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Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 1557 - 1569, 03.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1504481

Abstract

References

  • Akgül, A. (1994). Zaman serileri ve stokastik süreçler. Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi.
  • Barker, T., Junankar, S., Pollitt, H. ve Summerton, P. (2007). Carbon leakage from unilateral environmental tax reforms in Europe, 1995-2005. Energy Policy, 35(12), 6281-6292.
  • Becker, R., Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2006). A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 3(5), 381-409.
  • Bohlin, F. (1998). The Swedish carbon dioxide tax: Effects on biofuel use and carbon dioxide emissions. Biomass and Bioenergy, 15(4-5), 283-291.
  • Budak, S. (2000). Avrupa birliği ve çevre politikası. İstanbul: Büke Yayınları.
  • Charfeddine, L. ve Mrabet, Z. (2017). The ımpact of economic development and social-political factors on ecological footprint: A panel data analysis for 15 mena countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76, 138-154.
  • Clemente, J., Montañés, A. ve Reyes, M. (1998). Testing for a unit root in variables with a double change in the mean. Economics Letters, 59, 175-182.
  • Climate Change Performance Index. (2024). CCPI 2024 results, (Erişim: 06.04.2024), https://ccpi.org/wp- content/uploads/CCPI-2024-Results.pdf
  • Costanza, R. (2000). The dynamics of the ecological footprint concept. Ecological Economics, 32(3), 341-345.
  • Çelikkaya, A. (2011). Avrupa birliği üyesi ülkelerde çevre vergisi reformları ve Türkiye’deki durumun değerlendirilmesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 97-120.
  • Çınar, M. (2021). Panel veri ekonometrisi: Stata ve EViews uygulamalı. Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi.
  • Değirmendereli, A. (2003). Türk vergi sisteminde uygulanan bazı vergilerin çevresel vergi kavramı açısından değerlendirilmesi. Vergi Sorunları Dergisi, 174(3), 115-128.
  • Doğan, B., Chu, L. K., Ghosh, S., Truong, H. H. D. ve Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2022). How environmental taxes and carbon emissions are related in the G7 economies?. Renewable Energy, 187, 645-656.
  • Engle, R. F. ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
  • Ertekin, Ş. ve Dam, M. (2020). Türkiye’de çevre vergilerinin çevresel etkileri üzerine bir değerlendirme. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 15, 66-87. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.655644
  • European Commission. (2021). Green taxation: In support of a more sustainable future, (Erişim: 02.03.2024), https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/green-taxation-0_en
  • Gemechu, E. D., Butnar, I., Llop, M. ve Castells, F. (2014). Economic and environmental effects of CO2 taxation: An input-output analysis for Spain. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 57(5), 751-768.
  • Global Footprint Network. (2023). Data platform, (Erişim: 01.03.2024), https://data.footprintnetwork.org
  • Gregory, A. W. ve Hansen, B. H. (1996). Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts. Journal of Econometrics, 70(1), 99-126.
  • Hao, L. N., Umar, M., Khan, Z. ve Ali, W. (2021). Green growth and low carbon emission in G7 countries: How critical the network of environmental taxes, renewable energy and human capital is?. Science of the Total Environment, 752, 141853.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2008). Tests for cointegration with two unknown regime shifts with an application to financial market ıntegration. Empirical Economics, 35(3), 497-505.
  • Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı (HMB). (2023). Vergi konseyi, yeşil vergileme: Uluslararası gelişmeler, sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri çalışma grubu raporu, (Erişim: 10.10.2024), https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/sites/8/2024/01/5Yesil-Vergileme-Uluslararasi-Gelismeler-SorunlarCozum- Onerileri-2023-1-1.pdf
  • Johansen, S., Mosconi, R. ve Nielsen, B. (2000). Cointegration analysis in the presence of structural breaks in the deterministic trend. Econometrics Journal, 3, 216-249.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C. B., Schmidt, P. ve Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Journal of Econometrics, 54, 159-178.
  • Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Lumsdaine, R. L. ve Papell, D. H. (1997). Multiple trend breaks and the unit root hypothesis. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), 212-218.
  • Manne, A. S. ve Richels, R. G. (1990). C02 emission limits: An economic cost analysis for the USA. The Energy Journal, 11(2), 51-75.
  • Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. ve Behrens, W. W. (1972). The limits to growth. A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind, New York: Universe Books.
