Reprodüktif ve Menopozal Servikal Smear ve Kan Örneklerinde DNA Hasarı Tespitinin Değerlendirilmesi
Year 2025,
Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 175 - 180, 31.08.2025
Okan Sancer
,
Pınar Aslan Koşar
,
Zehra Safi Öz
,
Esra Nur Tola
,
Atahan Toğay
,
İbrahim Metin Çiriş
,
Muhammet Yusuf Tepebaşı
Abstract
Aim: As we age, DNA damage occurs in the body due to slowing of the metabolic rate, changes in hormone levels and increased oxidative
stress. This study aimed to investigate DNA damage and degenerative nuclear changes in women at different times.
Material and Methods: Lymphocyte samples from 30 women of reproductive age and 30 menopausal women were evaluated for DNA
damage using the comet assay, smear samples were evaluated for micronucleus (MN) cells, a morphological marker of chromosomal
instability using the MN assay, and binucleated (BN) and karyorrhectic (KR) cells were evaluated for degenerative nuclear changes.
Results: DNA damage in blood samples was found to be higher in the menopausal period compared to the reproductive period by comet
assay (p<0.05). MN was higher in reproductive women than in menopausal women according to the MN score. BN and KR were higher in the
menopause than in the reproductive period. The frequencies of MN, BN and KR and these periods were not significantly different. (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The reasons for the high level of DNA damage and MN scoring during menopause may be hormonal changes seen with aging,
increased oxidative stress, weakening of DNA repair mechanisms and epigenetic changes.
Project Number
4500-YL1-15.
References
-
1. Görgel EB, Çakıroğlu FP. Menopoz döneminde kadın: Ankara:
Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi. 2007.
-
2. Özcan H, Oskay Ü. Menopoz döneminde semptom yönetiminde
kanıta dayalı uygulamalar. Göztepe Tıp Dergisi.
2013;28(4):157-63. doi:10.5222/J.GOZTEPETRH.2013.157
-
3. Cauci S, Driussi S, De Santo D, Penacchioni P, Iannicelli T, Lanzafame
P, De Seta F, Quadrifoglio F, De Aloysio D, Guaschino
S. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and vaginal flora changes
in peri-and postmenopausal women. Journal of clinical microbiology.
2002;40(6):2147-52. doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.6.2147-
2152.2002.
-
4. Atmaca E, Aksoy A. Oxidative DNA Damage and its Chromatographic
Determination. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner
Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;20(2):79-83.
-
5. Aydın, M. “Candida cinsi mantarlar (Candida albicans).” Ed.
Cengiz, Mısırlıgil, Aydın. Tıp ve diş hekimliğinde genel ve özel
Mikrobiyoloji. (2004);133:1109-1118.
-
6. Sohal RS, Weindruch R. Oxidative stress, caloric restriction,
and aging. Science. 1996;273(5271):59-63. doi: 10.1126/science.
273.5271.59.
-
7. Abbotts R, Thompson N, Madhusudan S. DNA repair in cancer:
emerging targets for personalized therapy. Cancer management
and research. 2014;6:77. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S50497
-
8. Schiewer MJ, Knudsen KE. Linking DNA damage and hormone
signaling pathways in cancer. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.
2016;27(4):216-25. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.004
-
9. Safi Oz Z, Doğan Gun B, Ozdamar SO. Evaluation of micronuclei,
nuclear anomalies and the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of
exfoliated cervical epithelial cells in genital candidiasis. Acta
cytologica. 2015;59(2):180-6. doi: 10.1159/000381615
-
10. Safi Oz ZS, Doğan Gun B, Gun MO, Ozdamar SO. Cytomorphometric
and morphological analysis in women with Trichomonas
vaginalis infection: micronucleus frequency in exfoliated
cervical epithelial cells. Acta cytologica. 2015;59(3):258-64.
doi: 10.1159/000431148
-
11. Safi Oz ZS, Doğan Gun B, Ozdamar S. Why an Experienced
Eye May Not Detect Micronucleated Cells Using Papanicolaou’s
Stain. Acta cytologica. 2015;59(5):431-3. doi:
10.1159/000440934
-
12. Verma S, Dey P. Correlation of morphological markers of
chromosomal instability in fine needle aspiration cytology with
grade of breast cancer. Cytopathology. 2014;25(4):259-63. doi:
10.1111/cyt.12096
-
13. Dinçer Y, Kankaya S. Comet Assay for Determining of DNA
Damage. J Med Sci. 2010;30(4):1365.
-
14. Maluf SW. Monitoring DNA damage following radiation exposure
using cytokinesis–block micronucleus method and
alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis. Clinica Chimica Acta.
2004;347(1-2):15-24. doi: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.04.010
-
15. NO, OECD Test. 489: in vivo mammalian alkaline comet assay.
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. 2016;4
-
16. Tolbert PE, Shy CM, Allen JW. Micronuclei and other nuclear
anomalies in buccal smears: methods development. Mutation
Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects.
