The effects of 1-Methylcyclopropane (1-MCP) treatment and modified atmosphere packaging on storage of ‘Fuerte’ avocado variety

Abstract

In this study, the effects of 1-Methylcyclopropane (1-MCP) application, modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and MAP+1-MCP applications on the quality of 'Fuerte' avocados during storage were investigated. Untreated or treated fruits were stored at 6 °C and 85-90% relative humidity for 3 months in the cold storage. CO2 concentrations in the bag, weight loss, appearance, fruit flesh firmness, skin and flesh color, total soluble solid and titratable acidity contents, fruit juice pH value, oil and dry weight contents, fungal decay and physiological disorders were determined in fruit samples removed from cold room monthly during storage. In addition, the fruits removed from the store every month were kept at 20 °C and 70-75% relative humidity for 3 days for their shelf life. According to data, avocados, which untreated and treated with 1-MCP or MAP, had also only 2 months of storage life. Avocado fruits, which were applied MAP+1-MCP for local and distant markets, were successfully stored for 3 months at 6 C and 85-90% relative humidity with preserving their quality. Modified atmosphere storage and 1-MCP treatment had been successful. With the MAP+1-MCP application, the storage period of avocados was extended by 1 month to 3 months. The results show that MAP+1-MCP application will offer a practical way to extend the commercial life of avocados for long and high quality storage.

Keywords

• Avocado
• MAP
• 1-MCP
• storage
• shelf life

1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) uygulaması ve modifiye atmosferde paketlemenin ‘Fuerte’ avokado çeşidinin muhafazasına etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışma ile ‘Fuerte’ avokadolarında 1-Metilsiklopropen (1-MCP) uygulaması, modifiye atmosferde paketleme (MAP) ve MAP+1-MCP uygulamalarının depolama sırasında kaliteye etkileri araştırılmıştır. Kontrol ve uygulama yapılan meyveler 3 ay süreyle 6 °C sıcaklık ve %85-90 oransal nemde depolanmış ve ayda bir depodan çıkarılan örneklerin torba içindeki CO2 konsantrasyonları, ağırlık kayıpları, görünüş, meyve eti sertliği, kabuk ve et rengi, suda çözünebilir toplam kuru madde ve titre edilebilir asit miktarları, meyve suyu pH değeri, yağ ve kuru madde miktarları, mantarsal ve fizyolojik bozulmalar belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca her ay depodan çıkarılan meyveler raf ömrü için 3 gün süreyle 20 °C sıcaklık ve %70-75 oransal nemde bekletilmiştir. Avokadolar 6 C’de %85-90 oransal nemde MAP veya 1-MCP uygulandıktan sonra muhafaza edildiğinde depolama süresi sadece 2 ay olarak saptanmıştır. Yerel ve uzak pazarlar için MAP+1-MCP uygulanan avokado meyveleri kalitesini koruyarak 6 C sıcaklık ve %85-90 oransal nemde 3 ay başarıyla muhafaza edilmişlerdir. MAP+1-MCP uygulaması başarılı olmuştur. MAP+1-MCP uygulamasıyla avokadoların depolama süresi 1 ay uzatılarak 3 aya çıkartılabilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar uzun ve kaliteli bir depolama için MAP+1-MCP uygulamasının avokadoların ticari ömrünü uzatmak için pratik bir yol sunacağını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avokado
• MAP
• 1-MCP
• muhafaza
• raf ömrü

