Research Article
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Determination of Convergence in Energy Consumption at the Provincial Level by Spatial Panel Data Analysis: The Case of Turkey

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 572 - 587, 28.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.955477

Abstract

In this study, which aims at researching the income-based perspective of convergence hypothesis in terms of energy use as both cause and result of development; energy consumption has been used as an indicator of living standards, while industrial energy consumption has been used for distribution of production forces. Analyses conducted for period between 2007-2017, it has been detected that both absolute and conditional convergence mechanisms in terms of both total consumption values and industrial consumption values operate on the basis of provinces in Turkey. It was found that the improvements from the provinces to their neighbours possess a spillover effect.

References

  • Abramovitz, M. (1979). Rapid growth potential and its realisation: The experience of capitalist economies in the postwar period. In Edmond Malinvaud (Ed.), Economic growth and resources (s. 1-51). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Akarsu, G. ve Berke, B. (2020). Convergence of electricity consumption in Turkey: Spatial panel data analysis. Panoeconomicus, 67(2), 241-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/PAN161129007A
  • Acemoğlu, D. ve Robinson, J. A. (2020). Dar koridor: Devletler, toplumlar ve özgürlüğün geleceği (Çev: Y. Taşkın), İstanbul: Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık ve Yapımcılık.
  • Acemoğlu, D. ve Robinson, J. A. (2015). Ulusların düşüşü, güç, zenginlik ve yoksulluğun kökenleri (Çev: F. R. Velioğlu). İstanbul: Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık ve Yapımcılık.
  • Anoruo, E. ve DiPietro, W. R. (2014). Convergence in per capita energy consumption among African countries: evidence from sequential panel selection method. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(4), 568-577. https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/873/513
  • Anselin, L. (2002). Under the hood issues in the specification and interpretation of spatial regression models. Agricultural economics, 27(3), 247-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2002.tb00120.x
  • Apergis, N. ve Christou, C. (2016). Energy productivity convergence: new evidence from club converging. Applied Economics Letters, 23(2), 142-145. doi: 10.1080/13504851.2015.1058899
  • Apergis, N. ve Tsoumas, C. (2012). Long memory and disaggregated energy consumption: evidence from fossil fuels, coal and electricity retail in the U.S. Energy Economics, 34, 1082-1087. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2011.09.002
  • Aqeel, A. ve Butt, M. S. (2001). The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Pakistan. Asia-Pacific Development Journal, 8(2), 3342–3350.
  • Aslan, A. (2011). Does natural gas consumption follow a nonlinear path over time? Evidence from 50 states. Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, 15, 4466-4469. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.105
  • Auffhammer, M. ve Carson, R. T. (2008). Forecasting the path of China’s CO2 emissions using province-level information. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 55(3), 229-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2007.10.002
  • Badinger, H., Müller, W. ve Tondl, G. (2004). Regional convergence in the European Union, 1985-1999: A spatial dynamic panel analysis. Regional Studies, 38(3), 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/003434042000211105
  • Baltagi, B. H. (Ed.). (2015). The Oxford handbook of panel data (3. Edition). Oxford: Oxford Publishing.
  • Barro, R. J. ve Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223-251. https://doi.org/10.1086/261816
  • Baumol, W. J. (1986). Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare: What the long-run data show. American Economic Review, 76(5), 1072-1084. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1816469
  • Bolat, S., Belke, M. ve Celik, N. (2013). Mean reverting behavior of energy consumption: Evidence from selected MENA countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 3(4), 315-320. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijeeep/issue/31906/350739
  • Cass, D. (1965). Optimum growth in an aggregative model of capital accumulation. The Review of Economic Studies, 32(3), 233-240. https://doi.org/10.2307/2295827
  • Chen, S., Kuo, H. ve Chen, C., (2007). The relationships between GDP and electricity consumption in ten Asian countries. Energy Policy, 35(4), 2611-2621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.10.001
  • Chontanawat, J., Hunt, L. C. ve Pierse, R. (2006). Causality between energy consumption and GDP: Evidence from 30 OECD and 78 non-OECD countries (No. 113). Surrey Energy Economics Centre (SEEC) Discussion Paper Series, University of Surrey. https://ideas.repec.org/p/sur/seedps/113.html
  • Elhorst, J. P. (2012). Dynamic spatial panels: models, methods, and inferences. Journal of Geographical Systems, 14(1), 5-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-011-0158-4
  • Elhorst, J. P. (2014). Spatial econometrics: From cross-sectional data to spatial panels. Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Ezcurra, R. (2007). Is there cross-country convergence in carbon dioxide emissions? Energy Policy, 35(2), 1363-1372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.04.006
  • Gerschenkron, A. (1962). Economic backwardness in historical perspective. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Ghosh, S. (2002). Electricity consumption and economic growth in India. Energy Policy, 30(2), 125-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(01)00078-7
  • Hao, Y. ve Peng, H. (2017). On the convergence in China’s provincial per capita energy consumption: new evidence from a spatial econometric analysis. Energy Economics, 68, 31-43. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2017.09.008
  • Hao, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhong, M. ve Li, B. (2015). Is there convergence in per capita SO2 emissions in China? An empirical study using city-level panel data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 944-954. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.054
  • Herrerias, M. J. (2012). World energy intensity convergence revisited: A weighted distribution dynamics approach. Energy Policy, 49, 383-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.044
