Research Article
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Investigation of Risk Taking Tolerances of Mothers with Preschool Children in the Context of Child's Temperament and Child's Variables

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 454 - 466, 22.04.2024

Özlem Gözün Kahraman , Esra Yazgan , Deniz Sökmez , Merve Karagöz

https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1219041

Abstract

This study examines the tolerance levels of mothers with preschool children to take risks in play in terms of various child-related variables such as the child's temperament, age, gender, birth order, sibling status, frequency of playing outdoors. The research applied personal information form with two different scales to 146 mothers: the Tolerance of Risk in Play Scale (TRİPS) and the Temperament Scale for Children (TSC). As a result of the research, a significant low-level relationship was found between the activity dimension of temperament and risk-taking tolerance scores. A significant relationship was found between children’s outdoor play frequency and their risk-taking tolerance scores in games. In addition, it was observed that there was a significant difference between the frequency of children playing outdoors and the mothers' risk-taking tolerance scores. It was determined that mothers whose children play outdoors every day have higher risk-taking tolerance scores. These results show that active temperament in children is positively related to mothers' risk-taking tolerance in play, and the frequency of children's outdoor play is also essential in mothers' risk-taking tolerance. In this respect, it can be said that the risk-taking tolerance of the mothers may be effective in both the child’s temperament being active and the outdoor play experiences provided to the child. It is important for parents to realize the importance of children's risk-taking behaviors in play in the development process. It should not be forgotten that taking risks is an essential part of normal development, and the child should be allowed to experience these natural risks in their games.

