Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Reprodüktif ve Menopozal Servikal Smear ve Kan Örneklerinde DNA Hasarı Tespitinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 175 - 180, 31.08.2025

Abstract

Aim: As we age, DNA damage occurs in the body due to slowing of the metabolic rate, changes in hormone levels and increased oxidative
stress. This study aimed to investigate DNA damage and degenerative nuclear changes in women at different times.
Material and Methods: Lymphocyte samples from 30 women of reproductive age and 30 menopausal women were evaluated for DNA
damage using the comet assay, smear samples were evaluated for micronucleus (MN) cells, a morphological marker of chromosomal
instability using the MN assay, and binucleated (BN) and karyorrhectic (KR) cells were evaluated for degenerative nuclear changes.
Results: DNA damage in blood samples was found to be higher in the menopausal period compared to the reproductive period by comet
assay (p<0.05). MN was higher in reproductive women than in menopausal women according to the MN score. BN and KR were higher in the
menopause than in the reproductive period. The frequencies of MN, BN and KR and these periods were not significantly different. (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The reasons for the high level of DNA damage and MN scoring during menopause may be hormonal changes seen with aging,
increased oxidative stress, weakening of DNA repair mechanisms and epigenetic changes.

Project Number

4500-YL1-15.

References

  • 1. Görgel EB, Çakıroğlu FP. Menopoz döneminde kadın: Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi. 2007.
  • 2. Özcan H, Oskay Ü. Menopoz döneminde semptom yönetiminde kanıta dayalı uygulamalar. Göztepe Tıp Dergisi. 2013;28(4):157-63. doi:10.5222/J.GOZTEPETRH.2013.157
  • 3. Cauci S, Driussi S, De Santo D, Penacchioni P, Iannicelli T, Lanzafame P, De Seta F, Quadrifoglio F, De Aloysio D, Guaschino S. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and vaginal flora changes in peri-and postmenopausal women. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2002;40(6):2147-52. doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.6.2147- 2152.2002.
  • 4. Atmaca E, Aksoy A. Oxidative DNA Damage and its Chromatographic Determination. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;20(2):79-83.
  • 5. Aydın, M. “Candida cinsi mantarlar (Candida albicans).” Ed. Cengiz, Mısırlıgil, Aydın. Tıp ve diş hekimliğinde genel ve özel Mikrobiyoloji. (2004);133:1109-1118.
  • 6. Sohal RS, Weindruch R. Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging. Science. 1996;273(5271):59-63. doi: 10.1126/science. 273.5271.59.
  • 7. Abbotts R, Thompson N, Madhusudan S. DNA repair in cancer: emerging targets for personalized therapy. Cancer management and research. 2014;6:77. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S50497
  • 8. Schiewer MJ, Knudsen KE. Linking DNA damage and hormone signaling pathways in cancer. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2016;27(4):216-25. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.004
  • 9. Safi Oz Z, Doğan Gun B, Ozdamar SO. Evaluation of micronuclei, nuclear anomalies and the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of exfoliated cervical epithelial cells in genital candidiasis. Acta cytologica. 2015;59(2):180-6. doi: 10.1159/000381615
  • 10. Safi Oz ZS, Doğan Gun B, Gun MO, Ozdamar SO. Cytomorphometric and morphological analysis in women with Trichomonas vaginalis infection: micronucleus frequency in exfoliated cervical epithelial cells. Acta cytologica. 2015;59(3):258-64. doi: 10.1159/000431148
  • 11. Safi Oz ZS, Doğan Gun B, Ozdamar S. Why an Experienced Eye May Not Detect Micronucleated Cells Using Papanicolaou’s Stain. Acta cytologica. 2015;59(5):431-3. doi: 10.1159/000440934
  • 12. Verma S, Dey P. Correlation of morphological markers of chromosomal instability in fine needle aspiration cytology with grade of breast cancer. Cytopathology. 2014;25(4):259-63. doi: 10.1111/cyt.12096
  • 13. Dinçer Y, Kankaya S. Comet Assay for Determining of DNA Damage. J Med Sci. 2010;30(4):1365.
  • 14. Maluf SW. Monitoring DNA damage following radiation exposure using cytokinesis–block micronucleus method and alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2004;347(1-2):15-24. doi: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.04.010
  • 15. NO, OECD Test. 489: in vivo mammalian alkaline comet assay. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. 2016;4
  • 16. Tolbert PE, Shy CM, Allen JW. Micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies in buccal smears: methods development. Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects. 1992;271(1):69-77. doi: 10.1016/0165-1161(92)90033-I
  • 17. Schumacher B, Pothof J, Vijg J, Hoeijmakers JH. The central role of DNA damage in the ageing process. Nature. 2021;592(7856):695-703. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03307-7
  • 18. Best BP. Nuclear DNA damage as a direct cause of aging. Rejuvenation research. 2009;12(3):199-208. doi: 10.1089/ rej.2009.0847
  • 19. Jomova K, Raptova R, Alomar SY, Alwasel SH, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Valko M. Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging. Archives of toxicology. 2023;97(10):2499-574. doi:10.1007/s00204-023- 03562-9
  • 20. Aydemir D, Ulusu NN. The possible role of the endocrine disrupting chemicals on the premature and early menopause associated with the altered oxidative stress metabolism. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023;14:1081704. doi: 10.3389/fendo. 2023.1081704
  • 21. Leanza G, Conte C, Cannata F, Isgrò C, Piccoli A, Strollo R, Quattrocchi CC, Papalia R, Denaro V, Maccarrone M. Oxidative Stress in Postmenopausal Women with or without Obesity. Cells. 2023;12(8):1137. doi: 10.3390/cells12081137
  • 22. Liang G, Kow ASF, Yusof R, Tham CL, Ho Y-C, Lee MT. Menopause- Associated Depression: Impact of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation on the Central Nervous System—A Review. Biomedicines. 2024;12(1):184. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12010184
  • 23. Gautam N, Das S, Mahapatra SK, Chakraborty SP, Kundu PK, Roy S. Age associated oxidative damage in lymphocytes. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2010;3(4):275-82. doi: 10.4161/oxim.3.4.12860
  • 24. Szymański JK, Słabuszewska-Jóźwiak A, Jakiel G. Vaginal aging—what we know and what we do not know. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(9):4935. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094935