1992;271(1):69-77. doi: 10.1016/0165-1161(92)90033-I
-
17. Schumacher B, Pothof J, Vijg J, Hoeijmakers JH. The central
role of DNA damage in the ageing process. Nature.
2021;592(7856):695-703. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03307-7
-
18. Best BP. Nuclear DNA damage as a direct cause of aging.
Rejuvenation research. 2009;12(3):199-208. doi: 10.1089/
rej.2009.0847
-
19. Jomova K, Raptova R, Alomar SY, Alwasel SH, Nepovimova E,
Kuca K, Valko M. Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative
stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging. Archives
of toxicology. 2023;97(10):2499-574. doi:10.1007/s00204-023-
03562-9
-
20. Aydemir D, Ulusu NN. The possible role of the endocrine disrupting
chemicals on the premature and early menopause
associated with the altered oxidative stress metabolism. Frontiers
in Endocrinology. 2023;14:1081704. doi: 10.3389/fendo.
2023.1081704
-
21. Leanza G, Conte C, Cannata F, Isgrò C, Piccoli A, Strollo R,
Quattrocchi CC, Papalia R, Denaro V, Maccarrone M. Oxidative
Stress in Postmenopausal Women with or without Obesity.
Cells. 2023;12(8):1137. doi: 10.3390/cells12081137
-
22. Liang G, Kow ASF, Yusof R, Tham CL, Ho Y-C, Lee MT. Menopause-
Associated Depression: Impact of Oxidative Stress
and Neuroinflammation on the Central Nervous System—A
Review. Biomedicines. 2024;12(1):184. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12010184
-
23. Gautam N, Das S, Mahapatra SK, Chakraborty SP, Kundu PK,
Roy S. Age associated oxidative damage in lymphocytes. Oxidative
Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2010;3(4):275-82. doi:
10.4161/oxim.3.4.12860
-
24. Szymański JK, Słabuszewska-Jóźwiak A, Jakiel G. Vaginal
aging—what we know and what we do not know. International
journal of environmental research and public health.
2021;18(9):4935. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094935
Reprodüktif ve Menopozal Servikal Smear ve Kan Örneklerinde DNA Hasarı Tespitinin Değerlendirilmesi
Year 2025,
Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 175 - 180, 31.08.2025
Okan Sancer
,
Pınar Aslan Koşar
,
Zehra Safi Öz
,
Esra Nur Tola
,
Atahan Toğay
,
İbrahim Metin Çiriş
,
Muhammet Yusuf Tepebaşı
Abstract
Amaç: Yaşlandıkça, metabolizma hızının yavaşlaması, hormon seviyelerindeki değişiklikler ve artan oksidatif stres nedeniyle vücutta DNA
hasarı meydana gelir. Bu çalışma, kadınların farklı dönemlerinde DNA hasarını ve dejeneratif nükleer değişiklikleri araştırmayı amaçlamıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Reprodüktif döneminde 30 kadın ve menopoz döneminde 30 kadından alınan lenfosit örnekleri komet testi
kullanılarak DNA hasarı açısından değerlendirilmiş, smear örnekleri MN testi kullanılarak kromozomal instabilitenin morfolojik bir belirteci
olan mikronükleus (MN) hücreleri açısından, binükleus (BN) ve karyorektik (KR) hücreler ise dejeneratif nükleer değişiklikler açısından
değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Kan örneklerindeki DNA hasarı comet assay ile menopozal dönemde üreme dönemine kıyasla daha yüksek bulundu (p<0.05).
MN skoruna göre üreme çağındaki kadınlarda MN hücreleri, menopozdaki kadınlara göre daha yüksekti. BN ve KR hücreleri de menopoz
döneminde üreme dönemindeki kadınlara kıyasla daha yüksekti. MN, BN ve KR sıklıkları ile bu iki dönem arasında anlamlı bir farklılık
bulunamadı. (p>0.05).
Sonuç: Menopoz döneminde DNA hasarı ve MN skorlamasının yüksek bulunması nedenleri arasında yaşlanma ile birlikte görülen hormonal
değişimler, oksidatif stres artışı, DNA onarım mekanizmalarının zayıflaması ve epigenetik değişiklikler olabilir.
Project Number
4500-YL1-15.
References
-
1. Görgel EB, Çakıroğlu FP. Menopoz döneminde kadın: Ankara:
Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi. 2007.
-
2. Özcan H, Oskay Ü. Menopoz döneminde semptom yönetiminde
kanıta dayalı uygulamalar. Göztepe Tıp Dergisi.
2013;28(4):157-63. doi:10.5222/J.GOZTEPETRH.2013.157
-
3. Cauci S, Driussi S, De Santo D, Penacchioni P, Iannicelli T, Lanzafame
P, De Seta F, Quadrifoglio F, De Aloysio D, Guaschino
S. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and vaginal flora changes
in peri-and postmenopausal women. Journal of clinical microbiology.