Keywords

Risk Play Temperament Preschool

References

  • Ball, D. J. (2002). Playgrounds-risks, benefits and choices. HSE Books
  • Bayar, N. ve Sayıl, M. (2005). Brief report: Risk‐taking behaviors in a non‐western urban adolescent sample. Journal of adolescence, 28(5), 671-676.
  • Brussoni, M., Olsen, L. L., Pike, I. ve Sleet, D. A. (2012). Risky play and children’s safety: Balancing priorities for optimal child development. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(9), 3134- 3148.
  • Brussoni, M., Brunelle, S., Pike, I., Sandseter, E. B. H., Herrington, S., Turner, H., ... ve Ball, D. J. (2015). Can child injury prevention include healthy risk promotion?. Injury prevention, 21(5), 344-347.
  • Bundy, A.C., Luckett, T., Tranter, P.J., Naughton, G.A., Wyver, S.R., Ragen, J. ve Spies, G. (2009). The risk is that there is ‘no risk’: a simple, innovative intervention to increase children’s activity levels. International Journal of Early Years Education,17(1), 33-45.
  • Burdette, H. L. ve Whitaker, R. C. (2005). A national study of neighborhood safety, outdoor play, television viewing, and obesity in preschool children. Pediatrics, 116(3), 657-662.
  • Büyüköztürk Ş., Çakmak-Kılıç E., Akgün-Erkan Ö., Karadeniz Ş. ve Demirel F. (2020), Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Nicel Araştırmalar (s.244-245), Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Carver, A., Timperio, A. ve Crawford, D. (2008). Playing it safe: The influence of neighbourhood safety on children's physical activity—A review. Health & place, 14(2), 217-227.
  • Cevher Kalburan, N. (2014). Erken Çocukluk Döneminde Riskli Oyun. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 22 (3), 943- 960.
  • Christensen, L.B., Johnson, R.B. ve Turner, L.A. (2015). Araştırma Yöntemleri Desen ve Analiz. (A. Aypay, Çeviri Editörü). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Clements, R. (2004). An investigation of the status of outdoor play. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 5(1), 68–80. doi:10.2304/ciec.2004.5.1.10
  • Gill, T. (2007). No fear. Growing up in a risk averse society. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1-96.
  • Harper, N. J. ve Obee, P. (2020). Articulating outdoor risky play in early childhood education: voices of forest and nature school practitioners. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 21(2), 184-194.
  • Hawi, N. S. ve Rupert, M. S. (2015). Impact of e-Discipline on children's screen time. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(6), 337-342.
  • Healey, M. D. ve Ellis, B. J. (2007). Birth order, conscientiousness, and openness to experience: Tests of the family-niche model of personality using a within-family methodology. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(1), 55-59.
  • Hesketh, K. R., Lakshman, R. ve Van Sluijs, E. M. (2017). Barriers and facilitators to young children's physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative literature. Obesity Reviews, 18(9), 987-1017.
  • Karaca, N. H. ve Uzun H. (2020). Okul öncesi öğretmenleri için erken çocukluk riskli oyun değerlendirme aracı- öğretmen formunun geliştirilmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 30(2), 247-258.
  • Karaca, N. H. ve Aral, N. (2020). Anne Babaların Çocukların Oynadıkları Riskli Oyunla İlgili Görüşlerini Etkileyen Etmenlerin İncelenmesi. Uluslararası Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 72-86.
  • Kleppe, R., Melhuish, E. ve Sandseter, E. B. H. (2017). Identifying and characterizing risky play in the age one-to- three years. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25(3), 370-385.
  • Lavrysen, A., Bertrands, E., Leyssen, L., Smets, L., Vanderspikken, A. ve De Graef, P. (2017). Risky-play at school. Facilitating risk perceptionandcompetence in young children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25(1), 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2015.1102412
  • Lejarraga, T., Frey, R., Schnitzlein, D. D. ve Hertwig, R. (2019). No effect of birth order on adult risk taking. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(13), 6019-6024.
  • Lin, W., Wu, J., Wu, Y. ve He, H. (2022). Development of Teacher Rating Scale of Risky Play for 3-to 6-year-old pre-schoolers in Anji play kindergartens of east China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(5), 2959.
  • Little, H., Wyver, S. ve Gibson, F. (2011). The influence of play context and adult attitudes on young children's physical risk‐taking during outdoor play. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 19(1), 113-131.
  • Little, H. (2010). Relationship between parents’ beliefs and their responses to children’s risk-taking behaviour during outdoor play. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 8(3), 315-330.
  • Little, H. ve Wyver, S. (2008). Outdoor play: Does avoiding the risks reduce the benefits?. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 33(2), 33-40.
  • Moralı, D. İ. (2019). Anaokullarında sunulan riskli oyun fırsatlarının fiziksel özellikler ve yetişkin yaklaşımları bağlamında incelenmesi (Master's thesis, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • Morrongiello, B. A. (2004). Do children’s intentions to risk take relate to actual risk taking?. Injury Prevention, 10(1), 62-64.
