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Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 1605 - 1620, 03.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1711217

Abstract

References

  • Adalı, S. F. (2015). Yeni-Asur kehanet metni K.2401’de geçen ṭuppi adê ša dAššur ifadesinin anlamı üzerine. Archivum Anatolicum, 9/2, 1–24.
  • Akkuş Mutlu, S. (2022). Eski Anadolu’da Dini İnançların Savaşlardaki Rolü ve Önemi. XVIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, cilt: IV, 193-208.
  • American Council of Learned Societies. (2025). The Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (ePSD2). University of Pennsylvania Museum. Retrieved from https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/N.html
  • Annus, A. (2010). Introduction. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 1–18). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Ay, Ş. (2015). Eski Yakındoğu’da ilahi elçiler ve onların kraliyet ideolojisindeki önemi. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 34/57, 1–22.
  • Biggs, R. D. (1980–1983). Lebermodell. In D. O. Edzard (Edt.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (RlA) (Bd. 6, pp. 521–528). Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Borrego Gallardo, F. (2023). On the letter EA 35 and the question of the existence of ornithomancy in ancient Egypt. ISIMU, 25, 49-65. https://doi.org/10.15366/isimu2022.25.003
  • Bottéro, J. (1992). Mesopotamia: Writing, reasoning, and the gods (Çev: Z. Bahrani & M. van De Mieroop). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Böck, B. (2010). Physiognomy in ancient Mesopotamia and beyond: From practice to handbook. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 199–223). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Cooper, J. S. (1986). Sumerian and Akkadian royal inscriptions. Volume 1: Presargonic inscriptions. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.
  • Craghan, J. F. (1974). The ARM X “prophetic” texts: Their media, style and structure. Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society, 6, 39–55.
  • Çeçen, S., Gökçek, L. G., & Akyüz, F. (2020). Marqasi’den namburbi ritüeline ait bir tablet: Nisan ayında görülen yılanın uğursuzluğu. Archivum Anatolicum, (14/2), 157–175.
  • Deluty, J. B. (2020). Prophecy in the ancient Levant and Old Babylonian Mari. Religion Compass, 14(7), e12351. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec3.12351
  • Demirci, K. (2017). Eski Mezopotamya Dinlerine Giriş Tanrılar, Ritüel, Tapınak. İstanbul: Ay Işığı Yayınları.
  • Durand, J.-M. (1988). Archives épistolaires de Mari I/1 (ARM XXVI). Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.
  • Duymuş Florioti, H. (2013). Eski Mezopotamya’da Kehanet Olgusuna Genel Bir Bakış. Tarih Okulu Dergisi (TOD), 6(XV), 23–42.
  • Erol, H. (2014). Anadolu’nun ilk yazılı belgelerinde büyü ve kehanet. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 54/2, 37–48.
  • Frahm, E. (2010). Reading the tablet, the exta, and the body: The hermeneutics of cuneiform signs in Babylonian and Assyrian text commentaries and divinatory texts. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 93–141). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Frame, G. (2021). The royal inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668-631 BC), Aššur-etal-ilāni (626-623 BC), and Sîn-šar-iškun (623-612 BC). Part I: Ashurbanipal (Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period [RINAP] 5/1). University Park, PA: Eisenbrauns / Penn State University Press.
  • Heeßel, N. P. (2018). Dating EAE: When was the astrological series Enūma Anu Enlil created? In C. J. Crisostomo, E. A. Escobar, T. Tanaka, & N. Veldhuis (Eds.), The scaffolding of our thoughts: Essays on Assyriology and the history of science in honor of Francesca Rochberg (pp. 253–263). Leiden/Boston: Brill.
  • Heimpel, W. (2003). Letters to the King of Mari: A new translation, with historical introduction, notes, and commentary. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
  • Jeffers, A. (1996). Magic and divination in ancient Palestine and Syria. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
  • Kahya, Ö. (2019). Sumerce ve Akadca metinlerde rüya türleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 59/1, 229–255.
  • Kılıç, Y., & Ay, Ş. (2013). Eski Mezopotamya’da siyasi örgütlenmede din olgusu. Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8(5), 387–403.