References

1. Abdi N, McGlasson WB, Holford P, Williams M, Mizrahi Y (1998). Response of climacteric and suppressed climacteric plums to treatment with propylene and 1-Methylcylcopropene. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 14, 29–39.
2. Altan H, Alkan S, Yılmaz S, Özdemir AE, Toplu C, Duman C, Ünlü M (2017) Bazı uygulamaların Bacon avokado çeşidinin modifiye atmosferde muhafazasına etkileri. Derim 34 (1): 11‒22.
3. Bayram S, Demirkol A (2003) Antalya koşullarında yetiştirilen bazı avokado çeşitlerinin meyve özelliklerinin saptanması üzerine araştırmalar. Türkiye IV. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi 2003, 95–98.
4. Benitez J, Sanchez A, Bolanos C, Bernal L, Ochoa-Martinez C, Velez C, Sandoval A (2021) Physicochemical changes of avocado hass during cold storage and accelerated ripening. Biotecnología en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial 19 (2): 41‒56.
5. Berger S, Luza J, Peralta L (1982) Storage of Fuerte and Hass avocados. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science 22: 30‒39.
6. Blankenship SM, Dole JM (2003) 1-Methycyclopropene: A review. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 28: 1‒25.
7. Daulagala CH, Daundasekera WAM (2015) Effect of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on postharvest quality and antifungal activity of avocado cv. ‘Pollock’ under tropical storage conditions. Ceylon Journal of Science 44 (2): 75‒83.
8. DeEll JR, Murr DP, Porteous MD, Rupasinghe HPV (2002) Influence of temperature and duration of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on apple quality. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 24: 349‒353.