  • Moffatt I. (2000). Ecological footprints and sustainable development. Ecological Economics, 32(3), 359-362.
  • Nakata, T. ve Lamont, A. (2001). Analysis of the impacts of carbon taxes on energy systems in Japan. Energy Policy, 29(2), 159-166.
  • Nelson, C. R. ve Plosser, C. I. (1982). Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series. Journal of Monetary Economics, 10, 139-162.
  • Pata, U. K. (2018). Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Türkiye: Testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(6), 1361- 1401.
  • Perron, P. (1994). Trend, unit root hypothesis and structural change in macroeconomic time series. St. Martin’s Press: Cointegration for Applied Economists.
  • Rees, W. E. (1992). Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out. Environment and Urbanization, 4(2), 121-130.
  • Rees, W. E. (1996). Revisiting carrying capacity: Area-based indicators of sustainability. Population and Environment, 17(3), 195- 215.
  • Saikkonen, P. ve Lütkepohl, H. (2002). Testing for a unit root in a time series with a level shift at unknown time. Econometric Theory, 18(2), 313-348.
  • Sevüktekin, O. ve Çınar, E. (2017). Ekonometrik zaman serileri analizi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Shayanmehr, S., Radmehr, R., Ali, E. B., Ofori, E. K., Adebayo, T. S. ve Gyamfi, B. A. (2023). How do environmental tax and renewable energy contribute to ecological sustainability? New evidence from top renewable energy countries. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 1-21.
  • T. C. Resmî Gazete. (1981, 26 Mayıs). 2464 sayılı Belediye Gelirleri Kanunu. Sayı: 17354, (Erişim: 10.10.2024) http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr
  • Telatar, O. M., & Birinci, N. (2022). The effects of environmental tax on ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emissions: A nonlinear cointegration analysis on Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(29), 44335-44347.
  • Tsong, C. C., Lee, C. F., Tsai, L. J. ve Hu, T. C. (2016). The Fourier approximation and testing for the null of cointegration. Empirical Economics, 51(3), 1085-1113.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2024). TÜİK-Veri portalı, (Erişim: 10.11.2024), https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Cevre-ve-Enerji-103
  • Ulucak, R. ve Bilgili, F. (2018). A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 188, 144-157.
  • Ulucak, R., Danish, K. ve Kassouri, Y. (2020). An assessment of the environmental sustainability corridor: Investigating the non-linear efects of environmental taxation on CO2 emissions. Sustainable Development, 28(4), 1010-1018. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2057
  • Üyümez, M. E. (2016). Bir çevre vergisi olarak motorlu taşıtlar vergisi: AB ve Türkiye uygulamalarının karşılaştırmalı analizi. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(3), 427-440.
  • Wackernagel, M. (1991). Using ‘appropriated carrying capacity’as an indicator: Measuring the sustainability of a community. The UBC Task Force On Healthy And Sustainable Communities, UBC School of Community and Regional Planning, Vancouver.
  • Wackernagel, M. (1994). Ecological footprint and appropriated carrying capacity: a tool for planning toward sustainability (Doctoral Thesis). University of British Columbia.
  • Wackernagel, M. ve Rees, W. (1998). Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the earth. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.
  • Wackernagel, M., Onisto, L. ve Bello, P. A. (1997). Ecological footprints of nations (pp. 1-9). Universidad Anahuac de Xalapa, Centro de Estudios para la Sustentabilidad.
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. ve Mulat-Weldemeskel, E. (2022). The moderating role of environmental tax and renewable energy in CO2 emissions in Latin America and Caribbean countries: Evidence from method of moments quantile regression. Environmental Challenges, 6, 100412.
  • Yavuz, E. (2021). Çevre vergileri ile ekolojik ayak izi arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye üzerine kanıtlar. Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 7(45), 1937-1945.
  • Yılancı, V. (2017). Petrol fiyatları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Fourier yaklaşımı. Ekonometri ve İstatistik, (27), 51-67.
  • Yilanci, V. ve Pata, U. K. (2020). Convergence of per capita ecological footprint among the ASEAN-5 countries: Evidence from a non-linear panel unit root test. Ecological Indicators, 113, 106178.
  • Yilanci, V., Gorus, M. S. ve Aydin, M. (2019). Are shocks to ecological footprint in OECD countries permanent or temporary?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212, 270-301.
  • Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D. (1992). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10(3), 251-270.