  • Koch, U. S. (2005). Secrets of extispicy: The chapter Multābiltu of the Babylonian extispicy series and its scholarly context. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
  • Koch, U. S. (2010). Three strikes and you're out! A view on cognitive theory and the first-millennium extispicy ritual. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 43– 60). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Leichty, E. (2011). The royal inscriptions of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria (680-669 BC) (Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period [RINAP], Vol. 4). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
  • Liverani, M. (1999). Le lettere di el-Amarna. Vol. 2: Le lettere dei “Grandi Re”. Brescia: Paideia Editrice.
  • Livingstone, A. (1989). Court poetry and literary miscellanea (State Archives of Assyria [SAA] 3). Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
  • Maul, S. M. (2003). Omina und Orakel. A. Mesopotamien. In D. O. Edzard & M. P. Streck (Eds.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (RA) (Bd. 10, pp. 45–88). Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Meyer, J.-W. (1983). Lebermodelle. B. Archäologisch. In D. O. Edzard (Edt.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (RIA) (Bd. 6, pp. 522–527). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Nissinen, M. (2010). Prophecy and omen divination: Two sides of the same coin? In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 341–351). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Nissinen, M. (2017). Ancient prophecy: Near Eastern, biblical, and Greek perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nissinen, M. (2019). Sacred springs and liminal rivers: Water and prophecy in the ancient eastern Mediterranean. In T. Kaizer & O. Pedersen (Eds.), Religious identities in the Levant from Alexander to Muhammed: Continuity and change (pp. 441–460). Leuven: Peeters.
  • Nougayrol, J. (1968). Le foie “d’orientation” BM 50494. Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale (RA), 62(1), 31-50.
  • Oppenheim, A. L., & Reiner, E. (1977). Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a dead civilization (Rev. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Parlatır, İ., Gözaydın, N., Zülfikar, H., Aksu, B. T., Türkmen, S., & Yılmaz, Y. (Hazırlayanlar). (1998). Türkçe sözlük. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Parpola, S. (1997). Assyrian prophecies (State Archives of Assyria [SAA] 9). Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
  • Pientka-Hinz, R. (2008). Akkadische Texte des 2. und 1. Jt. v. Chr.: Omina und Prophetien. In B. Janowski & G. Wilhelm (Eds.), Omina, Orakel, Rituale und Beschwörungen (pp. 16–59). Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus.
  • Pongratz-Leisten, B. (2015). Religion and ideology in Assyria. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Richardson, S. F. C. (2010). On seeing and believing: Liver divination and the era of Warring States (II). In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 225–266). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Rochberg, F. (2004). The heavenly writing: Divination, horoscopy, and astronomy in Mesopotamian culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rochberg, F. (2010). If P, then Q: Form and reasoning in Babylonian divination. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 19–27). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Rutten, M. (1938). Trente-deux modèles de foies en argile inscrits provenant de Tell-Hariri (Mari). Revue d'Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 35(1), 36-56.
  • Sasson, J. M. (2015). From the Mari archives: An anthology of Old Babylonian letters. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
  • Schumann, A., Sazonov, V., & Töyräänvuori, J. (2024). Algebraic structure of ancient Mesopotamian omens. Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore, 93, 63-78. https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2024.93.omen
  • Starr, I. (1986). The place of historical omens in the system of apodoses. Bibliotheca Orientalis, 43(5/6), 628-642.
  • Winitzer, A. (2010). Divination and oracular speech: The interpretation of dreams in Neo-Assyrian texts. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 177–194). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Yıldırım, N. (2018). Eski Mezopotamya’da kadınların diplomasideki rolü bağlamında Mari Kraliçesi Šibtu’nun yazışmalarından örnekler. Archivum Anatolicum (ArAn), 12(2), 201–217.