9. Defilippi BG, Whitaker BD, Hess-Pierce BM, Kader AA (2006) Development and control of scald on wonderful pomegranates during long-term storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 41: 234‒243.
10. Defilippi BG, Ejsmentewicz T, Covarrubias MP, Gudenschwager O, Campos-Vargas R (2018) Changes in cell wall pectins and their relation to postharvest mesocarp softening of "Hass" avocados (Persea americana Mill.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 128: 142‒151.
11. Demirkol A, Pekmezci M (1997a) Antalya koşullarında üretilen Bacon avokado çeşidinin soğukta, modifiye atmosferde ve kontrollü atmosferde muhafazası üzerine araştırmalar. Bahçe Ürünlerinde Muhafaza ve Pazarlama Sempozyumu 21‒24 Ekim, Yalova, 135‒144.
12. Demirkol A, Pekmezci M (1997b) Zutano avokado çeşidinin soğukta muhafazası üzerinde bir araştırma. Bahçe Ürünlerinde Muhafaza ve Pazarlama Sempozyumu 21‒24 Ekim, Yalova, 303‒310.
13. Demirkol A, Pekmezci M (1999) Antalya koşullarında üretilen Fuerte avokado çeşidinin soğukta ve modifiye atmosferde (MA) muhafazası üzerinde bir araştırma. Türkiye III. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi 14‒17 Eylül, Ankara, 132‒135.
14. Diaz J, Ten Have A, Van Kan JAL (2002) The role of ethylene and wound signaling in resistance of tomato to Botrytis cineria. Plant Physiol. 129: 1341‒1351.
15. Doğan A, Kurubaş MS, Erkan M (2017) Farklı dozlarda 1-Metilsiklopropen (1-MCP) uygulamalarının ‘Hass’ avokado çeşidinin depolanması üzerine etkileri Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences 30 (2): 71‒78.
16. Dong L, Lurie S, Zhou H-W (2002) Effect Of 1-Methylcyclopropene on ripening of Canino apricots and Royal Zee plums. Postharvest Biology and Technology 24: 135‒145.
17. Dorria MA, Fayek MA, Abd El-M, Abu-Aziz B, Aml RY (2007) Postharvest storage of Hass and Fuerte avocados under modified atmosphere conditions. Journal of Applied Science Research 3 (4): 267‒274.
18. Fan X, Blankenship SM, Mattheis JP (1999a) 1-MCP inhibits apple ripening. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 124: 690‒695.
19. Fan X, Mattheis JP, Blankenship SM (1999b) Development of apple superficial scald, soft scald, core flush, and greasiness is reduced by 1-MCP. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 3063‒3068.
20. Fan X, Mattheis JP (2000) Yellowing of broccoli in storage is reduced by 1-MCP. HortScience 35: 885‒887.
21. Feng X, Apelbaum A, Sisler EC, Goren R (2000) Control of ethylene responses in avacado fruit with 1-Methylcyclopropene. Postharvest Biology and Technology 20 (2): 143‒150.
22. Feygenberg O, Hershkovitz V, Ben-Arie R, Jacob S, Pesis E, Nikitenko T (2004) Postharvest use of organic coating for maintaining bio-organic avocado and mango quality. Proc. 5th Int. Postharvest Symp. (Eds. Mencarelli F, Tonutti P) Acta Hort., ISHS 2005, 682: 1057‒1061.
23. Flitsanov U, Mizrach A, Liberzon A, Akerman M, Zauberman G (2000) Measurement of avocado softening at various temperatures using ultrasound. Postharvest Biology and Technology 20 (3): 279‒286.
24. Forero, MP (2007) Storage life enhancement of avocado fruits. Department of Bioresource Engineering McGill University, (A thesis of the degree of Master Science), Canada, 78 p.
25. Hershkovitz V, Saguy SI, Pesis E (2005) Postharvest application of 1-MCP to improve the quality of various avocado cultivars. Postharvest Biology and Technology 37 (3): 252‒264.
26. Hershkovitz V, Friedman H, Goldschmidt EE, Pesis E (2009) The role of the embryo and ethylene in avocado fruit mesocarp discoloration. J. Exp. Bot. 60 (3): 791‒799.
27. Hofman PJ, Jobin-Décor M, Meiburg GF, Macnish AJ, Joyce DC (2001) Ripening and quality responses of avocado, custard apple, mango and papaya fruit to 1-MCP. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 41: 567‒572.
28. Huysamer M, Mare L (2003) The effect of relative humidity and ethylene scrubbing on Fuerte and Hass avocado fruit quality. South African Avocado Growers’Association Yearbook 26 (96): 98‒105.
29. Jeong J, Huber DJ, Sargent SA (2002) Influence of 1-MCP on ripening and cell-wall matrix polysaccharides of avocado (Persea americana) fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology 25 (3): 241‒364.
30. Jeong J, Huber DJ, Sargent SA (2003) Delay of avocado (Persea americana) fruit by 1-Methylcyclopropene and wax treatments. Postharvest Biology and Technology 28 (2): 247‒257.
31. Kader AA, Zagory D, Kerbel EL (1989) Modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 28 (1): 1‒30.
32. Kader AA, Arpaia ML (1999) Avocado: Recommendations for maintaining postharvest quality. Postharvest technology research and information center. https://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Commodity_Resources/Fact_Sheets/Datastores/Fruit_English/?uid=8&ds=798 (Erişim tarihi: 05 Ağustos 2022).
