939, Lituanus – Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences: 32/3.
  • Lawrence, E. M., Ronis, A. G., Liepins, A.R. (1999). “Karlis Ulmanis: From University of Nebraska Graduate to President of Latvia,” Nebraska History 80.
  • Löffer, K . (2005). “Republic of Estonia”, Foreign Policy of States: A Handbook on World Affairs. Istanbul: Tasam Press.
  • Mackevicičius, M. (1986) Lithuanian Resistance to German Mobilization Attempts 1941–1944, Lituanus Vol. 32, No. 4.
  • Miljan, Toivo. (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
  • Misiunas, R. J., Taagepera, R. (1993). The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1940-1990. London: Hurst & Company.
  • O’Connor, K. (2003). The History of the Baltic States. London: Greenwood Press.
  • Otfinoski, S. (2004). Nations in Transition - The Baltic Republics. New York: Facts on File.
  • Pajur, A. “Years of authoritarian regime”, Estonica (Encyclopedia about Estonia), http://www.estonica.org, 28 November 2016.
  • Rogainis, J. (1971). “The Emergence of an Authoritarian Regime in Latvia, 1932–1934”, Lituanus – Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Art and Sciences, Volume 17, No.3 - Fall 1971. http://www.lituanus.org, 29.11.2016.
  • Sprudzs, A. (2001) “Rebuilding Democracy in Latvia: Overcoming a dual legacy”, Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe. Oxford University Press.
  • Steen, A. (2000). “Ethnic Relations, Elites and Democracy in the Baltic,” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 16, 4.
  • Steen, A. (2006) “Accessioning Liberal Compliance? Baltic Elites and Ethnic Politics under New International Conditions,” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 13, 2-3.
  • Tykwer, G. A. (2005) “Republic of Lithuania”, Foreign Policy of States: A Handbook on World Affairs, Istanbul: Tasam Press.
  • Wolchik, S. L., Curry, J. L. (2007) Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. Web Based Sources
  • http://www.riigikogu.ee – Official website of the parliament of Estonia.
  • http://www.president.ee – Official website of the president of Estonia.
  • http://www.estonica.org – Encyclopedia about Estonia.
  • http://www.saeima.lt - Official website of the parliament of Latvia.
  • http://www.lituanus.org - Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Art and Sciences.
  • http://www.lrs.lt - Official website of the parliament of Lithuania, Seimas.
  • www.baltasam.org Official website of the Baltic Assembly
  • www.cbss.org Official website of the Council of the Baltic Sea States
  • www.ipu.org Official website of the Inter-Parliamentary Union
  • www.britannica.com Official website of the Encyclopedia Britannica
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA24CY82TJ
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Saltanat Kydyralieva This is me

Publication Date October 1, 2017
Submission Date October 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 6 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Kydyralieva, S. (2017). EVOLUTION OF PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS IN THE BALTIC STATES EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARLIAMENTS IN ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(4), 663-676.
AMA Kydyralieva S. EVOLUTION OF PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS IN THE BALTIC STATES EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARLIAMENTS IN ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA. MJSS. October 2017;6(4):663-676.
Chicago Kydyralieva, Saltanat. “EVOLUTION OF PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS IN THE BALTIC STATES EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARLIAMENTS IN ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 6, no. 4 (October 2017): 663-76.
EndNote Kydyralieva S (October 1, 2017) EVOLUTION OF PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS IN THE BALTIC STATES EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARLIAMENTS IN ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 6 4 663–676.
IEEE S. Kydyralieva, “EVOLUTION OF PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS IN THE BALTIC STATES EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARLIAMENTS IN ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA”, MJSS, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 663–676, 2017.
ISNAD Kydyralieva, Saltanat. “EVOLUTION OF PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS IN THE BALTIC STATES EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARLIAMENTS IN ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 6/4 (October 2017), 663-676.
JAMA Kydyralieva S. EVOLUTION OF PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS IN THE BALTIC STATES EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARLIAMENTS IN ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA. MJSS. 2017;6:663–676.
MLA Kydyralieva, Saltanat. “EVOLUTION OF PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS IN THE BALTIC STATES EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARLIAMENTS IN ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 4, 2017, pp. 663-76.
Vancouver Kydyralieva S. EVOLUTION OF PARLIAMENTARY INSTITUTIONS IN THE BALTIC STATES EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARLIAMENTS IN ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA. MJSS. 2017;6(4):663-76.

MANAS Journal of Social Studies