  • Hsu, Y. C., Lee, C. C. ve Lee, C. C. (2008). Revisited: Are shocks to energy consumption permanent or temporary? New evidence from a panel SURADF approach. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2314–2330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.09.007
  • Islam, N. (1995). Growth empirics: A panel data approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(4), 1127-1170. https://doi.org/10.2307/2946651
  • Jaunky, V. C. (2008). Divergence in per capita electric power consumption: An african experience. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 8(2), 137-150. https://www.usc.gal/economet/reviews/aeid8211.pdf
  • Jiang, Z. ve Lin, B. (2012). China's energy demand and its characteristics in the industrialization and urbanization process. Energy Policy, 49, 608-615. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.07.002
  • Jumbe, C. B. L. (2004). Electricity consumption and GDP empirical evidence from Malawi. Energy Economics, 26(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-9883(03)00058-6
  • Koopmans, T. C. (1963). On the concept of optimal economic growth (No. 163). Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics. Yale University. https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/cowles-discussion- paper-series/392
  • Kula, F., Aslan, A. ve Ozturk, I. (2012), Is Per Capita Electricity Consumption Stationary? Time Series Evidence from OECD Countries. Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, 16(1), 501-503. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.015
  • LeSage, J. ve Pace, R. K. (2009). Introduction to spatial econometrics. New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC Press.
  • Liu, W. (2013). The study on the stationarity of energy consumption in US states: Considering structural breaks, nonlinearity, and cross-sectional dependency. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 80, 626-646. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1086723
  • Maddison, A. (1977). Phases of capitalist development. PSL Quarterly Review, 30(121), 103-137. https://doi.org/10.13133/2037-3643/11372
  • Markandya, A, Pedroso-Galinato, A. ve Streimikiene, D. (2006). Energy intensity in transition economies: is there convergence towards the EU average?. Energy Economics, 28, 121-145. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2005.10.005
  • Maza, A. ve Villaverde, J. (2008). The world per capita electricity consumption distribution: Signs of convergence? Energy Policy, 36(11), 4255-4261. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.07.036
  • Mielnik, O. ve Goldemberg, j, (2000). Converging to a common pattern of energy use in developing and industrialized countries. Energy Policy, 28(8), 503-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301- 4215(00)00015-X
  • Miketa, A. ve Mulder, P (2005). Energy productivity across developed and developing countries in 10 manufacturing sectors: Patterns of Growth and Convergence. Energy Economics, 27 , 429-453. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2005.01.004
  • Mohammadi, H. ve Ram, R. (2012. Cross-country convergence in energy and electricity consumption, 1971-2007. Energy Economics, 34, 1882-1887. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.001
  • Moran, P. A. (1950). Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika, 37(1/2), 17-23. https://doi.org/10.2307/2332142
  • Morimoto, K. ve Hope, C. (2004). Impact of electricity supply on economic growth in Sri Lanka. Energy Economics, 26(1), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-9883(03)00034-3
  • Narayan, P. K. ve Smyth, R. (2007. Are shocks to energy consumption permanent or temporary? Evidence from 182 countries. Energy Policy, 35(1) , 333-341. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2005.11.027
  • Ozturk, I. ve Aslan, A. (2011. Are fluctuation in energy consumption per capita transitory? evidence from Turkey. Energy Exploration and Exploitation, 29(2), 161-167. doi: 10.1260/0144-5987.29.2.161
  • Plümper, T. ve Neumayer, E. (2010). Model specification in the analysis of spatial dependence. European Journal of Political Research, 49(3), 418-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01900.x
  • Ramsey, F. P. (1928). A mathematical theory of saving. The Economic Journal, 38(152), 543-559. https://doi.org/10.2307/2224098
  • Robinson, T. (2007). The convergence of electricity prices in Europe. Applied Economics Letters, 14, 473-476. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500461597
  • Shahbaz, M., Tiwari, A. K., Ozturk, I. ve Farooq, A. (2013. Are fluctuations in electricity consumption per capita transitory? evidence from developed and developing economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 551-554. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.007
  • Shiu, A. ve Lam, P. L. (2004). Electricity consumption and economic growth in China. Energy Policy, 32(1), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00250-1
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
  • Tobler, W. R. (1970). A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region. Economic geography, 46(sup1), 234-240. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2307/143141?needAccess=true
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Bölgesel İstatistikler, https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/, [Erişim tarihi: 08.12.2020]
  • Weeks, M. ve Yudong Yao, J. (2003). Provincial conditional income convergence in China, 1953–1997: a panel data approach. Econometric Reviews, 22(1), 59-77. https://doi.org/10.1081/ETC-120017974
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2004). Disaggregated energy consumption and GDP, the experience of Shangai, 1952–1999. Energy Economics, 26(1), 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-9883(03)00032-X
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2006). Electricity consumption and economic growth: a time series experience for 17 African countries. Energy Policy, 34(10), 1106-1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.10.008
  • Yang, H. Y. (2000). A note of the casual relationship between energy and GDP in Taiwan. Energy Economics, 22(3), 309-317. doi: 10.1016/S0140-9883(99)00044-4
  • Yoo, S. (2005). Electricity consumption and economic growth: Evidence from Korea. Energy Policy, 33(12), 1627-1632. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2004.02.002