33. Knight JrRJ (2002) History, Distribution and Uses. In: Whiley, A.W., Schaffer, B., Wolstenholme, B.N., (Eds) The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses; Cabi Publishing, 1: 10.
34. Lee SK (1981) Methods for percent oil analysis of avocado fruit. California Avoc. Soc. Yearbook 65: 133‒141.
35. Lee SK, Coggins JrCW (1982) Dry weight method for determination of avocado fruit maturity. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 66: 67‒70.
36. Lee SK, Young RE (1983) Growth measurement as an indication of avocado fruit maturity. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108 (3): 395‒397.
37. Lee SK, Young RE, Schiffman PM, Coggins JrCW (1983) Maturity studies of avocado fruit based on picking dates and dry weight. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 108 (3): 390‒394.
38. Maftoonazad N, Ramaswamy HS (2005) Postharvest shelf-life extension of avocados using methyl cellulose-based coating. LWT - Food Science and Technology 38 (6): 617‒624.
39. McGuire RG (1992) Reporting of objective colour measurement. HortScience 27: 1254‒1255.
40. Meir S, Naiman D, Hyman JY, Akerman M, Zauberman G, Fuchs Y (1998) Modified atmosphere packaging enables prolonged of “Fuerte“ avocado fruit. Acta Horticulturae 464: 397‒404
41. Menniti AM, Donati I, Gregori R (2006) Responses of 1-MCP application in plums stored under air and controlled atmospheres. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 39: 429‒433.
42. Meyer MD, Terry LA (2010) Fatty acid and sugar composition of avocado, cv. Hass, in response to treatment with an ethylene scavenger or 1-Methylcyclopropene to extend storage life. Food Chemistry 121 (4): 1203‒1210.
43. Mizrach A, Flitsanov U, Akerman M, Zauberman G (2000) Monitoring avocado softening in low-temperature storage using ultrasonic measurements. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 26 (2): 199‒207.
44. Özdemir AE, Çandır EE, Toplu C, Kaplankıran M, Demirkeser TH, Yıldız E (2009) The effects of physical and chemical changes on the optimum harvest maturity in some avocado cultivars. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8 (9): 1878‒1886.
45. Özdemir AE, Çandır EE, Toplu C, Kaplankıran M, Demirkeser TH, Yıldız E (2010) Hatay Dörtyol koşullarında yetiştirilen Fuerte ve Zutano avokado çeşitlerinin soğukta muhafaza performansı. Alatarım 9 (1): 1‒7.
46. Özkaya O, Dündar Ö (2007) 1-Methylcyclopropene ve meyve kalitesi. Türkiye V. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi 478‒480.
47. Pesis E (2004) Use of organic coating for maintaining fruit quality of organic avocado and mango. Proc. 5th Int. Postharvest Symp. volume of abstracts, Verona, Italy, p: 87.
48. Pesis, E, Ackerman M, Ben-Arie R, Feygenberg O, Feng X, Apelbaum A, Goren R, Prusky D (2002) Ethylene Involvement in chilling injury Symptoms of avocado during cold storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology 24: 171‒181.
49. Porat R, Weiss B, Cohen L, Daus A, Goren R, Droby S (1999) Efects of ethylene and 1-MCP on the postharvest qualities of ‘Shamouti’ oranges. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 15: 155‒163.
50. Rosaj-Graü MA, Sobrino-Lopez A, Tapia SA, Martin-Belloso O (2006) Browning inhibition in fresh-cut ‘Fuji’ apple slices by natural antibrowning agents. Journal Food and Science 71 (1): 59‒65.
51. Russo VC, Daıuto ER, Vietes RL, Smith RE (2014) Postharvest parameters of the ‘Fuerte’ avocado when refrigerated in different modifıed atmospheres. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 38: 2006–2013.
52. Şen F, Türk EF (2008) Bahçe ürünlerde 1-Metilsiklopropen (1-MCP) kullanımı. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 45 (3): 221‒228.
53. Tian MS, Prakash S, Elgar HJ, Young H, Burmeister DM, Ross GS (2000) Responses of strawberry fruit to 1-MCP and ethylene. Plant Growth Regul 32: 83‒90.
54. Toplu C, Kaplankıran M, Demirkeser TH, Yıldız E, Temiz S (2003) Bazı avokado çeşitlerinin Hatay-Dörtyol koşullarında gösterdikleri pomolojik özellikler. IV. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi 8‒12 Eylül 2003, Antalya, 185‒187.
55. Vazquez-Lopez Y, Iribe-Salazar R, Carrazco-Escalante M, Gaxiola-Camacho S, Caro-Corrales J (2022) Quality variables of ‘Hass’ avocado stored in modified atmosphere packaging. Agrociencia 1‒12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47163/agrociencia.v56i4.2460
56. Woolf AB, Requejo-Tapia C, Cox KA, Jackman RC, Gunson A, Arpaia ML, White A (2005) 1-MCP reduces physiological storage disorders of ‘Hass’ avocados. Postharvest Biology and Technology 35: 43‒60.
57. Zauberman G, Jobin-Decor MP (1995) Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) quality changes in response to low-temperature storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology 5 (3): 235‒243.