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 1605 - 1620, 03.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1711217

Abstract

References

  • Adalı, S. F. (2015). Yeni-Asur kehanet metni K.2401’de geçen ṭuppi adê ša dAššur ifadesinin anlamı üzerine. Archivum Anatolicum, 9/2, 1–24.
  • Akkuş Mutlu, S. (2022). Eski Anadolu’da Dini İnançların Savaşlardaki Rolü ve Önemi. XVIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, cilt: IV, 193-208.
  • American Council of Learned Societies. (2025). The Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (ePSD2). University of Pennsylvania Museum. Retrieved from https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/N.html
  • Annus, A. (2010). Introduction. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 1–18). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Ay, Ş. (2015). Eski Yakındoğu’da ilahi elçiler ve onların kraliyet ideolojisindeki önemi. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 34/57, 1–22.
  • Biggs, R. D. (1980–1983). Lebermodell. In D. O. Edzard (Edt.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (RlA) (Bd. 6, pp. 521–528). Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Borrego Gallardo, F. (2023). On the letter EA 35 and the question of the existence of ornithomancy in ancient Egypt. ISIMU, 25, 49-65. https://doi.org/10.15366/isimu2022.25.003
  • Bottéro, J. (1992). Mesopotamia: Writing, reasoning, and the gods (Çev: Z. Bahrani & M. van De Mieroop). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Böck, B. (2010). Physiognomy in ancient Mesopotamia and beyond: From practice to handbook. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 199–223). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Cooper, J. S. (1986). Sumerian and Akkadian royal inscriptions. Volume 1: Presargonic inscriptions. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.
  • Craghan, J. F. (1974). The ARM X “prophetic” texts: Their media, style and structure. Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society, 6, 39–55.
  • Çeçen, S., Gökçek, L. G., & Akyüz, F. (2020). Marqasi’den namburbi ritüeline ait bir tablet: Nisan ayında görülen yılanın uğursuzluğu. Archivum Anatolicum, (14/2), 157–175.
  • Deluty, J. B. (2020). Prophecy in the ancient Levant and Old Babylonian Mari. Religion Compass, 14(7), e12351. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec3.12351
  • Demirci, K. (2017). Eski Mezopotamya Dinlerine Giriş Tanrılar, Ritüel, Tapınak. İstanbul: Ay Işığı Yayınları.
  • Durand, J.-M. (1988). Archives épistolaires de Mari I/1 (ARM XXVI). Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.
  • Duymuş Florioti, H. (2013). Eski Mezopotamya’da Kehanet Olgusuna Genel Bir Bakış. Tarih Okulu Dergisi (TOD), 6(XV), 23–42.
  • Erol, H. (2014). Anadolu’nun ilk yazılı belgelerinde büyü ve kehanet. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 54/2, 37–48.
  • Frahm, E. (2010). Reading the tablet, the exta, and the body: The hermeneutics of cuneiform signs in Babylonian and Assyrian text commentaries and divinatory texts. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 93–141). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Frame, G. (2021). The royal inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668-631 BC), Aššur-etal-ilāni (626-623 BC), and Sîn-šar-iškun (623-612 BC). Part I: Ashurbanipal (Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period [RINAP] 5/1). University Park, PA: Eisenbrauns / Penn State University Press.
  • Heeßel, N. P. (2018). Dating EAE: When was the astrological series Enūma Anu Enlil created? In C. J. Crisostomo, E. A. Escobar, T. Tanaka, & N. Veldhuis (Eds.), The scaffolding of our thoughts: Essays on Assyriology and the history of science in honor of Francesca Rochberg (pp. 253–263). Leiden/Boston: Brill.
  • Heimpel, W. (2003). Letters to the King of Mari: A new translation, with historical introduction, notes, and commentary. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
  • Jeffers, A. (1996). Magic and divination in ancient Palestine and Syria. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
  • Kahya, Ö. (2019). Sumerce ve Akadca metinlerde rüya türleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 59/1, 229–255.
  • Kılıç, Y., & Ay, Ş. (2013). Eski Mezopotamya’da siyasi örgütlenmede din olgusu. Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8(5), 387–403.
  • Koch, U. S. (2005). Secrets of extispicy: The chapter Multābiltu of the Babylonian extispicy series and its scholarly context. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
  • Koch, U. S. (2010). Three strikes and you're out! A view on cognitive theory and the first-millennium extispicy ritual. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 43– 60). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Leichty, E. (2011). The royal inscriptions of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria (680-669 BC) (Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period [RINAP], Vol. 4). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
  • Liverani, M. (1999). Le lettere di el-Amarna. Vol. 2: Le lettere dei “Grandi Re”. Brescia: Paideia Editrice.
  • Livingstone, A. (1989). Court poetry and literary miscellanea (State Archives of Assyria [SAA] 3). Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
  • Maul, S. M. (2003). Omina und Orakel. A. Mesopotamien. In D. O. Edzard & M. P. Streck (Eds.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (RA) (Bd. 10, pp. 45–88). Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Meyer, J.-W. (1983). Lebermodelle. B. Archäologisch. In D. O. Edzard (Edt.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (RIA) (Bd. 6, pp. 522–527). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Nissinen, M. (2010). Prophecy and omen divination: Two sides of the same coin? In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 341–351). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Nissinen, M. (2017). Ancient prophecy: Near Eastern, biblical, and Greek perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nissinen, M. (2019). Sacred springs and liminal rivers: Water and prophecy in the ancient eastern Mediterranean. In T. Kaizer & O. Pedersen (Eds.), Religious identities in the Levant from Alexander to Muhammed: Continuity and change (pp. 441–460). Leuven: Peeters.
  • Nougayrol, J. (1968). Le foie “d’orientation” BM 50494. Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale (RA), 62(1), 31-50.
  • Oppenheim, A. L., & Reiner, E. (1977). Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a dead civilization (Rev. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Parlatır, İ., Gözaydın, N., Zülfikar, H., Aksu, B. T., Türkmen, S., & Yılmaz, Y. (Hazırlayanlar). (1998). Türkçe sözlük. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Parpola, S. (1997). Assyrian prophecies (State Archives of Assyria [SAA] 9). Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
  • Pientka-Hinz, R. (2008). Akkadische Texte des 2. und 1. Jt. v. Chr.: Omina und Prophetien. In B. Janowski & G. Wilhelm (Eds.), Omina, Orakel, Rituale und Beschwörungen (pp. 16–59). Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus.
  • Pongratz-Leisten, B. (2015). Religion and ideology in Assyria. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Richardson, S. F. C. (2010). On seeing and believing: Liver divination and the era of Warring States (II). In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 225–266). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Rochberg, F. (2004). The heavenly writing: Divination, horoscopy, and astronomy in Mesopotamian culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rochberg, F. (2010). If P, then Q: Form and reasoning in Babylonian divination. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 19–27). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Rutten, M. (1938). Trente-deux modèles de foies en argile inscrits provenant de Tell-Hariri (Mari). Revue d'Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 35(1), 36-56.
  • Sasson, J. M. (2015). From the Mari archives: An anthology of Old Babylonian letters. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
  • Schumann, A., Sazonov, V., & Töyräänvuori, J. (2024). Algebraic structure of ancient Mesopotamian omens. Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore, 93, 63-78. https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2024.93.omen
  • Starr, I. (1986). The place of historical omens in the system of apodoses. Bibliotheca Orientalis, 43(5/6), 628-642.
  • Winitzer, A. (2010). Divination and oracular speech: The interpretation of dreams in Neo-Assyrian texts. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 177–194). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Yıldırım, N. (2018). Eski Mezopotamya’da kadınların diplomasideki rolü bağlamında Mari Kraliçesi Šibtu’nun yazışmalarından örnekler. Archivum Anatolicum (ArAn), 12(2), 201–217.

