Yaşlanmada Beyin Sağlığı ve B Vitamini

Abstract

B vitaminleri suda çözünebilen vitaminler olup, önemli biyolojik rollere sahiptirler. Her B vitamini, anahtar metabolik süreçler için kofaktördür veya gerekli birer öncüdür. Bilişsel işlevler; hafıza, öğrenme, uzamsal yönelim, akıl yürütme, yargılama ve değerlendirmeyi içeren çeşitli beyin fonksiyonlarıdır. Bu işlevlerin azalması, hafif kognitif bozukluk olarak başlayan ve demansa kadar giden ilerleyici bir durumdur. B vitaminlerinin düşük düzeyde alınması sonucu kognitif bozukluk riskinin artması ve yaşlanmaya bağlı hastalıklara katkıda bulunması tek karbon metabolizması ile ilişkilidir. Bu derlemede B vitaminlerini, tek karbon metabolizmasını ve B vitaminlerinin yaşlanmada beyin sağlığı üzerindeki rolünü inceledik.

Keywords

• B vitamini
• tek karbon metabolizması
• yaşlanma
• beyin sağlığı

Brain Health and B Vitamins in Ageing

Abstract

B vitamins are water-soluble vitamins and have important biological roles. Each B vitamin is a cofactor or essential precursor for key metabolic processes. Cognitive functions are various brain functions that include memory, learning, spatial orientation, reasoning, judgment, and evaluation. The decrease in these functions is a progressive condition that begins as mild cognitive impairment and progresses to dementia. Low intake of B vitamins is associated with a one carbon metabolism, which increases the risk of cognitive impairment and contributes to aging-related diseases. In this review, we examine B vitamins, one carbon metabolism, and the role of B vitamins to aging brain.

Keywords

• B Vitamins
• one carbon metabolism
• ageing
• brain health

References

1. Referans 1 1- Bhargava S, Bhandari A, Choudhury S. Role of Homocysteine in Cognitive Impairement and Alzheimer’s Disease. Indian J Clin Biochem 2018; 33(1): 16-20.
2. Referans 2 2- Eren, AA. (2011). Ufuk Üniversitesi Dr. Rıdvan Ege Hastanesi Polikliniklerine Başvuran Hastalarda Serum Vitamin B12 ve Folik Asit, Homosistein Değerleri İle Nöropsikiyatrik Şikayetlerin İlişkisi (Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı uzmanlık tezi). T.C. Ufuk Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
3. Referans 3 3- Porter K, Hoey L, Hughes CF, Ward M, McNulty H. Causes, Consequences and Public Health Implications of Low B-Vitamin Status in Ageing. Nutrients 2016; 8(11): 725.
4. Referans 4 4- Lyon P, Strippoli V, Fang B and Cimmino L. B Vitamins and One-Carbon Metabolism: Implications in Human Health and Disease Nutrients 2020; 12: 2867.
5. Referans 5 5- Green R, Allen LH, Bjørke-Monsen AL, Brito A, Guéant JL, Miller JW, Molloy AM, Nexo E, Stabler S, Toh BH, Ueland PM, Yajnik C. Vitamin B(12) deficiency. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017; 3: 17040.
6. Referans 6 6- Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, D'Agostino RB, Wilson PW, Wolf PA. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346(7): 476-83.
7. Referans 7 7- Corrada M.M, Kawas C.H, Hallfrisch J, Muller D, Brookmeyer R. Reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease with high folate intake: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2005; 1(1) :11–8.
8. Referans 8 8- Ağadayı, E. (2019). Vitamin B12 Kullanımı, Zihinsel ve Fiziksel Egzersizlerin İdiyopatik Unutkanlık Üzerine Etkisi (Tıpta uzmanlık tezi). Erciyes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kayseri.