Reprodüktif ve Menopozal Servikal Smear ve Kan Örneklerinde DNA Hasarı Tespitinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 175 - 180, 31.08.2025

Abstract

Amaç: Yaşlandıkça, metabolizma hızının yavaşlaması, hormon seviyelerindeki değişiklikler ve artan oksidatif stres nedeniyle vücutta DNA
hasarı meydana gelir. Bu çalışma, kadınların farklı dönemlerinde DNA hasarını ve dejeneratif nükleer değişiklikleri araştırmayı amaçlamıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Reprodüktif döneminde 30 kadın ve menopoz döneminde 30 kadından alınan lenfosit örnekleri komet testi
kullanılarak DNA hasarı açısından değerlendirilmiş, smear örnekleri MN testi kullanılarak kromozomal instabilitenin morfolojik bir belirteci
olan mikronükleus (MN) hücreleri açısından, binükleus (BN) ve karyorektik (KR) hücreler ise dejeneratif nükleer değişiklikler açısından
değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Kan örneklerindeki DNA hasarı comet assay ile menopozal dönemde üreme dönemine kıyasla daha yüksek bulundu (p<0.05).
MN skoruna göre üreme çağındaki kadınlarda MN hücreleri, menopozdaki kadınlara göre daha yüksekti. BN ve KR hücreleri de menopoz
döneminde üreme dönemindeki kadınlara kıyasla daha yüksekti. MN, BN ve KR sıklıkları ile bu iki dönem arasında anlamlı bir farklılık
bulunamadı. (p>0.05).
Sonuç: Menopoz döneminde DNA hasarı ve MN skorlamasının yüksek bulunması nedenleri arasında yaşlanma ile birlikte görülen hormonal
değişimler, oksidatif stres artışı, DNA onarım mekanizmalarının zayıflaması ve epigenetik değişiklikler olabilir.

Project Number

4500-YL1-15.