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 1557 - 1569, 03.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1504481

Abstract

References

  • Akgül, A. (1994). Zaman serileri ve stokastik süreçler. Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi.
  • Barker, T., Junankar, S., Pollitt, H. ve Summerton, P. (2007). Carbon leakage from unilateral environmental tax reforms in Europe, 1995-2005. Energy Policy, 35(12), 6281-6292.
  • Becker, R., Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2006). A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 3(5), 381-409.
  • Bohlin, F. (1998). The Swedish carbon dioxide tax: Effects on biofuel use and carbon dioxide emissions. Biomass and Bioenergy, 15(4-5), 283-291.
  • Budak, S. (2000). Avrupa birliği ve çevre politikası. İstanbul: Büke Yayınları.
  • Charfeddine, L. ve Mrabet, Z. (2017). The ımpact of economic development and social-political factors on ecological footprint: A panel data analysis for 15 mena countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76, 138-154.
  • Clemente, J., Montañés, A. ve Reyes, M. (1998). Testing for a unit root in variables with a double change in the mean. Economics Letters, 59, 175-182.
  • Climate Change Performance Index. (2024). CCPI 2024 results, (Erişim: 06.04.2024), https://ccpi.org/wp- content/uploads/CCPI-2024-Results.pdf
  • Costanza, R. (2000). The dynamics of the ecological footprint concept. Ecological Economics, 32(3), 341-345.
  • Çelikkaya, A. (2011). Avrupa birliği üyesi ülkelerde çevre vergisi reformları ve Türkiye’deki durumun değerlendirilmesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 97-120.
  • Çınar, M. (2021). Panel veri ekonometrisi: Stata ve EViews uygulamalı. Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi.
  • Değirmendereli, A. (2003). Türk vergi sisteminde uygulanan bazı vergilerin çevresel vergi kavramı açısından değerlendirilmesi. Vergi Sorunları Dergisi, 174(3), 115-128.
  • Doğan, B., Chu, L. K., Ghosh, S., Truong, H. H. D. ve Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2022). How environmental taxes and carbon emissions are related in the G7 economies?. Renewable Energy, 187, 645-656.
  • Engle, R. F. ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
  • Ertekin, Ş. ve Dam, M. (2020). Türkiye’de çevre vergilerinin çevresel etkileri üzerine bir değerlendirme. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 15, 66-87. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.655644
  • European Commission. (2021). Green taxation: In support of a more sustainable future, (Erişim: 02.03.2024), https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/green-taxation-0_en
  • Gemechu, E. D., Butnar, I., Llop, M. ve Castells, F. (2014). Economic and environmental effects of CO2 taxation: An input-output analysis for Spain. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 57(5), 751-768.
  • Global Footprint Network. (2023). Data platform, (Erişim: 01.03.2024), https://data.footprintnetwork.org
  • Gregory, A. W. ve Hansen, B. H. (1996). Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts. Journal of Econometrics, 70(1), 99-126.
  • Hao, L. N., Umar, M., Khan, Z. ve Ali, W. (2021). Green growth and low carbon emission in G7 countries: How critical the network of environmental taxes, renewable energy and human capital is?. Science of the Total Environment, 752, 141853.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2008). Tests for cointegration with two unknown regime shifts with an application to financial market ıntegration. Empirical Economics, 35(3), 497-505.
  • Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı (HMB). (2023). Vergi konseyi, yeşil vergileme: Uluslararası gelişmeler, sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri çalışma grubu raporu, (Erişim: 10.10.2024), https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/sites/8/2024/01/5Yesil-Vergileme-Uluslararasi-Gelismeler-SorunlarCozum- Onerileri-2023-1-1.pdf
  • Johansen, S., Mosconi, R. ve Nielsen, B. (2000). Cointegration analysis in the presence of structural breaks in the deterministic trend. Econometrics Journal, 3, 216-249.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C. B., Schmidt, P. ve Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Journal of Econometrics, 54, 159-178.
  • Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Lumsdaine, R. L. ve Papell, D. H. (1997). Multiple trend breaks and the unit root hypothesis. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), 212-218.
  • Manne, A. S. ve Richels, R. G. (1990). C02 emission limits: An economic cost analysis for the USA. The Energy Journal, 11(2), 51-75.
  • Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. ve Behrens, W. W. (1972). The limits to growth. A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind, New York: Universe Books.