9. Referans 9 9- Xiu L, Lee M, Wahlqvist ML, Chen RC, Huang Y, Chen K, Li D. Low and high homocysteine are associated with mortality independent of B group vitamins but interactive with cognitive status in a free-living elderly cohort. Nutr. Res 2012; 32(12): 928–39.
10. Referans 10 10- Zwaluw NL, Dhonukshe-Rutten RAM, Van Wijngaarden JP, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Van De Rest O, In’t Veld PH, Enneman AW, Van Dijk SC, Ham AC, Swart KMA. et al. Results of 2-year vitamin B treatment on cognitive performance: Secondary data from an RCT. Neurology 2014; 83(23): 2158–66.
11. Referans 11 11- Wald DS, Kasturiratne A, Simmonds M. Effect of folic acid, with or without other B vitamins, on cognitive decline: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am. J. Med 2010; 123(6): 522–527.
12. Referans 12 12- Clarke R, Bennett D, Parish S, Lewington S, Skeaff M, Eussen SJPM, Lewerin C, Stott DJ, Armitage J, Hankey GJ et al. Effects of homocysteine lowering with B vitamins on cognitive aging: meta-analysis of 11 trials with cognitive data on 22,000 individuals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.2014; 100(2): 657–66.
13. Referans 13 13- Kwok T, Lee J, Law CB, Pan PC, Yung CY, Choi KC, Lam LC. A randomized placebo controlled trial of homocysteine lowering to reduce cognitive decline in older demented people. Clin. Nutr. 2011; 30(3): 297–302.
14. Referans 14 14- De Jager CA, Oulhaj A, Jacoby R, Refsum H, Smith AD. Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012; 27(6): 592–600.
15. Referans 15 15- Smith AD, Smith SM, de Jager CA, Whitbread P, Johnston C, Agacinski G, Oulhaj A, Bradley KM, Jacoby R, Refsum H. Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 2010; 5(9): e12244.
16. Referans 16 16- Douaud G, Refsum H, de Jager CA, Jacoby R, Nichols TE, Smith SM, Smith AD. Preventing Alzheimer’s disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110(23): 9523–8.
17. Referans 17 17- Flicker L, Martins RN, Thomas J, Acres J, Taddei K, Vasikaran SD, Norman P, Jamrozik K, Almeida OP. B-vitamins reduce plasma levels of beta amyloid. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29(2): 303–5.
18. Referans 18 18- Durga J, van Boxtel MPJ, Schouten EG, Kok FJ, Jolles J, Katan MB, Verhoef P. Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomised, double blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 369(9557): 208–16.
19. Referans 19 19- Gülmez, C. (2014). Vitamin B12, Folik Asit, Tiroid Hormonları ve Antioksidan/Oksidan Sistemin Yaşla İlişkisinin Araştırılması (Yüksek lisans tezi). Kafkas Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kars.
20. Referans 20 20- Moretti R, Peinkhofer C. B Vitamins and Fatty Acids: What Do They Share with Small Vessel Disease-Related Dementia? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20(22): 5797.
21. Referans 21 21- Vlachos GS, Scarmeas N. Dietary interventions in mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2019; 21(1): 69-82.
22. Referans 22 22- Tardy A, Pouteau E, Marquez D, Yilmaz C, Scholey A. Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence. Nutrients 2020; 12(1): 228.
23. Referans 23 23- Ho RCM, Cheung MWL, Fu E, Win HH, Zaw MH, Ng A, Mak A. Is high homocysteine level a risk factor for cognitive decline in elderly? A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 19(7): 607-17
24. Referans 24 24- Ter Borg S, Verlaan S, Hemsworth, J, Mijnarends DM, Schols JMGA, Luiking YC, De Groot LCPGM. Micronutrient intakes and potential inadequacies of community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review. Br J Nutr 2015; 113(8): 1195–206.
25. Referans 25 25- Troesch B, Weber P, Mohajeri MH. Potential Links Between Impaired One-Carbon Metabolism Due to Polymorphisms, Inadequate B-Vitamin Status, and the Development of Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2016; 8(12): 803.