Mezopotamya Kehanet Geleneği: Siyasal Meşruiyet Üretimi ve Kurumsal Yapılanmadaki Rolü

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 1605 - 1620, 03.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1711217

Abstract

Kehanet, Mezopotamya’da ve diğer antik uygarlıklarda genellikle tanrısal iradeyi öğrenme ve geleceğe dair öngörülerde bulunma aracı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ancak Mezopotamya’daki uygulamalara yakından bakıldığında, kehanetin yalnızca dini bir ritüel olmaktan öte, siyasal otoritenin gerekçelendirilmesi, yönetsel kararların tanrısal güvenceyle temellendirilmesi ve başarısızlık durumlarında sorumluluğun tanrıya aktarılması gibi işlevlere sahip, kurumsallaşmış bir pratik olduğu görülmektedir. Extispisi, rüya yorumları ve peygamberlik bildirileri gibi tekniklerle yürütülen bu uygulamalar; karar destek süreci, bilgi yönetimi ve ideolojik söylem üretimi açısından da merkezi bir rol oynamıştır. Kehanetin biçimsel yapısı, görevlerin uzmanlaşmaya dayalı biçimde ayrılması, peygamber figürlerinin saray içerisindeki konumlanışı ve bu içeriklerin yazılı rapor hâline getirilmesi, sürecin ne denli sistemli bir yapıya kavuştuğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Aynı zamanda bu yapı, tanrısal mesajların nasıl dolaşıma sokulduğunu ve kamusal alana nasıl sunulduğunu da biçimlendirmiştir. Bu makale, Mari arşivleri, Esarhaddon kehanet koleksiyonu ve Neo-Asur dönemi yazışmaları gibi birincil kaynaklar üzerinden kehanetin siyasal meşruiyet üretimindeki rolünü incelemektedir. Kraliyet eylemlerinin tanrısal onayla çerçevelenmesi, başarısızlık durumlarında sorumluluğun doğrudan yöneticilere değil, tanrısal iradeye dayandırılan kararlara yönlendirilmesi ve kehanet pratiklerinin zamanla standartlaştırılarak eğitsel ve kurumsal süreçlere entegre edilmesi gibi işlevsel yönleri üzerinde durulmaktadır. Yapılan çözümlemeler, kehanetin yönetsel kararları tanrısal temele dayandıran, geçmiş başarılarla bugünü ilişkilendiren ve siyasal sürekliliği ideolojik düzeyde meşrulaştıran merkezi bir araç olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Ethical Statement