  • Moffatt I. (2000). Ecological footprints and sustainable development. Ecological Economics, 32(3), 359-362.
  • Nakata, T. ve Lamont, A. (2001). Analysis of the impacts of carbon taxes on energy systems in Japan. Energy Policy, 29(2), 159-166.
  • Nelson, C. R. ve Plosser, C. I. (1982). Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series. Journal of Monetary Economics, 10, 139-162.
  • Pata, U. K. (2018). Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Türkiye: Testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(6), 1361- 1401.
  • Perron, P. (1994). Trend, unit root hypothesis and structural change in macroeconomic time series. St. Martin’s Press: Cointegration for Applied Economists.
  • Rees, W. E. (1992). Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out. Environment and Urbanization, 4(2), 121-130.
  • Rees, W. E. (1996). Revisiting carrying capacity: Area-based indicators of sustainability. Population and Environment, 17(3), 195- 215.
  • Saikkonen, P. ve Lütkepohl, H. (2002). Testing for a unit root in a time series with a level shift at unknown time. Econometric Theory, 18(2), 313-348.
  • Sevüktekin, O. ve Çınar, E. (2017). Ekonometrik zaman serileri analizi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Shayanmehr, S., Radmehr, R., Ali, E. B., Ofori, E. K., Adebayo, T. S. ve Gyamfi, B. A. (2023). How do environmental tax and renewable energy contribute to ecological sustainability? New evidence from top renewable energy countries. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 1-21.
  • T. C. Resmî Gazete. (1981, 26 Mayıs). 2464 sayılı Belediye Gelirleri Kanunu. Sayı: 17354, (Erişim: 10.10.2024) http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr
  • Telatar, O. M., & Birinci, N. (2022). The effects of environmental tax on ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emissions: A nonlinear cointegration analysis on Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(29), 44335-44347.
  • Tsong, C. C., Lee, C. F., Tsai, L. J. ve Hu, T. C. (2016). The Fourier approximation and testing for the null of cointegration. Empirical Economics, 51(3), 1085-1113.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2024). TÜİK-Veri portalı, (Erişim: 10.11.2024), https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Cevre-ve-Enerji-103
  • Ulucak, R. ve Bilgili, F. (2018). A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 188, 144-157.
  • Ulucak, R., Danish, K. ve Kassouri, Y. (2020). An assessment of the environmental sustainability corridor: Investigating the non-linear efects of environmental taxation on CO2 emissions. Sustainable Development, 28(4), 1010-1018. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2057
  • Üyümez, M. E. (2016). Bir çevre vergisi olarak motorlu taşıtlar vergisi: AB ve Türkiye uygulamalarının karşılaştırmalı analizi. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(3), 427-440.
  • Wackernagel, M. (1991). Using ‘appropriated carrying capacity’as an indicator: Measuring the sustainability of a community. The UBC Task Force On Healthy And Sustainable Communities, UBC School of Community and Regional Planning, Vancouver.
  • Wackernagel, M. (1994). Ecological footprint and appropriated carrying capacity: a tool for planning toward sustainability (Doctoral Thesis). University of British Columbia.
  • Wackernagel, M. ve Rees, W. (1998). Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the earth. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.
  • Wackernagel, M., Onisto, L. ve Bello, P. A. (1997). Ecological footprints of nations (pp. 1-9). Universidad Anahuac de Xalapa, Centro de Estudios para la Sustentabilidad.
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. ve Mulat-Weldemeskel, E. (2022). The moderating role of environmental tax and renewable energy in CO2 emissions in Latin America and Caribbean countries: Evidence from method of moments quantile regression. Environmental Challenges, 6, 100412.
  • Yavuz, E. (2021). Çevre vergileri ile ekolojik ayak izi arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye üzerine kanıtlar. Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 7(45), 1937-1945.
  • Yılancı, V. (2017). Petrol fiyatları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Fourier yaklaşımı. Ekonometri ve İstatistik, (27), 51-67.
  • Yilanci, V. ve Pata, U. K. (2020). Convergence of per capita ecological footprint among the ASEAN-5 countries: Evidence from a non-linear panel unit root test. Ecological Indicators, 113, 106178.
  • Yilanci, V., Gorus, M. S. ve Aydin, M. (2019). Are shocks to ecological footprint in OECD countries permanent or temporary?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212, 270-301.
  • Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D. (1992). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10(3), 251-270.