  • Morrongiello, B. A., Corbett, M., McCourt, M. ve Johnston, N. (2006). Understanding unintentional injury risk in young children II. The contribution of caregiver supervision, child attributes, and parent attributes. Journal of pediatric psychology, 31(6), 540-551.
  • Morrongiello, B. A. ve Dawber, T. (1999). Parental influences on toddlers' injury-risk behaviors: Are sons and daughters socialized differently?. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20(2), 227-251.
  • Morrongiello, B.A. ve Dawber, T. (2000). Mothers’ responses to sons and daughters engaging in injury- risk behaviors on a playground: Implications for sex differences in injury rates. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 76, 89-103.
  • Morrongiello, B. A. ve Dawber, T. (2004a). Identifying Factors that Relate to Children's Risk-Taking Decisions. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 36(4), 255.
  • Morrongiello, B. A. ve Dawber, T. (2004b). Social and cognitive influences on school-age children’s risk-taking decisions. Can J Behav Sci, 36, 255-66.
  • Morrongiello, B. A.ve Hogg, K. (2004). Mothers' reactions to children misbehaving in ways that can lead to injury: Implications for gender differences in children's risk taking and injuries. Sex Roles, 50(1), 103-118.
  • Morrongiello, B. A. ve Lasenby-Lessard, J. (2007). Psychological determinants of risk taking by children: an integrative model and implications for interventions. Injury prevention, 13(1), 20-25.
  • Morrongiello, B. A. ve Rennie, H. (1998). Why do boys engage in more risk taking than girls? The role of attributions, beliefs, and risk appraisals. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 23(1), 33–43.
  • Morrongiello, B. A., Sandomierski, M. ve Valla, J. (2010). Early identification of children at risk of unintentional injury: a sensation seeking scale for children 2–5 years of age. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(4), 1332- 1337.
  • Nixon, H. L. (1981). Birth Order and Preferences for Risky Sport Among College Students. Journal of Sport Behavior, 4(1), 13.
  • Noonan, R. J., Boddy, L. M., Fairclough, S. J. ve Knowles, Z. R. (2016). Write, draw, show, and tell: a child-centred dual methodology to explore perceptions of out-of-school physical activity. BMC public health, 16(1), 1-19.
  • Ouvry, M. (2003). Exercising muscles and minds: Outdoor play and the early years curriculum. London: National Children’s Bureau.
  • Potts, R. ve Swisher, L. (1998). Effects of televised safety models on children's risk taking and hazard identification. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 23(3), 157-163.
  • Ryckman, K., Richmond, S. A., Anderson, L. N., Birken, C. S., Parkin, P. C., Macarthur, C. ve Howard, A. W. (2017). Temperament and fracture in preschool-aged children. Paediatrics & Child Health, 22(4), 195-198.
  • Sandseter, E.B.H. (2007). CategorisingRisky Play-How Can We Identify Risk Taking İn Children’s Play? European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 15(2),237–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/13502930701321733
  • Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009). Risky play and risk management in Norwegian preschools-A qualitative observational study. Safety Science Monitor, 13(1), 2.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H. (2010). Scaryfunny: A qualitative study of risky play among preschool children. PhD avhandling, NTNU, Trondheim.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H. ve Kennair, L. E. O. (2011). Children's risky play from an evolutionary perspective: The anti- phobic effects of thrilling experiences. Evolutionary psychology, 9(2), 147470491100900212.
  • Sleddens, E. F., Gubbels, J. S., Kremers, S. P., van der Plas, E. ve Thijs, C. (2017). Bidirectional associations between activity-related parenting practices, and child physical activity, sedentary screen-based behavior and body mass index: a longitudinal analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 1-9.
  • Tulloch, J. ve Lupton, D. (2003). Risk and everyday life. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Uludağlı, N. P. ve Sayıl, M. (2009). Orta ve ileri ergenlik döneminde risk alma davranışı: Ebeveyn ve akranların rolü. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 12, 14-24
  • Ünüvar, P. ve Kanyılmaz, E. S. (2017). 5-6 yaş çocukları için riskli oyuna izin verme ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi- developıng rısky game allowance scale for 4-6 years chıldren. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(22), 510-523.
  • White, J. (2008). Playing and learning outdoors: making provision for high-quality experiences in the outdoor environment. New York: Routledge.
  • Wilson, R. (2008). Nature and young children: Encouraging creative play and learning in natural environments. New York: Routledge.
  • Zheng, P., Ju, L., Ma, X. ve Lou, Y. (2014). Psychological–behavioral characteristics and fractures in children are closely related. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B, 23(6), 560-565.