“Mezopotamya Kehanet Geleneği: Siyasal Meşruiyet Üretimi ve Kurumsal Yapılanmadaki Rolü” başlıklı çalışmanın yazım sürecinde bilimsel kurallara, etik ve alıntı kurallarına uyulmuş; toplanan veriler üzerinde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmamış ve bu çalışma herhangi başka bir akademik yayın ortamına değerlendirme için gönderilmemiştir.

References

  • Adalı, S. F. (2015). Yeni-Asur kehanet metni K.2401’de geçen ṭuppi adê ša dAššur ifadesinin anlamı üzerine. Archivum Anatolicum, 9/2, 1–24.
  • Akkuş Mutlu, S. (2022). Eski Anadolu’da Dini İnançların Savaşlardaki Rolü ve Önemi. XVIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, cilt: IV, 193-208.
  • American Council of Learned Societies. (2025). The Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (ePSD2). University of Pennsylvania Museum. Retrieved from https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/N.html
  • Annus, A. (2010). Introduction. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 1–18). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Ay, Ş. (2015). Eski Yakındoğu’da ilahi elçiler ve onların kraliyet ideolojisindeki önemi. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 34/57, 1–22.
  • Biggs, R. D. (1980–1983). Lebermodell. In D. O. Edzard (Edt.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (RlA) (Bd. 6, pp. 521–528). Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Borrego Gallardo, F. (2023). On the letter EA 35 and the question of the existence of ornithomancy in ancient Egypt. ISIMU, 25, 49-65. https://doi.org/10.15366/isimu2022.25.003
  • Bottéro, J. (1992). Mesopotamia: Writing, reasoning, and the gods (Çev: Z. Bahrani & M. van De Mieroop). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Böck, B. (2010). Physiognomy in ancient Mesopotamia and beyond: From practice to handbook. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 199–223). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Cooper, J. S. (1986). Sumerian and Akkadian royal inscriptions. Volume 1: Presargonic inscriptions. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.
  • Craghan, J. F. (1974). The ARM X “prophetic” texts: Their media, style and structure. Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society, 6, 39–55.
  • Çeçen, S., Gökçek, L. G., & Akyüz, F. (2020). Marqasi’den namburbi ritüeline ait bir tablet: Nisan ayında görülen yılanın uğursuzluğu. Archivum Anatolicum, (14/2), 157–175.
  • Deluty, J. B. (2020). Prophecy in the ancient Levant and Old Babylonian Mari. Religion Compass, 14(7), e12351. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec3.12351
  • Demirci, K. (2017). Eski Mezopotamya Dinlerine Giriş Tanrılar, Ritüel, Tapınak. İstanbul: Ay Işığı Yayınları.
  • Durand, J.-M. (1988). Archives épistolaires de Mari I/1 (ARM XXVI). Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.
  • Duymuş Florioti, H. (2013). Eski Mezopotamya’da Kehanet Olgusuna Genel Bir Bakış. Tarih Okulu Dergisi (TOD), 6(XV), 23–42.
  • Erol, H. (2014). Anadolu’nun ilk yazılı belgelerinde büyü ve kehanet. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 54/2, 37–48.
  • Frahm, E. (2010). Reading the tablet, the exta, and the body: The hermeneutics of cuneiform signs in Babylonian and Assyrian text commentaries and divinatory texts. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 93–141). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Frame, G. (2021). The royal inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668-631 BC), Aššur-etal-ilāni (626-623 BC), and Sîn-šar-iškun (623-612 BC). Part I: Ashurbanipal (Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period [RINAP] 5/1). University Park, PA: Eisenbrauns / Penn State University Press.
  • Heeßel, N. P. (2018). Dating EAE: When was the astrological series Enūma Anu Enlil created? In C. J. Crisostomo, E. A. Escobar, T. Tanaka, & N. Veldhuis (Eds.), The scaffolding of our thoughts: Essays on Assyriology and the history of science in honor of Francesca Rochberg (pp. 253–263). Leiden/Boston: Brill.
  • Heimpel, W. (2003). Letters to the King of Mari: A new translation, with historical introduction, notes, and commentary. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
  • Jeffers, A. (1996). Magic and divination in ancient Palestine and Syria. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
  • Kahya, Ö. (2019). Sumerce ve Akadca metinlerde rüya türleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 59/1, 229–255.
  • Kılıç, Y., & Ay, Ş. (2013). Eski Mezopotamya’da siyasi örgütlenmede din olgusu. Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8(5), 387–403.