Türkiye’de Çevre Vergileri Ekolojik Ayak İzini Azaltmada Etkin mi? Fourier Yaklaşımı

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 1557 - 1569, 03.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1504481

Abstract

Çevre sorunları küresel ölçekte önemli bir endişe kaynağı haline gelmiştir. Çevre sorunlarının azaltılması ve sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanmasında vergi politikalarının çevreci bir yaklaşımla ele alınması bu endişeyi azaltmada önemli bir unsur olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de çevre kirliliğinin önlenmesinde yürürlükte olan çevre vergilerinin ekolojik ayak izi üzerindeki uzun dönemli etkisi tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu sebeple çalışmada çevresel tahribatların en önemli göstergesi olan ekolojik ayak izi bağımlı değişken olarak, çevre vergisi ise bağımsız değişken olarak kullanılmıştır. Çalışma verileri 1994-2022 yıllarını kapsamaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında, değişkenlerin durağanlığı Fourier birim kök testi ile sınanmış, değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkinin varlığını sınamak için ise Fourier eşbütünleşme testinden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, Türkiye’de ekolojik ayak izi ile çevre vergisi arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuç, çevre vergisindeki değişimlerin ekolojik ayak izi üzerinde uzun dönemde bir etkisinin olmadığını göstermektedir.

Ethical Statement

“Türkiye’de Çevre Vergileri Ekolojik Ayak İzini Azaltmada Etkin mi? Fourier Yaklaşımı” başlıklı çalışmanın yazım sürecinde bilimsel kurallara, etik ve alıntı kurallarına uyulmuş; toplanan veriler üzerinde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmamış ve bu çalışma herhangi başka bir akademik yayın ortamına değerlendirme için gönderilmemiştir.