Okul Öncesi Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Oyunda Risk Alma Toleranslarının Çocuğun Mizacı ve Çocuğa Ait Değişkenler Bağlamında İncelenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 454 - 466, 22.04.2024

Özlem Gözün Kahraman , Esra Yazgan , Deniz Sökmez , Merve Karagöz

https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1219041

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, okul öncesi dönem çocuğa sahip annelerin oyunda risk almaya yönelik tolerans düzeyleri, çocuğun mizaç özellikleri, yaşı, cinsiyeti, doğum sırası, kardeş durumu, açık havada oyun oynama sıklığı gibi çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmiştir. Araştırmada 146 anneye Oyunda Risk Alma Toleransı Ölçeği (ORAT), Çocuklar İçin Mizaç Ölçeği (ÇİMÖ) ve kişisel bilgi formu uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda mizacın aktivite boyutuyla annelerin oyunda risk alma toleransı puanları arasında düşük düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Ayrıca çocukların açık havada oyun oynama sıklığı ile annelerin oyunda risk alma toleransı puanları arasında da anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu görülmüştür. Çocukları her gün açık havada oyun oynayan annelerin oyunda risk alma toleransı puanlarının daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu sonuçlar, çocuklardaki aktif mizaç özelliğinin annelerin oyunda risk alma toleransıyla pozitif ilişkili olduğunu ve annelerin risk alma toleranslarında çocuğun açık havada oyun oynama sıklığının da önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu doğrultuda çocuğun mizacının hareketli olmasının yanında çocuğa sağlanan açık havada oyun deneyimlerinin de ebeveynlerin risk alma toleranslarında anlamlı farklılık oluşturduğu söylenebilir. Ebeveynlerin çocukların oyunda risk alma davranışlarının gelişim sürecindeki önemini fark etmeleri önemlidir. Risk almanın normal gelişimin önemli bir parçası olduğu unutulmamalı ve çocuğun oyunlarında bu doğal riskleri deneyimlemeleri sağlanmalıdır.

Keywords

Riskli Oyun Mizaç Okul Öncesi

Ethical Statement

“Okul Öncesi Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Oyunda Risk Alma Toleranslarının Çocuğun Mizacı ve Çocuğa Ait Değişkenler Bağlamında İncelenmesi” başlıklı çalışmanın yazım sürecinde bilimsel kurallara, etik ve alıntı kurallarına uyulmuş; toplanan veriler üzerinde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmamış ve bu çalışma herhangi başka bir akademik yayın ortamına değerlendirme için gönderilmemiştir. Gerekli olan etik kurul izinleri Karabük Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Etik Kurulu’nun 01/04/2022 tarih ve e 2022/03-36 sayılı kararı ile alınmıştır.

