Research Article
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Dünyanın En Eski Çalgıları: Taş Devri Flütleri

Year 2019, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 176 - 184, 29.01.2019
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.478456

Abstract

Bu
araştırma ile müziğin ve flütün kökenlerini anlamaya yönelik, genel bir çerçeve
oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır.  Yapılan
araştırmalar doğrultusunda, günümüze ulaşan en eski çalgının, bir tür nefesli
çalgı olduğu karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu nefesli çalgıların, ne şekilde çalındığı
ve ne amaçla kullanıldığı kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Ancak üretilişlerinde
gereken ustalık nedeniyle, üretenlerin hayatında önemli bir yere sahip olduğu
söylenebilmektedir. Üzerine tartışmaların sürdüğü Divje Babe mağaralarında
keşfedilmiş, bir nefesli çalgı olduğu söylenen nesnenin yanı sıra; tartışmasız
şekilde bir üflemeli çalgı olarak kabul görmüş olan; Hohle Fels, Isturitz, Geissenklösterle,
Grubgraben kazı alanlarında bulunan nefesli çalgılarla da karşılaşılmaktadır.
Vogelherd kazı alanında bulunan çok küçük kalıntılardan yola çıkarak
tanımlanmış cisimler olduğu gibi, Les Roches ve La Roque isimleri ile anılan,
20. Yüzyılın başlarında, hatta 19. Yüzyılda keşfedilmiş nesneler de
bulunmaktadır. Tüm bu cisimlerin yaşı, 60 bin ile 19 bin yıl arasında
değişmektedir. Cisimlerin tamamının, çeşitli hayvan kemikleri ya da dişlerinden
üretildiği görülmektedir. Türlü deneyler sonucu bu çalgıların, ne şekilde
üretildiği ve akustik özelliklerinin neye benzeyebileceği hakkında çeşitli
bulgular bulunmaktadır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulguların bir kısmı
tablolaştırılmıştır. Bu araştırma betimsel bir çalışma olup ulaşılabilen
araştırmalardaki bilgilerin derlenmesi esasına dayanmaktadır.

