Türkiye’nin Doğu Akdeniz bölgesinde yer alan pamuk tarlalarında yabancı ot florasındaki değişimler

Öz

Pamuk, özellikle Türkiye’nin Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi'nin yüksek tuzlu topraklarının bulunduğu alanların en yaygın tarla bitkisidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Doğu Akdeniz bölgesindeki pamuk tarlalarının mevcut yabancı ot florasını belirlemek, 1991-1992 yılları arasındaki yabancı ot florası ile karşılaştırmak ve bu tarlalarda yabancı ot florası bir değişiklik olup olmadığını anlamaktır. 2018 yılı yetiştirme sezonunda (Temmuz ve Ağustos), Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Mersin ve Adana illerinde, sırasıyla 18, 23, 17 ve 33 olmak üzere 82 pamuk tarlasında sürvey yapılmış olup burada 17 familyaya dağılmış 37 yabancı ot türü tespit edilmiştir. Kanonik uygunluk analizi, pamuk tarlalarının fitososyolojik bileşiminin, toprağın P içeriği, ortalama sıcaklık ve kümülatif yağışla önemli ölçüde ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Mevcut araştırmada, bu alanlarda önceki çalışmalarda rastlanmayan Ipomoea triloba L., Amaranthus palmeri L. ve Cucumis melo var. agrestis Naudin’e rastlanılmıştır. Bölgedeki pamuk tarlaları 2018’de 1991-1992'ye göre üçte iki oranında azalmasına rağmen yabancı ot zenginliği artmıştır. Yabancı ot florası değişimleri, Türkiye'nin Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi'ndeki pamuk tarlalarının ürün, ürün rotasyonu, herbisit kullanımı, sulama ve peyzaj faktörlerinden etkilenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Benzerlik indeksi
• yabancı ot değişimi
• pamuk
• Ekolojik indeksler
• Kanonik uygunluk analizi

Changes in the weed flora of cotton fields in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkiye

Abstract

Cotton is the most dominant field crop, especially in higher soil saline parts of the Eastern Mediterranean region of Türkiye. This study aims to determine the current statues of weed flora of cotton fields in the East Mediterranean region, to compare it with weed flora in 1991-1992 and to understand whether a weed flora shift has occurred in these fields. Eighty-two cotton fields were surveyed during the growing season (July and August) in 2018, and thirty-seven weed species distributed in 17 families were found in the survey fields, where 18, 23, 17, and 33 of them were recorded in the Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Mersin, and Adana provinces, respectively. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that the phytosociological composition of the cotton fields was significantly related to the P content of the soil, average temperature, and cumulative rainfall. The current weed survey also indicated that these fields were under the threat of some invasive alien plant species that had not been found in previous surveys, such as Ipomoea triloba L., Amaranthus palmeri L., and Cucumis melo var. agrestis Naudin. Although cotton fields in the region were reduced by two-thirds in 2018 compared to 1991-1992, weed richness increased. Weed flora shifts were influenced by crop, crop rotation, herbicide use, irrigation, and landscape factors of cotton fields in the East Mediterranean Region of Türkiye.

Keywords

• Weed shift
• Cotton
• Similarity index
• Ecological indices
• Canonical correspondence analysis

References

1. Andersson, T., & Milberg, P. (1998). Weed flora and the relative importance of site, crop, crop rotation, and nitrogen. Weed Science, 46 (1), 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500090135Doi:10.1017/S0043174500090135
2. Andreasen, C., & Skovgaard, I.M. (2009). Crop and soil factors of importance for the distribution of plant species on arable fields in Denmark. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environmental, 133, 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.003
3. Andreasen, C., & Streibig, C. (2011). Evaluation of changes in weed flora in arable fields of Nordic countries – based on Danish long-term surveys. Weed Research, 51, 214-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00836.x
4. Andreasen, C., Stryhn, H., & Streibig, J.C. (1996). Decline of the flora in Danish arable fields. Journal of Applied Ecology, 619-626. https://doi.org/10.2307/2404990
5. Arslan, Z.F. (2018). Şanlıurfa ili pamuk tarlalarında sulama sonrası yabancı otlar ile ilgili yaşanan değişimler, sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 22 (1), 109-125. (in Turkish). https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.306920
6. Arslan, Z.F., & Aksoy, N. (2017). Invasion potential of wild melon (Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis), recorded in cotton and maize fields in Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey. II. Workshop on Invasive Species: Global Meeting on Invasion Ecology, 27-29 September 2017 Bodrum, Muğla, Turkey, pp. 48.
7. Bükün, B. (2005). Weed flora changes in cotton growing areas during the last decade after irrigation of Harran plain in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 37 (3), 667-672. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2004.1530.1534
8. Bülbül, R., Barutçu, F., Uyan, A., Tepeli, E., & Çınar, M. (2013). Adana Tarımsal Sulama Altyapısının Analizi Sulamanın Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri. Yayın No: 26. 73 p (in Turkish). https://www.cka.org.tr/uploads/pages_v/8.pdf