References

  • Ball, D. J. (2002). Playgrounds-risks, benefits and choices. HSE Books
  • Bayar, N. ve Sayıl, M. (2005). Brief report: Risk‐taking behaviors in a non‐western urban adolescent sample. Journal of adolescence, 28(5), 671-676.
  • Brussoni, M., Olsen, L. L., Pike, I. ve Sleet, D. A. (2012). Risky play and children’s safety: Balancing priorities for optimal child development. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(9), 3134- 3148.
  • Brussoni, M., Brunelle, S., Pike, I., Sandseter, E. B. H., Herrington, S., Turner, H., ... ve Ball, D. J. (2015). Can child injury prevention include healthy risk promotion?. Injury prevention, 21(5), 344-347.
  • Bundy, A.C., Luckett, T., Tranter, P.J., Naughton, G.A., Wyver, S.R., Ragen, J. ve Spies, G. (2009). The risk is that there is ‘no risk’: a simple, innovative intervention to increase children’s activity levels. International Journal of Early Years Education,17(1), 33-45.
  • Burdette, H. L. ve Whitaker, R. C. (2005). A national study of neighborhood safety, outdoor play, television viewing, and obesity in preschool children. Pediatrics, 116(3), 657-662.
  • Büyüköztürk Ş., Çakmak-Kılıç E., Akgün-Erkan Ö., Karadeniz Ş. ve Demirel F. (2020), Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Nicel Araştırmalar (s.244-245), Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Carver, A., Timperio, A. ve Crawford, D. (2008). Playing it safe: The influence of neighbourhood safety on children's physical activity—A review. Health & place, 14(2), 217-227.
  • Cevher Kalburan, N. (2014). Erken Çocukluk Döneminde Riskli Oyun. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 22 (3), 943- 960.
  • Christensen, L.B., Johnson, R.B. ve Turner, L.A. (2015). Araştırma Yöntemleri Desen ve Analiz. (A. Aypay, Çeviri Editörü). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Clements, R. (2004). An investigation of the status of outdoor play. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 5(1), 68–80. doi:10.2304/ciec.2004.5.1.10
  • Gill, T. (2007). No fear. Growing up in a risk averse society. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1-96.
  • Harper, N. J. ve Obee, P. (2020). Articulating outdoor risky play in early childhood education: voices of forest and nature school practitioners. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 21(2), 184-194.
  • Hawi, N. S. ve Rupert, M. S. (2015). Impact of e-Discipline on children's screen time. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(6), 337-342.
  • Healey, M. D. ve Ellis, B. J. (2007). Birth order, conscientiousness, and openness to experience: Tests of the family-niche model of personality using a within-family methodology. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(1), 55-59.
  • Hesketh, K. R., Lakshman, R. ve Van Sluijs, E. M. (2017). Barriers and facilitators to young children's physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative literature. Obesity Reviews, 18(9), 987-1017.
  • Karaca, N. H. ve Uzun H. (2020). Okul öncesi öğretmenleri için erken çocukluk riskli oyun değerlendirme aracı- öğretmen formunun geliştirilmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 30(2), 247-258.
  • Karaca, N. H. ve Aral, N. (2020). Anne Babaların Çocukların Oynadıkları Riskli Oyunla İlgili Görüşlerini Etkileyen Etmenlerin İncelenmesi. Uluslararası Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 72-86.
  • Kleppe, R., Melhuish, E. ve Sandseter, E. B. H. (2017). Identifying and characterizing risky play in the age one-to- three years. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25(3), 370-385.
  • Lavrysen, A., Bertrands, E., Leyssen, L., Smets, L., Vanderspikken, A. ve De Graef, P. (2017). Risky-play at school. Facilitating risk perceptionandcompetence in young children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25(1), 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2015.1102412
  • Lejarraga, T., Frey, R., Schnitzlein, D. D. ve Hertwig, R. (2019). No effect of birth order on adult risk taking. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(13), 6019-6024.
  • Lin, W., Wu, J., Wu, Y. ve He, H. (2022). Development of Teacher Rating Scale of Risky Play for 3-to 6-year-old pre-schoolers in Anji play kindergartens of east China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(5), 2959.
  • Little, H., Wyver, S. ve Gibson, F. (2011). The influence of play context and adult attitudes on young children's physical risk‐taking during outdoor play. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 19(1), 113-131.
  • Little, H. (2010). Relationship between parents’ beliefs and their responses to children’s risk-taking behaviour during outdoor play. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 8(3), 315-330.
  • Little, H. ve Wyver, S. (2008). Outdoor play: Does avoiding the risks reduce the benefits?. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 33(2), 33-40.
  • Moralı, D. İ. (2019). Anaokullarında sunulan riskli oyun fırsatlarının fiziksel özellikler ve yetişkin yaklaşımları bağlamında incelenmesi (Master's thesis, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • Morrongiello, B. A. (2004). Do children’s intentions to risk take relate to actual risk taking?. Injury Prevention, 10(1), 62-64.