References

  • ADLER, D. S. (2009, August). The Earliest Musical Tradition. NATURE(460), 695-696.
  • ALTENMÜLLER, E., KOPIEZ, R., & GREWE, O. (2013a). Strong Emotions in Music: Are they an Evolutionary Adaptation? R. BADER içinde, Sound—Perception—Performance (s. 131-156). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00107-4
  • ALTENMÜLLER, E., KOPIEZ, R., & GREWE, O. (2013b). A Contribution To The Evolutionary Basis Of Music. E. ALTENMÜLLER, S. SCHMIDT, & E. ZIMMERMANN içinde, Evolution Of Emotional Communication: From Sounds in Nonhuman Mammals to Speech and Music in Man (s. 314-318). Croydon, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • ATEMA, J. (2004). Old bone flutes. Pan, 18-23. 10 10, 2018 tarihinde http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/kunkel/pub/lobster/Atema/Atema_Old_Bone_flutes-Pan2004.pdf adresinden alındı
  • ATEMA, J. (2014). Musical Origins and the Stone Age Evolution of Flutes. Acoustics Today, 10(3), 26-34.
  • BENITO, C. G., PÉREZ, C. M., & GRACIA, M. A. (2014). FLUTE OF ISTURITZ? EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION AND ARCHAEOMUSICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS. XVII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. Burgos. doi:https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2586.0484Bone flute, trench ditches. (2012, 08 31). 10 10, 2018 tarihinde NÖ Museum of Prehistory: http://insmuseum.com/post/30567819957/knochenfl%C3%B6te-grubgrabenkammern adresinden alındı
  • Britannica, T. E. (Dü.). (1998, 07 20). Aerophones. 10 10, 2018 tarihinde Encyclopaedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/art/aerophone adresinden alındı
  • BUISSON, D. (1990). Les flûtes paléolithiques d'Isturitz (Pyrénées-Atlantiques). Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 87(10-12), 420-433.
  • CONARD, N. J., & MALINA, M. (2008). New Evidence for the Origins of Music from the Caves of the Swabian Jura. Stuidien zur Musikarchäologie, (s. 13-22).
  • CONARD, N. J., MALINA, M., & MÜNZEL, S. C. (2009). New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany. Nature(460), 737-740. doi:10.1038/nature08169
  • D'ERRICO, F., VILLA, P., LLONA, A. C., & IDARRAGA, R. R. (1998). A Middle Palaeolithic origin of music? Using cave-bear bone accumulations to assess the Divje Babe I bone ‘flute’. Antiquity, 72(275), 65-79. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00086282
  • DICKENS, P. A. (2007). Flute acoustics: measurement, modelling and design. Doktora Tezi, University of New South Wales, School of Physics.Die Knochenflöte. (2018, 10 10). http://www.knochenfloeten.de/geschichte.html adresinden alındı
  • DIEDRICH, C. G. (2015). ‘Neanderthal bone flutes’:Ice Age spotted hyena scavenging activities on cave bear cubs in European cave bear dens. Royal Society Open Science, 5(4). doi:10.1098 / rsos.140022
  • DIMKAROSKİ, L. (2010). Glasbena Raziskovanja Najdbe Iz Divjih Bab I, Neandertalčeva Piščal: Od Domnevne Piščali Do Sodobnega Glasbila, Musical Investigations Into The Find From The Divje Babe I Cave The Neanderthal Flute: From A Presumed Flute To A Modern Instrument. Argo, 53(2), 10-17.
  • DIMKAROSKI, L. (2014). 11. MUSICAL RESEARCH INTO THE FLUTE FROM SUSPECTED TO CONTEMPORARY MUSICAL INSTRUMENT. I. TURK içinde, Divje babe I: Paleolitsko najdišče mlajšega pleistocena v Sloveniji (II. del: Arheologija), Divje babe I: Upper pleistocene palaelolithic site in Slovenia (Part II: Archaeology (s. 219). Ljubjana: Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC ZAZU, Založba ZRC.
  • FINK, B. (2008). FANG or FLINT? What Made the "Neanderthal Flute"? The earliest known diatonic scale sequence? . Crosscurrents - Journal of Ancient Music, Pre-history, Archaelogy & Origins, Other Social History & Science Matters(198), 1-10.
  • HAMER, M. (1996, 09 21). Haunting tunes from ghostly players. 10 10, 2018 tarihinde New Scientist: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15120481-100-haunting-tunes-from-ghostly-players/ adresinden alındı