Mekânsal Panel Veri Analizleri Vasıtasıyla, Enerji Tüketiminde Yakınsamanın İl Düzeyinde Tespiti: Türkiye Örneği

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 572 - 587, 28.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.955477

Abstract

Yakınsama hipotezinin gelir temelli bakış açısının, kalkınmanın hem nedeni hem de sonucu olarak enerji kullanımı açısından incelenmesi amacıyla yapılan bu çalışmada; enerji tüketimi yaşam standardının bir göstergesi olarak, sanayi enerji tüketimi ise üretim güçlerinin dağılımı amacıyla kullanılmıştır. 2007-2017 arası dönem için yapılan analizlerde hem toplam tüketim hem de sanayi tüketim değerleri açısından gerek mutlak gerekse koşullu yakınsama mekanizmasının Türkiye’de iller bazında işlediği tespit edilmiştir. Mekânsal değişkenler vasıtası ile de illerden komşularına doğru iyileşmelerin yayılma etkisi ortaya çıkardığı görülmüştür.

References

  • Abramovitz, M. (1979). Rapid growth potential and its realisation: The experience of capitalist economies in the postwar period. In Edmond Malinvaud (Ed.), Economic growth and resources (s. 1-51). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Akarsu, G. ve Berke, B. (2020). Convergence of electricity consumption in Turkey: Spatial panel data analysis. Panoeconomicus, 67(2), 241-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/PAN161129007A
  • Acemoğlu, D. ve Robinson, J. A. (2020). Dar koridor: Devletler, toplumlar ve özgürlüğün geleceği (Çev: Y. Taşkın), İstanbul: Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık ve Yapımcılık.
  • Acemoğlu, D. ve Robinson, J. A. (2015). Ulusların düşüşü, güç, zenginlik ve yoksulluğun kökenleri (Çev: F. R. Velioğlu). İstanbul: Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık ve Yapımcılık.
  • Anoruo, E. ve DiPietro, W. R. (2014). Convergence in per capita energy consumption among African countries: evidence from sequential panel selection method. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(4), 568-577. https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijeep/article/view/873/513
  • Anselin, L. (2002). Under the hood issues in the specification and interpretation of spatial regression models. Agricultural economics, 27(3), 247-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2002.tb00120.x
  • Apergis, N. ve Christou, C. (2016). Energy productivity convergence: new evidence from club converging. Applied Economics Letters, 23(2), 142-145. doi: 10.1080/13504851.2015.1058899
  • Apergis, N. ve Tsoumas, C. (2012). Long memory and disaggregated energy consumption: evidence from fossil fuels, coal and electricity retail in the U.S. Energy Economics, 34, 1082-1087. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2011.09.002
  • Aqeel, A. ve Butt, M. S. (2001). The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Pakistan. Asia-Pacific Development Journal, 8(2), 3342–3350.
  • Aslan, A. (2011). Does natural gas consumption follow a nonlinear path over time? Evidence from 50 states. Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, 15, 4466-4469. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.105
  • Auffhammer, M. ve Carson, R. T. (2008). Forecasting the path of China’s CO2 emissions using province-level information. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 55(3), 229-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2007.10.002
  • Badinger, H., Müller, W. ve Tondl, G. (2004). Regional convergence in the European Union, 1985-1999: A spatial dynamic panel analysis. Regional Studies, 38(3), 241-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/003434042000211105
  • Baltagi, B. H. (Ed.). (2015). The Oxford handbook of panel data (3. Edition). Oxford: Oxford Publishing.
  • Barro, R. J. ve Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223-251. https://doi.org/10.1086/261816
  • Baumol, W. J. (1986). Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare: What the long-run data show. American Economic Review, 76(5), 1072-1084. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1816469
  • Bolat, S., Belke, M. ve Celik, N. (2013). Mean reverting behavior of energy consumption: Evidence from selected MENA countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 3(4), 315-320. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijeeep/issue/31906/350739