References

  • Akgül, A. (1994). Zaman serileri ve stokastik süreçler. Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi.
  • Barker, T., Junankar, S., Pollitt, H. ve Summerton, P. (2007). Carbon leakage from unilateral environmental tax reforms in Europe, 1995-2005. Energy Policy, 35(12), 6281-6292.
  • Becker, R., Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2006). A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 3(5), 381-409.
  • Bohlin, F. (1998). The Swedish carbon dioxide tax: Effects on biofuel use and carbon dioxide emissions. Biomass and Bioenergy, 15(4-5), 283-291.
  • Budak, S. (2000). Avrupa birliği ve çevre politikası. İstanbul: Büke Yayınları.
  • Charfeddine, L. ve Mrabet, Z. (2017). The ımpact of economic development and social-political factors on ecological footprint: A panel data analysis for 15 mena countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76, 138-154.
  • Clemente, J., Montañés, A. ve Reyes, M. (1998). Testing for a unit root in variables with a double change in the mean. Economics Letters, 59, 175-182.
  • Climate Change Performance Index. (2024). CCPI 2024 results, (Erişim: 06.04.2024), https://ccpi.org/wp- content/uploads/CCPI-2024-Results.pdf
  • Costanza, R. (2000). The dynamics of the ecological footprint concept. Ecological Economics, 32(3), 341-345.
  • Çelikkaya, A. (2011). Avrupa birliği üyesi ülkelerde çevre vergisi reformları ve Türkiye’deki durumun değerlendirilmesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 97-120.
  • Çınar, M. (2021). Panel veri ekonometrisi: Stata ve EViews uygulamalı. Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi.
  • Değirmendereli, A. (2003). Türk vergi sisteminde uygulanan bazı vergilerin çevresel vergi kavramı açısından değerlendirilmesi. Vergi Sorunları Dergisi, 174(3), 115-128.
  • Doğan, B., Chu, L. K., Ghosh, S., Truong, H. H. D. ve Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2022). How environmental taxes and carbon emissions are related in the G7 economies?. Renewable Energy, 187, 645-656.
  • Engle, R. F. ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
  • Ertekin, Ş. ve Dam, M. (2020). Türkiye’de çevre vergilerinin çevresel etkileri üzerine bir değerlendirme. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 15, 66-87. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.655644
  • European Commission. (2021). Green taxation: In support of a more sustainable future, (Erişim: 02.03.2024), https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/green-taxation-0_en
  • Gemechu, E. D., Butnar, I., Llop, M. ve Castells, F. (2014). Economic and environmental effects of CO2 taxation: An input-output analysis for Spain. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 57(5), 751-768.
  • Global Footprint Network. (2023). Data platform, (Erişim: 01.03.2024), https://data.footprintnetwork.org
  • Gregory, A. W. ve Hansen, B. H. (1996). Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts. Journal of Econometrics, 70(1), 99-126.
  • Hao, L. N., Umar, M., Khan, Z. ve Ali, W. (2021). Green growth and low carbon emission in G7 countries: How critical the network of environmental taxes, renewable energy and human capital is?. Science of the Total Environment, 752, 141853.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2008). Tests for cointegration with two unknown regime shifts with an application to financial market ıntegration. Empirical Economics, 35(3), 497-505.
  • Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı (HMB). (2023). Vergi konseyi, yeşil vergileme: Uluslararası gelişmeler, sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri çalışma grubu raporu, (Erişim: 10.10.2024), https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/sites/8/2024/01/5Yesil-Vergileme-Uluslararasi-Gelismeler-SorunlarCozum- Onerileri-2023-1-1.pdf
  • Johansen, S., Mosconi, R. ve Nielsen, B. (2000). Cointegration analysis in the presence of structural breaks in the deterministic trend. Econometrics Journal, 3, 216-249.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C. B., Schmidt, P. ve Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Journal of Econometrics, 54, 159-178.
  • Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Lumsdaine, R. L. ve Papell, D. H. (1997). Multiple trend breaks and the unit root hypothesis. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), 212-218.
  • Manne, A. S. ve Richels, R. G. (1990). C02 emission limits: An economic cost analysis for the USA. The Energy Journal, 11(2), 51-75.
  • Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. ve Behrens, W. W. (1972). The limits to growth. A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind, New York: Universe Books.
  • Moffatt I. (2000). Ecological footprints and sustainable development. Ecological Economics, 32(3), 359-362.