  • Koch, U. S. (2005). Secrets of extispicy: The chapter Multābiltu of the Babylonian extispicy series and its scholarly context. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
  • Koch, U. S. (2010). Three strikes and you're out! A view on cognitive theory and the first-millennium extispicy ritual. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 43– 60). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Leichty, E. (2011). The royal inscriptions of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria (680-669 BC) (Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period [RINAP], Vol. 4). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
  • Liverani, M. (1999). Le lettere di el-Amarna. Vol. 2: Le lettere dei “Grandi Re”. Brescia: Paideia Editrice.
  • Livingstone, A. (1989). Court poetry and literary miscellanea (State Archives of Assyria [SAA] 3). Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
  • Maul, S. M. (2003). Omina und Orakel. A. Mesopotamien. In D. O. Edzard & M. P. Streck (Eds.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (RA) (Bd. 10, pp. 45–88). Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Meyer, J.-W. (1983). Lebermodelle. B. Archäologisch. In D. O. Edzard (Edt.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (RIA) (Bd. 6, pp. 522–527). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Nissinen, M. (2010). Prophecy and omen divination: Two sides of the same coin? In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 341–351). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Nissinen, M. (2017). Ancient prophecy: Near Eastern, biblical, and Greek perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nissinen, M. (2019). Sacred springs and liminal rivers: Water and prophecy in the ancient eastern Mediterranean. In T. Kaizer & O. Pedersen (Eds.), Religious identities in the Levant from Alexander to Muhammed: Continuity and change (pp. 441–460). Leuven: Peeters.
  • Nougayrol, J. (1968). Le foie “d’orientation” BM 50494. Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale (RA), 62(1), 31-50.
  • Oppenheim, A. L., & Reiner, E. (1977). Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a dead civilization (Rev. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Parlatır, İ., Gözaydın, N., Zülfikar, H., Aksu, B. T., Türkmen, S., & Yılmaz, Y. (Hazırlayanlar). (1998). Türkçe sözlük. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Parpola, S. (1997). Assyrian prophecies (State Archives of Assyria [SAA] 9). Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
  • Pientka-Hinz, R. (2008). Akkadische Texte des 2. und 1. Jt. v. Chr.: Omina und Prophetien. In B. Janowski & G. Wilhelm (Eds.), Omina, Orakel, Rituale und Beschwörungen (pp. 16–59). Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus.
  • Pongratz-Leisten, B. (2015). Religion and ideology in Assyria. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Richardson, S. F. C. (2010). On seeing and believing: Liver divination and the era of Warring States (II). In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 225–266). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Rochberg, F. (2004). The heavenly writing: Divination, horoscopy, and astronomy in Mesopotamian culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rochberg, F. (2010). If P, then Q: Form and reasoning in Babylonian divination. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 19–27). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Rutten, M. (1938). Trente-deux modèles de foies en argile inscrits provenant de Tell-Hariri (Mari). Revue d'Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 35(1), 36-56.
  • Sasson, J. M. (2015). From the Mari archives: An anthology of Old Babylonian letters. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
  • Schumann, A., Sazonov, V., & Töyräänvuori, J. (2024). Algebraic structure of ancient Mesopotamian omens. Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore, 93, 63-78. https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2024.93.omen
  • Starr, I. (1986). The place of historical omens in the system of apodoses. Bibliotheca Orientalis, 43(5/6), 628-642.
  • Winitzer, A. (2010). Divination and oracular speech: The interpretation of dreams in Neo-Assyrian texts. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 177–194). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Yıldırım, N. (2018). Eski Mezopotamya’da kadınların diplomasideki rolü bağlamında Mari Kraliçesi Šibtu’nun yazışmalarından örnekler. Archivum Anatolicum (ArAn), 12(2), 201–217.