  • Cass, D. (1965). Optimum growth in an aggregative model of capital accumulation. The Review of Economic Studies, 32(3), 233-240. https://doi.org/10.2307/2295827
  • Chen, S., Kuo, H. ve Chen, C., (2007). The relationships between GDP and electricity consumption in ten Asian countries. Energy Policy, 35(4), 2611-2621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.10.001
  • Chontanawat, J., Hunt, L. C. ve Pierse, R. (2006). Causality between energy consumption and GDP: Evidence from 30 OECD and 78 non-OECD countries (No. 113). Surrey Energy Economics Centre (SEEC) Discussion Paper Series, University of Surrey. https://ideas.repec.org/p/sur/seedps/113.html
  • Elhorst, J. P. (2012). Dynamic spatial panels: models, methods, and inferences. Journal of Geographical Systems, 14(1), 5-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-011-0158-4
  • Elhorst, J. P. (2014). Spatial econometrics: From cross-sectional data to spatial panels. Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Ezcurra, R. (2007). Is there cross-country convergence in carbon dioxide emissions? Energy Policy, 35(2), 1363-1372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.04.006
  • Gerschenkron, A. (1962). Economic backwardness in historical perspective. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Ghosh, S. (2002). Electricity consumption and economic growth in India. Energy Policy, 30(2), 125-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(01)00078-7
  • Hao, Y. ve Peng, H. (2017). On the convergence in China’s provincial per capita energy consumption: new evidence from a spatial econometric analysis. Energy Economics, 68, 31-43. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2017.09.008
  • Hao, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhong, M. ve Li, B. (2015). Is there convergence in per capita SO2 emissions in China? An empirical study using city-level panel data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 944-954. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.054
  • Herrerias, M. J. (2012). World energy intensity convergence revisited: A weighted distribution dynamics approach. Energy Policy, 49, 383-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.044
  • Hsu, Y. C., Lee, C. C. ve Lee, C. C. (2008). Revisited: Are shocks to energy consumption permanent or temporary? New evidence from a panel SURADF approach. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2314–2330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.09.007
  • Islam, N. (1995). Growth empirics: A panel data approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(4), 1127-1170. https://doi.org/10.2307/2946651
  • Jaunky, V. C. (2008). Divergence in per capita electric power consumption: An african experience. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 8(2), 137-150. https://www.usc.gal/economet/reviews/aeid8211.pdf
  • Jiang, Z. ve Lin, B. (2012). China's energy demand and its characteristics in the industrialization and urbanization process. Energy Policy, 49, 608-615. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.07.002
  • Jumbe, C. B. L. (2004). Electricity consumption and GDP empirical evidence from Malawi. Energy Economics, 26(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-9883(03)00058-6
  • Koopmans, T. C. (1963). On the concept of optimal economic growth (No. 163). Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics. Yale University. https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/cowles-discussion- paper-series/392
  • Kula, F., Aslan, A. ve Ozturk, I. (2012), Is Per Capita Electricity Consumption Stationary? Time Series Evidence from OECD Countries. Renewable Sustainable Energy Review, 16(1), 501-503. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.015
  • LeSage, J. ve Pace, R. K. (2009). Introduction to spatial econometrics. New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC Press.
  • Liu, W. (2013). The study on the stationarity of energy consumption in US states: Considering structural breaks, nonlinearity, and cross-sectional dependency. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 80, 626-646. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1086723
  • Maddison, A. (1977). Phases of capitalist development. PSL Quarterly Review, 30(121), 103-137. https://doi.org/10.13133/2037-3643/11372