References

  • 1. Görgel EB, Çakıroğlu FP. Menopoz döneminde kadın: Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi. 2007.
  • 2. Özcan H, Oskay Ü. Menopoz döneminde semptom yönetiminde kanıta dayalı uygulamalar. Göztepe Tıp Dergisi. 2013;28(4):157-63. doi:10.5222/J.GOZTEPETRH.2013.157
  • 3. Cauci S, Driussi S, De Santo D, Penacchioni P, Iannicelli T, Lanzafame P, De Seta F, Quadrifoglio F, De Aloysio D, Guaschino S. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and vaginal flora changes in peri-and postmenopausal women. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2002;40(6):2147-52. doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.6.2147- 2152.2002.
  • 4. Atmaca E, Aksoy A. Oxidative DNA Damage and its Chromatographic Determination. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;20(2):79-83.
  • 5. Aydın, M. “Candida cinsi mantarlar (Candida albicans).” Ed. Cengiz, Mısırlıgil, Aydın. Tıp ve diş hekimliğinde genel ve özel Mikrobiyoloji. (2004);133:1109-1118.
  • 6. Sohal RS, Weindruch R. Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging. Science. 1996;273(5271):59-63. doi: 10.1126/science. 273.5271.59.
  • 7. Abbotts R, Thompson N, Madhusudan S. DNA repair in cancer: emerging targets for personalized therapy. Cancer management and research. 2014;6:77. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S50497
  • 8. Schiewer MJ, Knudsen KE. Linking DNA damage and hormone signaling pathways in cancer. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2016;27(4):216-25. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.004
  • 9. Safi Oz Z, Doğan Gun B, Ozdamar SO. Evaluation of micronuclei, nuclear anomalies and the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of exfoliated cervical epithelial cells in genital candidiasis. Acta cytologica. 2015;59(2):180-6. doi: 10.1159/000381615
  • 10. Safi Oz ZS, Doğan Gun B, Gun MO, Ozdamar SO. Cytomorphometric and morphological analysis in women with Trichomonas vaginalis infection: micronucleus frequency in exfoliated cervical epithelial cells. Acta cytologica. 2015;59(3):258-64. doi: 10.1159/000431148
  • 11. Safi Oz ZS, Doğan Gun B, Ozdamar S. Why an Experienced Eye May Not Detect Micronucleated Cells Using Papanicolaou’s Stain. Acta cytologica. 2015;59(5):431-3. doi: 10.1159/000440934
  • 12. Verma S, Dey P. Correlation of morphological markers of chromosomal instability in fine needle aspiration cytology with grade of breast cancer. Cytopathology. 2014;25(4):259-63. doi: 10.1111/cyt.12096
  • 13. Dinçer Y, Kankaya S. Comet Assay for Determining of DNA Damage. J Med Sci. 2010;30(4):1365.
  • 14. Maluf SW. Monitoring DNA damage following radiation exposure using cytokinesis–block micronucleus method and alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2004;347(1-2):15-24. doi: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.04.010
  • 15. NO, OECD Test. 489: in vivo mammalian alkaline comet assay. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. 2016;4
  • 16. Tolbert PE, Shy CM, Allen JW. Micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies in buccal smears: methods development. Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects. 1992;271(1):69-77. doi: 10.1016/0165-1161(92)90033-I
  • 17. Schumacher B, Pothof J, Vijg J, Hoeijmakers JH. The central role of DNA damage in the ageing process. Nature. 2021;592(7856):695-703. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03307-7
  • 18. Best BP. Nuclear DNA damage as a direct cause of aging. Rejuvenation research. 2009;12(3):199-208. doi: 10.1089/ rej.2009.0847
  • 19. Jomova K, Raptova R, Alomar SY, Alwasel SH, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Valko M. Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging. Archives of toxicology. 2023;97(10):2499-574. doi:10.1007/s00204-023- 03562-9
  • 20. Aydemir D, Ulusu NN. The possible role of the endocrine disrupting chemicals on the premature and early menopause associated with the altered oxidative stress metabolism. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023;14:1081704. doi: 10.3389/fendo. 2023.1081704
  • 21. Leanza G, Conte C, Cannata F, Isgrò C, Piccoli A, Strollo R, Quattrocchi CC, Papalia R, Denaro V, Maccarrone M. Oxidative Stress in Postmenopausal Women with or without Obesity. Cells. 2023;12(8):1137. doi: 10.3390/cells12081137
  • 22. Liang G, Kow ASF, Yusof R, Tham CL, Ho Y-C, Lee MT. Menopause- Associated Depression: Impact of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation on the Central Nervous System—A Review. Biomedicines. 2024;12(1):184. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12010184
  • 23. Gautam N, Das S, Mahapatra SK, Chakraborty SP, Kundu PK, Roy S. Age associated oxidative damage in lymphocytes. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2010;3(4):275-82. doi: 10.4161/oxim.3.4.12860
  • 24. Szymański JK, Słabuszewska-Jóźwiak A, Jakiel G. Vaginal aging—what we know and what we do not know. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(9):4935. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094935
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Geriatrics and Gerontology, Pathology, Medical Genetics (Excl. Cancer Genetics)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Okan Sancer 0000-0001-7935-5004

Pınar Aslan Koşar 0000-0003-2602-5145

Zehra Safi Öz 0000-0003-1359-5026

Esra Nur Tola 0000-0002-4606-9965

Atahan Toğay 0000-0003-4722-3845

İbrahim Metin Çiriş 0000-0002-5619-4989

Muhammet Yusuf Tepebaşı 0000-0002-1087-4874

Project Number 4500-YL1-15.
Publication Date August 31, 2025
Submission Date November 22, 2024
Acceptance Date July 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Sancer O, Aslan Koşar P, Safi Öz Z, Tola EN, Toğay A, Çiriş İM, et al. Reprodüktif ve Menopozal Servikal Smear ve Kan Örneklerinde DNA Hasarı Tespitinin Değerlendirilmesi. Med J West Black Sea. 2025;9(2):175-80.

Medical Journal of Western Black Sea is a scientific publication of Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine.

This is a refereed journal, which aims at achieving free knowledge to the national and international organizations and individuals related to medical sciences in publishedand electronic forms.

This journal is published three annually in April, August and December.
The publication language of the journal is Turkish and English.