The Mesopotamian Prophetic Tradition: The Production of Political Legitimacy and Its Role in Institutional Structuring

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 1605 - 1620, 03.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1711217

Abstract

Prophecy has generally been regarded in Mesopotamia and other ancient civilizations as a means of understanding divine will and foreseeing future events. However, a closer examination of Mesopotamian practices reveals that prophecy was not merely a religious ritual, but rather a deeply institutionalized practice that served functions such as legitimizing political authority, grounding administrative decisions in divine assurance, and transferring responsibility to the divine in cases of failure. Practices such as extispicy, dream interpretation, and prophetic declarations played a central role not only in religious life, but also as mechanisms of decision support, knowledge management, and ideological discourse production. The structural features of prophecy, including the specialization of roles, the positioning of prophetic figures within the royal court, and the transformation of prophetic content into written reports, demonstrate the systematic nature of these processes. This structure also shaped how divine messages were disseminated and presented within the public sphere. This article examines the role of prophecy in the production of political legitimacy through an analysis of primary sources such as the Mari archives, the Esarhaddon prophecy collection, and Neo-Assyrian correspondence. It focuses on how royal actions were framed through divine endorsement, how responsibility in the face of failure was redirected from the ruler to decisions based on divine will, and how prophetic practices were gradually standardized and integrated into educational and institutional processes. The analysis reveals that prophecy functioned as a central instrument that grounded administrative decisions in divine authority, linked present governance to past achievements, and ideologically legitimized political continuity.

Ethical Statement

During the writing process of the study “The Mesopotamian Prophetic Tradition: The Production of Political Legitimacy and Its Role in Institutional Structuring” scientific rules, ethical and citation rules were followed. No falsification was made on the collected data and this study was not sent to any other academic publication medium for evaluation.

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  • Jeffers, A. (1996). Magic and divination in ancient Palestine and Syria. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
  • Kahya, Ö. (2019). Sumerce ve Akadca metinlerde rüya türleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 59/1, 229–255.
  • Kılıç, Y., & Ay, Ş. (2013). Eski Mezopotamya’da siyasi örgütlenmede din olgusu. Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8(5), 387–403.
  • Koch, U. S. (2005). Secrets of extispicy: The chapter Multābiltu of the Babylonian extispicy series and its scholarly context. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
  • Koch, U. S. (2010). Three strikes and you're out! A view on cognitive theory and the first-millennium extispicy ritual. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 43– 60). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Leichty, E. (2011). The royal inscriptions of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria (680-669 BC) (Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period [RINAP], Vol. 4). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
  • Liverani, M. (1999). Le lettere di el-Amarna. Vol. 2: Le lettere dei “Grandi Re”. Brescia: Paideia Editrice.
  • Livingstone, A. (1989). Court poetry and literary miscellanea (State Archives of Assyria [SAA] 3). Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
  • Maul, S. M. (2003). Omina und Orakel. A. Mesopotamien. In D. O. Edzard & M. P. Streck (Eds.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (RA) (Bd. 10, pp. 45–88). Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Meyer, J.-W. (1983). Lebermodelle. B. Archäologisch. In D. O. Edzard (Edt.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (RIA) (Bd. 6, pp. 522–527). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Nissinen, M. (2010). Prophecy and omen divination: Two sides of the same coin? In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 341–351). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Nissinen, M. (2017). Ancient prophecy: Near Eastern, biblical, and Greek perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nissinen, M. (2019). Sacred springs and liminal rivers: Water and prophecy in the ancient eastern Mediterranean. In T. Kaizer & O. Pedersen (Eds.), Religious identities in the Levant from Alexander to Muhammed: Continuity and change (pp. 441–460). Leuven: Peeters.
  • Nougayrol, J. (1968). Le foie “d’orientation” BM 50494. Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale (RA), 62(1), 31-50.
  • Oppenheim, A. L., & Reiner, E. (1977). Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a dead civilization (Rev. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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  • Parpola, S. (1997). Assyrian prophecies (State Archives of Assyria [SAA] 9). Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
  • Pientka-Hinz, R. (2008). Akkadische Texte des 2. und 1. Jt. v. Chr.: Omina und Prophetien. In B. Janowski & G. Wilhelm (Eds.), Omina, Orakel, Rituale und Beschwörungen (pp. 16–59). Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus.
  • Pongratz-Leisten, B. (2015). Religion and ideology in Assyria. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Richardson, S. F. C. (2010). On seeing and believing: Liver divination and the era of Warring States (II). In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 225–266). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Rochberg, F. (2004). The heavenly writing: Divination, horoscopy, and astronomy in Mesopotamian culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rochberg, F. (2010). If P, then Q: Form and reasoning in Babylonian divination. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 19–27). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Rutten, M. (1938). Trente-deux modèles de foies en argile inscrits provenant de Tell-Hariri (Mari). Revue d'Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 35(1), 36-56.
  • Sasson, J. M. (2015). From the Mari archives: An anthology of Old Babylonian letters. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
  • Schumann, A., Sazonov, V., & Töyräänvuori, J. (2024). Algebraic structure of ancient Mesopotamian omens. Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore, 93, 63-78. https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2024.93.omen
  • Starr, I. (1986). The place of historical omens in the system of apodoses. Bibliotheca Orientalis, 43(5/6), 628-642.
  • Winitzer, A. (2010). Divination and oracular speech: The interpretation of dreams in Neo-Assyrian texts. In A. Annus (Edt.), Divination and interpretation of signs in the ancient world (pp. 177–194). Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Yıldırım, N. (2018). Eski Mezopotamya’da kadınların diplomasideki rolü bağlamında Mari Kraliçesi Šibtu’nun yazışmalarından örnekler. Archivum Anatolicum (ArAn), 12(2), 201–217.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Ancient History (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehtap Dinçer 0000-0002-6334-9184