2002;40(6):2147-52. doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.6.2147-
2152.2002.
-
4. Atmaca E, Aksoy A. Oxidative DNA Damage and its Chromatographic
Determination. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner
Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;20(2):79-83.
-
5. Aydın, M. “Candida cinsi mantarlar (Candida albicans).” Ed.
Cengiz, Mısırlıgil, Aydın. Tıp ve diş hekimliğinde genel ve özel
Mikrobiyoloji. (2004);133:1109-1118.
-
6. Sohal RS, Weindruch R. Oxidative stress, caloric restriction,
and aging. Science. 1996;273(5271):59-63. doi: 10.1126/science.
273.5271.59.
-
7. Abbotts R, Thompson N, Madhusudan S. DNA repair in cancer:
emerging targets for personalized therapy. Cancer management
and research. 2014;6:77. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S50497
-
8. Schiewer MJ, Knudsen KE. Linking DNA damage and hormone
signaling pathways in cancer. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.
2016;27(4):216-25. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.004
-
9. Safi Oz Z, Doğan Gun B, Ozdamar SO. Evaluation of micronuclei,
nuclear anomalies and the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of
exfoliated cervical epithelial cells in genital candidiasis. Acta
cytologica. 2015;59(2):180-6. doi: 10.1159/000381615
-
10. Safi Oz ZS, Doğan Gun B, Gun MO, Ozdamar SO. Cytomorphometric
and morphological analysis in women with Trichomonas
vaginalis infection: micronucleus frequency in exfoliated
cervical epithelial cells. Acta cytologica. 2015;59(3):258-64.
doi: 10.1159/000431148
-
11. Safi Oz ZS, Doğan Gun B, Ozdamar S. Why an Experienced
Eye May Not Detect Micronucleated Cells Using Papanicolaou’s
Stain. Acta cytologica. 2015;59(5):431-3. doi:
10.1159/000440934
-
12. Verma S, Dey P. Correlation of morphological markers of
chromosomal instability in fine needle aspiration cytology with
grade of breast cancer. Cytopathology. 2014;25(4):259-63. doi:
10.1111/cyt.12096
-
13. Dinçer Y, Kankaya S. Comet Assay for Determining of DNA
Damage. J Med Sci. 2010;30(4):1365.
-
14. Maluf SW. Monitoring DNA damage following radiation exposure
using cytokinesis–block micronucleus method and
alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis. Clinica Chimica Acta.
2004;347(1-2):15-24. doi: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.04.010
-
15. NO, OECD Test. 489: in vivo mammalian alkaline comet assay.
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. 2016;4
-
16. Tolbert PE, Shy CM, Allen JW. Micronuclei and other nuclear
anomalies in buccal smears: methods development. Mutation
Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects.
1992;271(1):69-77. doi: 10.1016/0165-1161(92)90033-I
-
17. Schumacher B, Pothof J, Vijg J, Hoeijmakers JH. The central
role of DNA damage in the ageing process. Nature.
2021;592(7856):695-703. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03307-7
-
18. Best BP. Nuclear DNA damage as a direct cause of aging.
Rejuvenation research. 2009;12(3):199-208. doi: 10.1089/
rej.2009.0847
-
19. Jomova K, Raptova R, Alomar SY, Alwasel SH, Nepovimova E,
Kuca K, Valko M. Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative
stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging. Archives
of toxicology. 2023;97(10):2499-574. doi:10.1007/s00204-023-
03562-9
-
20. Aydemir D, Ulusu NN. The possible role of the endocrine disrupting
chemicals on the premature and early menopause
associated with the altered oxidative stress metabolism. Frontiers
in Endocrinology. 2023;14:1081704. doi: 10.3389/fendo.
2023.1081704
-
21. Leanza G, Conte C, Cannata F, Isgrò C, Piccoli A, Strollo R,
Quattrocchi CC, Papalia R, Denaro V, Maccarrone M. Oxidative
Stress in Postmenopausal Women with or without Obesity.
Cells. 2023;12(8):1137. doi: 10.3390/cells12081137
-
22. Liang G, Kow ASF, Yusof R, Tham CL, Ho Y-C, Lee MT. Menopause-
Associated Depression: Impact of Oxidative Stress
and Neuroinflammation on the Central Nervous System—A
Review. Biomedicines. 2024;12(1):184. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12010184
-
23. Gautam N, Das S, Mahapatra SK, Chakraborty SP, Kundu PK,
Roy S. Age associated oxidative damage in lymphocytes. Oxidative
Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2010;3(4):275-82. doi:
10.4161/oxim.3.4.12860
-
24. Szymański JK, Słabuszewska-Jóźwiak A, Jakiel G. Vaginal
aging—what we know and what we do not know. International
journal of environmental research and public health.
2021;18(9):4935. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094935