  • Nakata, T. ve Lamont, A. (2001). Analysis of the impacts of carbon taxes on energy systems in Japan. Energy Policy, 29(2), 159-166.
  • Nelson, C. R. ve Plosser, C. I. (1982). Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series. Journal of Monetary Economics, 10, 139-162.
  • Pata, U. K. (2018). Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Türkiye: Testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(6), 1361- 1401.
  • Perron, P. (1994). Trend, unit root hypothesis and structural change in macroeconomic time series. St. Martin’s Press: Cointegration for Applied Economists.
  • Rees, W. E. (1992). Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out. Environment and Urbanization, 4(2), 121-130.
  • Rees, W. E. (1996). Revisiting carrying capacity: Area-based indicators of sustainability. Population and Environment, 17(3), 195- 215.
  • Saikkonen, P. ve Lütkepohl, H. (2002). Testing for a unit root in a time series with a level shift at unknown time. Econometric Theory, 18(2), 313-348.
  • Sevüktekin, O. ve Çınar, E. (2017). Ekonometrik zaman serileri analizi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Shayanmehr, S., Radmehr, R., Ali, E. B., Ofori, E. K., Adebayo, T. S. ve Gyamfi, B. A. (2023). How do environmental tax and renewable energy contribute to ecological sustainability? New evidence from top renewable energy countries. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 1-21.
  • T. C. Resmî Gazete. (1981, 26 Mayıs). 2464 sayılı Belediye Gelirleri Kanunu. Sayı: 17354, (Erişim: 10.10.2024) http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr
  • Telatar, O. M., & Birinci, N. (2022). The effects of environmental tax on ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emissions: A nonlinear cointegration analysis on Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(29), 44335-44347.
  • Tsong, C. C., Lee, C. F., Tsai, L. J. ve Hu, T. C. (2016). The Fourier approximation and testing for the null of cointegration. Empirical Economics, 51(3), 1085-1113.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2024). TÜİK-Veri portalı, (Erişim: 10.11.2024), https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Cevre-ve-Enerji-103
  • Ulucak, R. ve Bilgili, F. (2018). A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 188, 144-157.
  • Ulucak, R., Danish, K. ve Kassouri, Y. (2020). An assessment of the environmental sustainability corridor: Investigating the non-linear efects of environmental taxation on CO2 emissions. Sustainable Development, 28(4), 1010-1018. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2057
  • Üyümez, M. E. (2016). Bir çevre vergisi olarak motorlu taşıtlar vergisi: AB ve Türkiye uygulamalarının karşılaştırmalı analizi. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(3), 427-440.
  • Wackernagel, M. (1991). Using ‘appropriated carrying capacity’as an indicator: Measuring the sustainability of a community. The UBC Task Force On Healthy And Sustainable Communities, UBC School of Community and Regional Planning, Vancouver.
  • Wackernagel, M. (1994). Ecological footprint and appropriated carrying capacity: a tool for planning toward sustainability (Doctoral Thesis). University of British Columbia.
  • Wackernagel, M. ve Rees, W. (1998). Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the earth. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.
  • Wackernagel, M., Onisto, L. ve Bello, P. A. (1997). Ecological footprints of nations (pp. 1-9). Universidad Anahuac de Xalapa, Centro de Estudios para la Sustentabilidad.
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. ve Mulat-Weldemeskel, E. (2022). The moderating role of environmental tax and renewable energy in CO2 emissions in Latin America and Caribbean countries: Evidence from method of moments quantile regression. Environmental Challenges, 6, 100412.
  • Yavuz, E. (2021). Çevre vergileri ile ekolojik ayak izi arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye üzerine kanıtlar. Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 7(45), 1937-1945.
  • Yılancı, V. (2017). Petrol fiyatları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Fourier yaklaşımı. Ekonometri ve İstatistik, (27), 51-67.
  • Yilanci, V. ve Pata, U. K. (2020). Convergence of per capita ecological footprint among the ASEAN-5 countries: Evidence from a non-linear panel unit root test. Ecological Indicators, 113, 106178.
  • Yilanci, V., Gorus, M. S. ve Aydin, M. (2019). Are shocks to ecological footprint in OECD countries permanent or temporary?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212, 270-301.
  • Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D. (1992). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10(3), 251-270.