  • Markandya, A, Pedroso-Galinato, A. ve Streimikiene, D. (2006). Energy intensity in transition economies: is there convergence towards the EU average?. Energy Economics, 28, 121-145. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2005.10.005
  • Maza, A. ve Villaverde, J. (2008). The world per capita electricity consumption distribution: Signs of convergence? Energy Policy, 36(11), 4255-4261. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.07.036
  • Mielnik, O. ve Goldemberg, j, (2000). Converging to a common pattern of energy use in developing and industrialized countries. Energy Policy, 28(8), 503-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301- 4215(00)00015-X
  • Miketa, A. ve Mulder, P (2005). Energy productivity across developed and developing countries in 10 manufacturing sectors: Patterns of Growth and Convergence. Energy Economics, 27 , 429-453. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2005.01.004
  • Mohammadi, H. ve Ram, R. (2012. Cross-country convergence in energy and electricity consumption, 1971-2007. Energy Economics, 34, 1882-1887. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.001
  • Moran, P. A. (1950). Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika, 37(1/2), 17-23. https://doi.org/10.2307/2332142
  • Morimoto, K. ve Hope, C. (2004). Impact of electricity supply on economic growth in Sri Lanka. Energy Economics, 26(1), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-9883(03)00034-3
  • Narayan, P. K. ve Smyth, R. (2007. Are shocks to energy consumption permanent or temporary? Evidence from 182 countries. Energy Policy, 35(1) , 333-341. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2005.11.027
  • Ozturk, I. ve Aslan, A. (2011. Are fluctuation in energy consumption per capita transitory? evidence from Turkey. Energy Exploration and Exploitation, 29(2), 161-167. doi: 10.1260/0144-5987.29.2.161
  • Plümper, T. ve Neumayer, E. (2010). Model specification in the analysis of spatial dependence. European Journal of Political Research, 49(3), 418-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01900.x
  • Ramsey, F. P. (1928). A mathematical theory of saving. The Economic Journal, 38(152), 543-559. https://doi.org/10.2307/2224098
  • Robinson, T. (2007). The convergence of electricity prices in Europe. Applied Economics Letters, 14, 473-476. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500461597
  • Shahbaz, M., Tiwari, A. K., Ozturk, I. ve Farooq, A. (2013. Are fluctuations in electricity consumption per capita transitory? evidence from developed and developing economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 551-554. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.007
  • Shiu, A. ve Lam, P. L. (2004). Electricity consumption and economic growth in China. Energy Policy, 32(1), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00250-1
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
  • Tobler, W. R. (1970). A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region. Economic geography, 46(sup1), 234-240. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2307/143141?needAccess=true
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Bölgesel İstatistikler, https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/, [Erişim tarihi: 08.12.2020]
  • Weeks, M. ve Yudong Yao, J. (2003). Provincial conditional income convergence in China, 1953–1997: a panel data approach. Econometric Reviews, 22(1), 59-77. https://doi.org/10.1081/ETC-120017974
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2004). Disaggregated energy consumption and GDP, the experience of Shangai, 1952–1999. Energy Economics, 26(1), 69-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-9883(03)00032-X
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2006). Electricity consumption and economic growth: a time series experience for 17 African countries. Energy Policy, 34(10), 1106-1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.10.008
  • Yang, H. Y. (2000). A note of the casual relationship between energy and GDP in Taiwan. Energy Economics, 22(3), 309-317. doi: 10.1016/S0140-9883(99)00044-4
  • Yoo, S. (2005). Electricity consumption and economic growth: Evidence from Korea. Energy Policy, 33(12), 1627-1632. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2004.02.002
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Adem Türkmen 0000-0002-1534-2332