Publication Date October 3, 2025
Submission Date June 1, 2025
Acceptance Date August 12, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 14 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Dinçer, M. (2025). Mezopotamya Kehanet Geleneği: Siyasal Meşruiyet Üretimi ve Kurumsal Yapılanmadaki Rolü. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 14(4), 1605-1620. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1711217
AMA Dinçer M. Mezopotamya Kehanet Geleneği: Siyasal Meşruiyet Üretimi ve Kurumsal Yapılanmadaki Rolü. MJSS. October 2025;14(4):1605-1620. doi:10.33206/mjss.1711217
Chicago Dinçer, Mehtap. “Mezopotamya Kehanet Geleneği: Siyasal Meşruiyet Üretimi Ve Kurumsal Yapılanmadaki Rolü”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 14, no. 4 (October 2025): 1605-20. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1711217.
EndNote Dinçer M (October 1, 2025) Mezopotamya Kehanet Geleneği: Siyasal Meşruiyet Üretimi ve Kurumsal Yapılanmadaki Rolü. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 14 4 1605–1620.
IEEE M. Dinçer, “Mezopotamya Kehanet Geleneği: Siyasal Meşruiyet Üretimi ve Kurumsal Yapılanmadaki Rolü”, MJSS, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1605–1620, 2025, doi: 10.33206/mjss.1711217.
ISNAD Dinçer, Mehtap. “Mezopotamya Kehanet Geleneği: Siyasal Meşruiyet Üretimi Ve Kurumsal Yapılanmadaki Rolü”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 14/4 (October2025), 1605-1620. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1711217.
JAMA Dinçer M. Mezopotamya Kehanet Geleneği: Siyasal Meşruiyet Üretimi ve Kurumsal Yapılanmadaki Rolü. MJSS. 2025;14:1605–1620.
MLA Dinçer, Mehtap. “Mezopotamya Kehanet Geleneği: Siyasal Meşruiyet Üretimi Ve Kurumsal Yapılanmadaki Rolü”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 14, no. 4, 2025, pp. 1605-20, doi:10.33206/mjss.1711217.
Vancouver Dinçer M. Mezopotamya Kehanet Geleneği: Siyasal Meşruiyet Üretimi ve Kurumsal Yapılanmadaki Rolü. MJSS. 2025;14(4):1605-20.

MANAS Journal of Social Studies