  • HORUSITZKY, F. Z. (2014). 12. ANALYSE ACOUSTIQUE DE LA FLÛTE AVEC SOUFFLE PROXIMAL. I. TURK içinde, Divje babe I: Paleolitsko najdišče mlajšega pleistocena v Sloveniji (II. del: Arheologija), Divje babe I: Upper pleistocene palaelolithic site in Slovenia (Part II: Archaeology (s. 226). Ljubljana: Inštitut za arheologijo
  • ZRC ZAZU, Založba ZRC.
  • KARBON-14 YAŞ TAYİNİ HAKKINDA. (2018, 10 10). Beta Analytic Testing Laboratory: https://www.radiocarbon.com/turkce/hakkinda-karbon-yastayini.htm adresinden alındı
  • KNEZ, D. (2017). Instrumental Heritage Musical Instruments and Music Machines from the Collection of the National Museum of Slovenia. Ljubljana: Narodni Muzej Slovenije.
  • LANDER, N. S. (2018, 10 10). A memento: the medieval recorder. Recorder Home Page: http://www.recorderhomepage.net/instruments/a-memento-the-medieval-recorder/ adresinden alındı
  • LAUKO, T. (tarih yok). Divje Babe Flute. Narodni muzej Slovenije (Museum of Slovenia), Ljubljana. 10 10, 2018 tarihinde http://iza.zrc-sazu.si/En/Raz_pal.html adresinden alındı
  • LESURE, R. G. (2011). Interpreting Ancient Figurines: Context, Comparison, and Prehistoric Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • MAYER, C. (2010). WHY IS THERE MUSIC? . Universitat Wien, Anthropologie. viyana: Universitat Wien.
  • MORLEY, I. (2006). MOUSTERIAN MUSICIANSHIP? THE CASE OF THE DIVJE BABE I BONE. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 25(4), 317-333. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2006.00264.x
  • MORLEY, I. (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • MÜNZEL, S., SEEBERGER, F., & HEIN, W. (2002). The Geißenklösterle Flute – Discovery, Experiments, Reconstruction. E. HICKMANN, R. EICHMANN, I. LAUFS, A.
  • D. KILMER, & I. S. Meeting (Dü.) içinde, Studien zur Musikarchäologie, Volume 3 (s. 107-118). M. Leidorf.
  • NEWTON, E. (1961). ART AS COMMUNICATION*. The British Journal of Aesthetics, 1(2), 71–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaesthetics/1.2.71
  • OTTE, M. (2000). On the Suggested Bone Flute from Slovenia. Current Anthropology, 41(2), 271-272.
  • OWEN, j. (2009, 06 24). Bone Flute Is Oldest Instrument, Study Says. 10 10, 2018 tarihinde National Geographic: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture-exploration/2009/06/bone-flute-is-oldest-instrument--study-says/ adresinden alındı
  • PETRU, S. (2009). Palaeolithic art in Slovenia. Documenta Praehistorica, 36, 299-304. doi:print: 1408-967X - online: 1854-2492
  • RUESCH, J., & KEES, W. (1969). Nonverbal Communication (7 b.). London: University Of California Press.
  • SAFA, E., BARREAU, J.-B., GAUGNE, R., DUCHEMIN, W., TALMA, J.-D., ARNALDI, B., . . . GOURANTON, V. (2016). Digital and Handcrafting Processes Applied to Sound-Studies of Archaeological Bone Flutes. EuroMed (Dü.), International Conference on Culturage Heritage. içinde 1, s. 184-195. Nicosia, Cyprus: EuroMed2016 Proceedings.
  • SCHEPARTZ, L. (1993). Language and Modern Human Origins. Yearbook Of Physical Anthropology(36), 91-126.
  • SOUZA, J. D. (2014). Voice and Instrument at the Origins of Music. (C. U. Commons, Dü.) Current Musicology(97), 21.
  • TUNIZ, C., BERNARDINI, F., TURK, I., DIMKAROSKI, L., MANCINI, L., & DREOSSI, D. (2012). Did Neanderthals Play Music? X -Ray Computed Micro-Tomography Of The Divje Babe ‘Flute’. Archaeometry, 53(3), 581–590. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2011.00630.x
  • TURK, I., TURK, M., & TOŠKAN, B. (2016). Could a cave hyena have made a musical instrument? A reply to Cajus G. Diedrich. Arheološki vestnik(67), 401-407.
  • TURK, M., & KOŠIR, A. (2017). Mousterian osseous artefacts? The case of Divje babe I, Slovenia. Quaternary International(450), 103-115. doi:10.1016/ j.quaint.2016.12.012
Year 2019, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 176 - 184, 29.01.2019
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.478456