  • Morrongiello, B. A., Corbett, M., McCourt, M. ve Johnston, N. (2006). Understanding unintentional injury risk in young children II. The contribution of caregiver supervision, child attributes, and parent attributes. Journal of pediatric psychology, 31(6), 540-551.
  • Morrongiello, B. A. ve Dawber, T. (1999). Parental influences on toddlers' injury-risk behaviors: Are sons and daughters socialized differently?. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20(2), 227-251.
  • Morrongiello, B.A. ve Dawber, T. (2000). Mothers’ responses to sons and daughters engaging in injury- risk behaviors on a playground: Implications for sex differences in injury rates. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 76, 89-103.
  • Morrongiello, B. A. ve Dawber, T. (2004a). Identifying Factors that Relate to Children's Risk-Taking Decisions. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 36(4), 255.
  • Morrongiello, B. A. ve Dawber, T. (2004b). Social and cognitive influences on school-age children’s risk-taking decisions. Can J Behav Sci, 36, 255-66.
  • Morrongiello, B. A.ve Hogg, K. (2004). Mothers' reactions to children misbehaving in ways that can lead to injury: Implications for gender differences in children's risk taking and injuries. Sex Roles, 50(1), 103-118.
  • Morrongiello, B. A. ve Lasenby-Lessard, J. (2007). Psychological determinants of risk taking by children: an integrative model and implications for interventions. Injury prevention, 13(1), 20-25.
  • Morrongiello, B. A. ve Rennie, H. (1998). Why do boys engage in more risk taking than girls? The role of attributions, beliefs, and risk appraisals. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 23(1), 33–43.
  • Morrongiello, B. A., Sandomierski, M. ve Valla, J. (2010). Early identification of children at risk of unintentional injury: a sensation seeking scale for children 2–5 years of age. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(4), 1332- 1337.
  • Nixon, H. L. (1981). Birth Order and Preferences for Risky Sport Among College Students. Journal of Sport Behavior, 4(1), 13.
  • Noonan, R. J., Boddy, L. M., Fairclough, S. J. ve Knowles, Z. R. (2016). Write, draw, show, and tell: a child-centred dual methodology to explore perceptions of out-of-school physical activity. BMC public health, 16(1), 1-19.
  • Ouvry, M. (2003). Exercising muscles and minds: Outdoor play and the early years curriculum. London: National Children’s Bureau.
  • Potts, R. ve Swisher, L. (1998). Effects of televised safety models on children's risk taking and hazard identification. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 23(3), 157-163.
  • Ryckman, K., Richmond, S. A., Anderson, L. N., Birken, C. S., Parkin, P. C., Macarthur, C. ve Howard, A. W. (2017). Temperament and fracture in preschool-aged children. Paediatrics & Child Health, 22(4), 195-198.
  • Sandseter, E.B.H. (2007). CategorisingRisky Play-How Can We Identify Risk Taking İn Children’s Play? European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 15(2),237–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/13502930701321733
  • Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009). Risky play and risk management in Norwegian preschools-A qualitative observational study. Safety Science Monitor, 13(1), 2.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H. (2010). Scaryfunny: A qualitative study of risky play among preschool children. PhD avhandling, NTNU, Trondheim.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H. ve Kennair, L. E. O. (2011). Children's risky play from an evolutionary perspective: The anti- phobic effects of thrilling experiences. Evolutionary psychology, 9(2), 147470491100900212.
  • Sleddens, E. F., Gubbels, J. S., Kremers, S. P., van der Plas, E. ve Thijs, C. (2017). Bidirectional associations between activity-related parenting practices, and child physical activity, sedentary screen-based behavior and body mass index: a longitudinal analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 1-9.
  • Tulloch, J. ve Lupton, D. (2003). Risk and everyday life. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Uludağlı, N. P. ve Sayıl, M. (2009). Orta ve ileri ergenlik döneminde risk alma davranışı: Ebeveyn ve akranların rolü. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 12, 14-24
  • Ünüvar, P. ve Kanyılmaz, E. S. (2017). 5-6 yaş çocukları için riskli oyuna izin verme ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi- developıng rısky game allowance scale for 4-6 years chıldren. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(22), 510-523.
  • White, J. (2008). Playing and learning outdoors: making provision for high-quality experiences in the outdoor environment. New York: Routledge.
  • Wilson, R. (2008). Nature and young children: Encouraging creative play and learning in natural environments. New York: Routledge.
  • Zheng, P., Ju, L., Ma, X. ve Lou, Y. (2014). Psychological–behavioral characteristics and fractures in children are closely related. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B, 23(6), 560-565.