Are Environmental Taxes Effective in Reducing the Ecological Footprint in Türkiye? A Fourier Approach

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 1557 - 1569, 03.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1504481

Abstract

Environmental problems have become a significant concern on a global scale. Addressing these issues with environmentally friendly tax policies can be an important factor in mitigating this concern and ensuring sustainability. This study aims to determine the long-term impact of environmental taxes on the ecological footprint in Türkiye, where current environmental taxes are in place to prevent pollution. In this study, the ecological footprint, the most important indicator of environmental degradation, is used as the dependent variable, while the environmental tax is used as the independent variable. The study's data cover the years 1994-2022. Within the scope of the study, the stationarity of the variables was tested with the Fourier unit root test, and the Fourier cointegration test was used to examine the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables. The results of the study indicate that there is no cointegration relationship between the ecological footprint and the environmental tax in Türkiye. This finding suggests that changes in environmental taxes do not have a long-term impact on the ecological footprint.

Ethical Statement

During the writing process of the study “Are Environmental Taxes Effective in Reducing the Ecological Footprint in Türkiye? A Fourier Approach” scientific rules, ethical and citation rules were followed. No falsification was made on the collected data and this study was not sent to any other academic publication medium for evaluation.

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  • Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Lumsdaine, R. L. ve Papell, D. H. (1997). Multiple trend breaks and the unit root hypothesis. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), 212-218.
  • Manne, A. S. ve Richels, R. G. (1990). C02 emission limits: An economic cost analysis for the USA. The Energy Journal, 11(2), 51-75.
  • Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. ve Behrens, W. W. (1972). The limits to growth. A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind, New York: Universe Books.
  • Moffatt I. (2000). Ecological footprints and sustainable development. Ecological Economics, 32(3), 359-362.
  • Nakata, T. ve Lamont, A. (2001). Analysis of the impacts of carbon taxes on energy systems in Japan. Energy Policy, 29(2), 159-166.
  • Nelson, C. R. ve Plosser, C. I. (1982). Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series. Journal of Monetary Economics, 10, 139-162.
  • Pata, U. K. (2018). Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Türkiye: Testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(6), 1361- 1401.
  • Perron, P. (1994). Trend, unit root hypothesis and structural change in macroeconomic time series. St. Martin’s Press: Cointegration for Applied Economists.
  • Rees, W. E. (1992). Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out. Environment and Urbanization, 4(2), 121-130.
  • Rees, W. E. (1996). Revisiting carrying capacity: Area-based indicators of sustainability. Population and Environment, 17(3), 195- 215.
  • Saikkonen, P. ve Lütkepohl, H. (2002). Testing for a unit root in a time series with a level shift at unknown time. Econometric Theory, 18(2), 313-348.
  • Sevüktekin, O. ve Çınar, E. (2017). Ekonometrik zaman serileri analizi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Shayanmehr, S., Radmehr, R., Ali, E. B., Ofori, E. K., Adebayo, T. S. ve Gyamfi, B. A. (2023). How do environmental tax and renewable energy contribute to ecological sustainability? New evidence from top renewable energy countries. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 1-21.
  • T. C. Resmî Gazete. (1981, 26 Mayıs). 2464 sayılı Belediye Gelirleri Kanunu. Sayı: 17354, (Erişim: 10.10.2024) http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr
  • Telatar, O. M., & Birinci, N. (2022). The effects of environmental tax on ecological footprint and carbon dioxide emissions: A nonlinear cointegration analysis on Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(29), 44335-44347.
  • Tsong, C. C., Lee, C. F., Tsai, L. J. ve Hu, T. C. (2016). The Fourier approximation and testing for the null of cointegration. Empirical Economics, 51(3), 1085-1113.
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  • Ulucak, R., Danish, K. ve Kassouri, Y. (2020). An assessment of the environmental sustainability corridor: Investigating the non-linear efects of environmental taxation on CO2 emissions. Sustainable Development, 28(4), 1010-1018. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2057
  • Üyümez, M. E. (2016). Bir çevre vergisi olarak motorlu taşıtlar vergisi: AB ve Türkiye uygulamalarının karşılaştırmalı analizi. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(3), 427-440.
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  • Wackernagel, M. ve Rees, W. (1998). Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the earth. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.
  • Wackernagel, M., Onisto, L. ve Bello, P. A. (1997). Ecological footprints of nations (pp. 1-9). Universidad Anahuac de Xalapa, Centro de Estudios para la Sustentabilidad.
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. ve Mulat-Weldemeskel, E. (2022). The moderating role of environmental tax and renewable energy in CO2 emissions in Latin America and Caribbean countries: Evidence from method of moments quantile regression. Environmental Challenges, 6, 100412.
  • Yavuz, E. (2021). Çevre vergileri ile ekolojik ayak izi arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye üzerine kanıtlar. Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 7(45), 1937-1945.
  • Yılancı, V. (2017). Petrol fiyatları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Fourier yaklaşımı. Ekonometri ve İstatistik, (27), 51-67.
  • Yilanci, V. ve Pata, U. K. (2020). Convergence of per capita ecological footprint among the ASEAN-5 countries: Evidence from a non-linear panel unit root test. Ecological Indicators, 113, 106178.
  • Yilanci, V., Gorus, M. S. ve Aydin, M. (2019). Are shocks to ecological footprint in OECD countries permanent or temporary?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212, 270-301.
  • Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D. (1992). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10(3), 251-270.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Policy of Treasury
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Aytül Bişgin 0000-0003-2488-3541

Publication Date October 3, 2025
Submission Date June 24, 2024
Acceptance Date December 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 14 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Bişgin, A. (2025). Türkiye’de Çevre Vergileri Ekolojik Ayak İzini Azaltmada Etkin mi? Fourier Yaklaşımı. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14(4), 1557-1569. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1504481
AMA Bişgin A. Türkiye’de Çevre Vergileri Ekolojik Ayak İzini Azaltmada Etkin mi? Fourier Yaklaşımı. MJSS. October 2025;14(4):1557-1569. doi:10.33206/mjss.1504481
Chicago Bişgin, Aytül. “Türkiye’de Çevre Vergileri Ekolojik Ayak İzini Azaltmada Etkin Mi? Fourier Yaklaşımı”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 14, no. 4 (October 2025): 1557-69. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1504481.
EndNote Bişgin A (October 1, 2025) Türkiye’de Çevre Vergileri Ekolojik Ayak İzini Azaltmada Etkin mi? Fourier Yaklaşımı. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 14 4 1557–1569.
IEEE A. Bişgin, “Türkiye’de Çevre Vergileri Ekolojik Ayak İzini Azaltmada Etkin mi? Fourier Yaklaşımı”, MJSS, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1557–1569, 2025, doi: 10.33206/mjss.1504481.
ISNAD Bişgin, Aytül. “Türkiye’de Çevre Vergileri Ekolojik Ayak İzini Azaltmada Etkin Mi? Fourier Yaklaşımı”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 14/4 (October2025), 1557-1569. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1504481.
JAMA Bişgin A. Türkiye’de Çevre Vergileri Ekolojik Ayak İzini Azaltmada Etkin mi? Fourier Yaklaşımı. MJSS. 2025;14:1557–1569.
MLA Bişgin, Aytül. “Türkiye’de Çevre Vergileri Ekolojik Ayak İzini Azaltmada Etkin Mi? Fourier Yaklaşımı”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 14, no. 4, 2025, pp. 1557-69, doi:10.33206/mjss.1504481.
Vancouver Bişgin A. Türkiye’de Çevre Vergileri Ekolojik Ayak İzini Azaltmada Etkin mi? Fourier Yaklaşımı. MJSS. 2025;14(4):1557-69.

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