Abstract

References

  • ADLER, D. S. (2009, August). The Earliest Musical Tradition. NATURE(460), 695-696.
  • ALTENMÜLLER, E., KOPIEZ, R., & GREWE, O. (2013a). Strong Emotions in Music: Are they an Evolutionary Adaptation? R. BADER içinde, Sound—Perception—Performance (s. 131-156). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00107-4
  • ALTENMÜLLER, E., KOPIEZ, R., & GREWE, O. (2013b). A Contribution To The Evolutionary Basis Of Music. E. ALTENMÜLLER, S. SCHMIDT, & E. ZIMMERMANN içinde, Evolution Of Emotional Communication: From Sounds in Nonhuman Mammals to Speech and Music in Man (s. 314-318). Croydon, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • ATEMA, J. (2004). Old bone flutes. Pan, 18-23. 10 10, 2018 tarihinde http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/kunkel/pub/lobster/Atema/Atema_Old_Bone_flutes-Pan2004.pdf adresinden alındı
  • ATEMA, J. (2014). Musical Origins and the Stone Age Evolution of Flutes. Acoustics Today, 10(3), 26-34.
  • BENITO, C. G., PÉREZ, C. M., & GRACIA, M. A. (2014). FLUTE OF ISTURITZ? EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION AND ARCHAEOMUSICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS. XVII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. Burgos. doi:https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2586.0484Bone flute, trench ditches. (2012, 08 31). 10 10, 2018 tarihinde NÖ Museum of Prehistory: http://insmuseum.com/post/30567819957/knochenfl%C3%B6te-grubgrabenkammern adresinden alındı
  • Britannica, T. E. (Dü.). (1998, 07 20). Aerophones. 10 10, 2018 tarihinde Encyclopaedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/art/aerophone adresinden alındı
  • BUISSON, D. (1990). Les flûtes paléolithiques d'Isturitz (Pyrénées-Atlantiques). Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 87(10-12), 420-433.
  • CONARD, N. J., & MALINA, M. (2008). New Evidence for the Origins of Music from the Caves of the Swabian Jura. Stuidien zur Musikarchäologie, (s. 13-22).
  • CONARD, N. J., MALINA, M., & MÜNZEL, S. C. (2009). New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany. Nature(460), 737-740. doi:10.1038/nature08169
  • D'ERRICO, F., VILLA, P., LLONA, A. C., & IDARRAGA, R. R. (1998). A Middle Palaeolithic origin of music? Using cave-bear bone accumulations to assess the Divje Babe I bone ‘flute’. Antiquity, 72(275), 65-79. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00086282
  • DICKENS, P. A. (2007). Flute acoustics: measurement, modelling and design. Doktora Tezi, University of New South Wales, School of Physics.Die Knochenflöte. (2018, 10 10). http://www.knochenfloeten.de/geschichte.html adresinden alındı
  • DIEDRICH, C. G. (2015). ‘Neanderthal bone flutes’:Ice Age spotted hyena scavenging activities on cave bear cubs in European cave bear dens. Royal Society Open Science, 5(4). doi:10.1098 / rsos.140022
  • DIMKAROSKİ, L. (2010). Glasbena Raziskovanja Najdbe Iz Divjih Bab I, Neandertalčeva Piščal: Od Domnevne Piščali Do Sodobnega Glasbila, Musical Investigations Into The Find From The Divje Babe I Cave The Neanderthal Flute: From A Presumed Flute To A Modern Instrument. Argo, 53(2), 10-17.
  • DIMKAROSKI, L. (2014). 11. MUSICAL RESEARCH INTO THE FLUTE FROM SUSPECTED TO CONTEMPORARY MUSICAL INSTRUMENT. I. TURK içinde, Divje babe I: Paleolitsko najdišče mlajšega pleistocena v Sloveniji (II. del: Arheologija), Divje babe I: Upper pleistocene palaelolithic site in Slovenia (Part II: Archaeology (s. 219). Ljubjana: Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC ZAZU, Založba ZRC.
  • FINK, B. (2008). FANG or FLINT? What Made the "Neanderthal Flute"? The earliest known diatonic scale sequence? . Crosscurrents - Journal of Ancient Music, Pre-history, Archaelogy & Origins, Other Social History & Science Matters(198), 1-10.
  • HAMER, M. (1996, 09 21). Haunting tunes from ghostly players. 10 10, 2018 tarihinde New Scientist: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15120481-100-haunting-tunes-from-ghostly-players/ adresinden alındı
  • HORUSITZKY, F. Z. (2014). 12. ANALYSE ACOUSTIQUE DE LA FLÛTE AVEC SOUFFLE PROXIMAL. I. TURK içinde, Divje babe I: Paleolitsko najdišče mlajšega pleistocena v Sloveniji (II. del: Arheologija), Divje babe I: Upper pleistocene palaelolithic site in Slovenia (Part II: Archaeology (s. 226). Ljubljana: Inštitut za arheologijo
  • ZRC ZAZU, Založba ZRC.
  • KARBON-14 YAŞ TAYİNİ HAKKINDA. (2018, 10 10). Beta Analytic Testing Laboratory: https://www.radiocarbon.com/turkce/hakkinda-karbon-yastayini.htm adresinden alındı
  • KNEZ, D. (2017). Instrumental Heritage Musical Instruments and Music Machines from the Collection of the National Museum of Slovenia. Ljubljana: Narodni Muzej Slovenije.
  • LANDER, N. S. (2018, 10 10). A memento: the medieval recorder. Recorder Home Page: http://www.recorderhomepage.net/instruments/a-memento-the-medieval-recorder/ adresinden alındı
  • LAUKO, T. (tarih yok). Divje Babe Flute. Narodni muzej Slovenije (Museum of Slovenia), Ljubljana. 10 10, 2018 tarihinde http://iza.zrc-sazu.si/En/Raz_pal.html adresinden alındı
  • LESURE, R. G. (2011). Interpreting Ancient Figurines: Context, Comparison, and Prehistoric Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • MAYER, C. (2010). WHY IS THERE MUSIC? . Universitat Wien, Anthropologie. viyana: Universitat Wien.
  • MORLEY, I. (2006). MOUSTERIAN MUSICIANSHIP? THE CASE OF THE DIVJE BABE I BONE. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 25(4), 317-333. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2006.00264.x
  • MORLEY, I. (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • MÜNZEL, S., SEEBERGER, F., & HEIN, W. (2002). The Geißenklösterle Flute – Discovery, Experiments, Reconstruction. E. HICKMANN, R. EICHMANN, I. LAUFS, A.
  • D. KILMER, & I. S. Meeting (Dü.) içinde, Studien zur Musikarchäologie, Volume 3 (s. 107-118). M. Leidorf.
  • NEWTON, E. (1961). ART AS COMMUNICATION*. The British Journal of Aesthetics, 1(2), 71–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaesthetics/1.2.71
  • OTTE, M. (2000). On the Suggested Bone Flute from Slovenia. Current Anthropology, 41(2), 271-272.
  • OWEN, j. (2009, 06 24). Bone Flute Is Oldest Instrument, Study Says. 10 10, 2018 tarihinde National Geographic: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture-exploration/2009/06/bone-flute-is-oldest-instrument--study-says/ adresinden alındı
  • PETRU, S. (2009). Palaeolithic art in Slovenia. Documenta Praehistorica, 36, 299-304. doi:print: 1408-967X - online: 1854-2492
  • RUESCH, J., & KEES, W. (1969). Nonverbal Communication (7 b.). London: University Of California Press.
  • SAFA, E., BARREAU, J.-B., GAUGNE, R., DUCHEMIN, W., TALMA, J.-D., ARNALDI, B., . . . GOURANTON, V. (2016). Digital and Handcrafting Processes Applied to Sound-Studies of Archaeological Bone Flutes. EuroMed (Dü.), International Conference on Culturage Heritage. içinde 1, s. 184-195. Nicosia, Cyprus: EuroMed2016 Proceedings.
  • SCHEPARTZ, L. (1993). Language and Modern Human Origins. Yearbook Of Physical Anthropology(36), 91-126.
  • SOUZA, J. D. (2014). Voice and Instrument at the Origins of Music. (C. U. Commons, Dü.) Current Musicology(97), 21.
  • TUNIZ, C., BERNARDINI, F., TURK, I., DIMKAROSKI, L., MANCINI, L., & DREOSSI, D. (2012). Did Neanderthals Play Music? X -Ray Computed Micro-Tomography Of The Divje Babe ‘Flute’. Archaeometry, 53(3), 581–590. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2011.00630.x
  • TURK, I., TURK, M., & TOŠKAN, B. (2016). Could a cave hyena have made a musical instrument? A reply to Cajus G. Diedrich. Arheološki vestnik(67), 401-407.
  • TURK, M., & KOŠIR, A. (2017). Mousterian osseous artefacts? The case of Divje babe I, Slovenia. Quaternary International(450), 103-115. doi:10.1016/ j.quaint.2016.12.012
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Özlem Onuk