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 454 - 466, 22.04.2024

Özlem Gözün Kahraman , Esra Yazgan , Deniz Sökmez , Merve Karagöz

https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1219041

Abstract

Keywords

Riskli Oyun Mizaç Okul Öncesi

References

  • Ball, D. J. (2002). Playgrounds-risks, benefits and choices. HSE Books
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There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Early Childhood Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Özlem Gözün Kahraman 0000-0003-2767-0592

Esra Yazgan 0000-0003-4599-8217

Deniz Sökmez 0000-0001-5280-0059

Merve Karagöz 0000-0002-7424-3676

Publication Date April 22, 2024
Submission Date December 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gözün Kahraman, Ö., Yazgan, E., Sökmez, D., Karagöz, M. (2024). Okul Öncesi Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Oyunda Risk Alma Toleranslarının Çocuğun Mizacı ve Çocuğa Ait Değişkenler Bağlamında İncelenmesi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(2), 454-466. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1219041
AMA Gözün Kahraman Ö, Yazgan E, Sökmez D, Karagöz M. Okul Öncesi Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Oyunda Risk Alma Toleranslarının Çocuğun Mizacı ve Çocuğa Ait Değişkenler Bağlamında İncelenmesi. MJSS. April 2024;13(2):454-466. doi:10.33206/mjss.1219041
Chicago Gözün Kahraman, Özlem, Esra Yazgan, Deniz Sökmez, and Merve Karagöz. “Okul Öncesi Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Oyunda Risk Alma Toleranslarının Çocuğun Mizacı Ve Çocuğa Ait Değişkenler Bağlamında İncelenmesi”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 13, no. 2 (April 2024): 454-66. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1219041.
EndNote Gözün Kahraman Ö, Yazgan E, Sökmez D, Karagöz M (April 1, 2024) Okul Öncesi Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Oyunda Risk Alma Toleranslarının Çocuğun Mizacı ve Çocuğa Ait Değişkenler Bağlamında İncelenmesi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 13 2 454–466.
IEEE Ö. Gözün Kahraman, E. Yazgan, D. Sökmez, and M. Karagöz, “Okul Öncesi Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Oyunda Risk Alma Toleranslarının Çocuğun Mizacı ve Çocuğa Ait Değişkenler Bağlamında İncelenmesi”, MJSS, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 454–466, 2024, doi: 10.33206/mjss.1219041.
ISNAD Gözün Kahraman, Özlem et al. “Okul Öncesi Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Oyunda Risk Alma Toleranslarının Çocuğun Mizacı Ve Çocuğa Ait Değişkenler Bağlamında İncelenmesi”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 13/2 (April 2024), 454-466. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1219041.
JAMA Gözün Kahraman Ö, Yazgan E, Sökmez D, Karagöz M. Okul Öncesi Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Oyunda Risk Alma Toleranslarının Çocuğun Mizacı ve Çocuğa Ait Değişkenler Bağlamında İncelenmesi. MJSS. 2024;13:454–466.
MLA Gözün Kahraman, Özlem et al. “Okul Öncesi Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Oyunda Risk Alma Toleranslarının Çocuğun Mizacı Ve Çocuğa Ait Değişkenler Bağlamında İncelenmesi”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 2, 2024, pp. 454-66, doi:10.33206/mjss.1219041.
Vancouver Gözün Kahraman Ö, Yazgan E, Sökmez D, Karagöz M. Okul Öncesi Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Oyunda Risk Alma Toleranslarının Çocuğun Mizacı ve Çocuğa Ait Değişkenler Bağlamında İncelenmesi. MJSS. 2024;13(2):454-66.
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