İkram Yusuf Yarbaşı 0000-0003-4689-5121

Ömer Selçuk Emsen 0000-0002-1809-0513

Early Pub Date April 28, 2022
Publication Date April 28, 2022
Submission Date June 21, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Türkmen, A., Yarbaşı, İ. Y., & Emsen, Ö. S. (2022). Mekânsal Panel Veri Analizleri Vasıtasıyla, Enerji Tüketiminde Yakınsamanın İl Düzeyinde Tespiti: Türkiye Örneği. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(2), 572-587. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.955477
AMA Türkmen A, Yarbaşı İY, Emsen ÖS. Mekânsal Panel Veri Analizleri Vasıtasıyla, Enerji Tüketiminde Yakınsamanın İl Düzeyinde Tespiti: Türkiye Örneği. MJSS. April 2022;11(2):572-587. doi:10.33206/mjss.955477
Chicago Türkmen, Adem, İkram Yusuf Yarbaşı, and Ömer Selçuk Emsen. “Mekânsal Panel Veri Analizleri Vasıtasıyla, Enerji Tüketiminde Yakınsamanın İl Düzeyinde Tespiti: Türkiye Örneği”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 11, no. 2 (April 2022): 572-87. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.955477.
EndNote Türkmen A, Yarbaşı İY, Emsen ÖS (April 1, 2022) Mekânsal Panel Veri Analizleri Vasıtasıyla, Enerji Tüketiminde Yakınsamanın İl Düzeyinde Tespiti: Türkiye Örneği. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 11 2 572–587.
IEEE A. Türkmen, İ. Y. Yarbaşı, and Ö. S. Emsen, “Mekânsal Panel Veri Analizleri Vasıtasıyla, Enerji Tüketiminde Yakınsamanın İl Düzeyinde Tespiti: Türkiye Örneği”, MJSS, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 572–587, 2022, doi: 10.33206/mjss.955477.
ISNAD Türkmen, Adem et al. “Mekânsal Panel Veri Analizleri Vasıtasıyla, Enerji Tüketiminde Yakınsamanın İl Düzeyinde Tespiti: Türkiye Örneği”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 11/2 (April 2022), 572-587. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.955477.
JAMA Türkmen A, Yarbaşı İY, Emsen ÖS. Mekânsal Panel Veri Analizleri Vasıtasıyla, Enerji Tüketiminde Yakınsamanın İl Düzeyinde Tespiti: Türkiye Örneği. MJSS. 2022;11:572–587.
MLA Türkmen, Adem et al. “Mekânsal Panel Veri Analizleri Vasıtasıyla, Enerji Tüketiminde Yakınsamanın İl Düzeyinde Tespiti: Türkiye Örneği”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 2, 2022, pp. 572-87, doi:10.33206/mjss.955477.
Vancouver Türkmen A, Yarbaşı İY, Emsen ÖS. Mekânsal Panel Veri Analizleri Vasıtasıyla, Enerji Tüketiminde Yakınsamanın İl Düzeyinde Tespiti: Türkiye Örneği. MJSS. 2022;11(2):572-87.

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