Publication Date January 29, 2019
Submission Date November 5, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Onuk, Ö. (2019). Dünyanın En Eski Çalgıları: Taş Devri Flütleri. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(1), 176-184. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.478456
AMA Onuk Ö. Dünyanın En Eski Çalgıları: Taş Devri Flütleri. MJSS. January 2019;8(1):176-184. doi:10.33206/mjss.478456
Chicago Onuk, Özlem. “Dünyanın En Eski Çalgıları: Taş Devri Flütleri”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8, no. 1 (January 2019): 176-84. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.478456.
EndNote Onuk Ö (January 1, 2019) Dünyanın En Eski Çalgıları: Taş Devri Flütleri. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8 1 176–184.
IEEE Ö. Onuk, “Dünyanın En Eski Çalgıları: Taş Devri Flütleri”, MJSS, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 176–184, 2019, doi: 10.33206/mjss.478456.
ISNAD Onuk, Özlem. “Dünyanın En Eski Çalgıları: Taş Devri Flütleri”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8/1 (January 2019), 176-184. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.478456.
JAMA Onuk Ö. Dünyanın En Eski Çalgıları: Taş Devri Flütleri. MJSS. 2019;8:176–184.
MLA Onuk, Özlem. “Dünyanın En Eski Çalgıları: Taş Devri Flütleri”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, 2019, pp. 176-84, doi:10.33206/mjss.478456.
Vancouver Onuk Ö. Dünyanın En Eski Çalgıları: Taş Devri Flütleri. MJSS. 2019;8(1):176-84.

MANAS Journal of Social Studies