9. Christen, D., & Matlack, G. (2006). The role of roadsides in plant invasions: A demographic approach. Conservation Biology, 20 (2), 385-391. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00315.x
10. CWMT (2022). Cotton: World Markets and Trade. United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service. Available at https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/cotton.pdf.https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/cotton.pdf (Accessed 01 May 2022).
11. Davis, P.H. (Ed.) (1965-1985). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vols.1-9. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
12. Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R., & Tan, K. (Eds.) (1988). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol.10. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
13. Doucet, C., Weaver, S., Hamill, A., & Zhang, J. (1999). Separating the effects of crop rotation from weed management on weed density and diversity. Weed Science, 47 (6), 729-735. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500091402
14. DPPP (2022). Database of Plant Protection Products. Available at https://bku.tarimorman.gov.tr/ (Accessed 01 May 2022).
15. Durmuş, E., & Yiğit, A. (2014). Türkiye’nin Tarım Yöreleri ve Bölgeleri. Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık, (in Turkish).
16. Economou, G., Uludag, S., & Krähmer, H. (2016). Summary of global cotton weed distribution. In Atlas of Weed Mapping, H. Krähmer (Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118720691.ch10
17. Erviö, R., Hyvarinen, S., Ervio, L.R., & Salonen, J. (1994). Soil properties affecting weed distribution in spring cereal and vegetable fields. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland, 3 (5), 497-504. https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72711
18. Fanfarillo, E., Petit, S., Dessaint, F., Rosati, L., & Abbate, G. (2020). Species composition, richness, and diversity of weed communities of winter arable land in relation to geo-environmental factors: A gradient analysis in mainland Italy. Botany, 98 (7), 381-392. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0178
19. Fried, G., & Reboud, X. (2007). Évolution de la composition des communautés adventices des cultures de colza sous l’influence des systèmes de culture. Oléagineux, Corps Gras et Lipides, 14 (2), 130-138. (In French) https://biblio.cbnpmp.fr/doc_num.php?explnum_id=3155
20. Fried, G., Cordeau, S., Metay, A., & Kazakou, E. (2019). Relative importance of environmental factors and farming practices in shaping weed communities structure and composition in French vineyards. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment, 275 (1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.01.006
21. Glemnitz, M., Radics, L., Hoffmann, J., & Czimber, G. (2006). Weed species richness and species composition of different arable field types – A comparative analysis along a climate gradient from south to north Europe. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, Sonderheft XX, (Special Issue), 577-586.
22. Kadıoğlu, İ., Uluğ, E., & Üremiş, İ. (1993). Investigation of weeds in cotton fields in Mediterranean region of Turkey. 1. Turkish Weed Science Congress, 3-5 February 1993, Adana, Turkey, p. 151-156.
23. Kadıoğlu, İ., Üremiş, İ., & Uludağ, A. (2004). Relationships between seedbank and weed flora in cotton areas in the Çukurova region of Turkey. Bulletin of Pure and Application Science, 23B (l), 61-69.
24. Krähmer, H., Andreasen, C., Economou-Antonaka, G., Holec, J., Kalivas, D., Kolářová, M., Novák, R., Panozzo, S., Pinke, G., Salonen, J.,Sattin, M., Stefanic, E., Vanaga, I., & Fried, G. (2020). Weed surveys and weed mapping in Europe: State of the art and future tasks. Crop Protection, 129, 105010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.105010
25. Kumar, M., Phukon, S.N., & Singh, H. (2021). The role of communities in sustainable land and forest management. In: Forest Resources Resilience and Conflicts, 305-318. https://doi.org10.1016/B978-0-12-822931-6.00024-1
26. May, S. (2007). Invasive Terrestrial Plants. Chelsea House an imprint of Infobase Publishing. ISBN 0-7910-9128-7.
27. Mennan, H., & Işık, D. (2003). Invasive weed species in onion production systems during the last 25 years in Amasya, Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Agronomy Botany, 35 (2), 155-160.
28. Mennan, H., Doğan, M.N., Şahin, M., & Kaya Altop, E. (2018). Amaranthus palmeri new threat for Turkish Agriculture. 70th International Symposium on Crop Protection, Ghent, May 22 2018, Ghent-Belgium, p. 15.
29. MGM (2020). Turkish State Meteorological Service. www.mgm.gov.tr (Accessed on - 10.11.2022).
30. Mulugeta, D., Stoltenberg, D.E., & Boerboom, C.M., (2001). Weed species–area relationships as influenced by tillage. Weed Science, 49, 217-223. https://doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0217:WSARAI]2.0.CO;2
31. Murray, D.S., Verhalen, V.L., & Tyrl, R.J. (1992). Weeds of cotton: Characterization and control. Number 2. The cotton foundation reference book series. Available at https://www.cotton.org/foundation/reference-books/weeds/upload/Weeds-of-Cotton-144m.pdf (Accessed 12 January 2022).
32. Nkoa, R., Owen, M., & Swanton, C. (2015). Weed abundance, distribution, diversity, and community analyses. Weed Science, 63 (SP1), 64-90. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-13-00075.1
33. Nowak, A., Nowak, S., Nobis, M., & Nobis, A. (2015). Crop type and altitude are the main drivers of species composition of arable weed vegetation in Tajikistan. Weed Research, 55, 525-536. https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12165
34. OECD/FAO (2021). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021-2030. OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/19428846-en
35. Oksanen, J., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., O’Hara, B., Stevens, M.H.H., Oksanen, M.J., et al. (2013). The Vegan Package. Community Ecology Package, R Package Version 2.6-2. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/index.html
36. Önen, H., Akdeniz, M., Farooq, S., Hussain, M., & Ozaslan, C. (2018). Weed flora of citrus orchards and factors affecting its distribution in Western Mediterranean Region region of Turkey. Planta Daninha, 36, e018172126. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582018360100036
37. Özkil, M., & Üremiş, İ. (2020). The situation of morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) and field bindweed (Convolvulus spp.) species and their frequency and density in the agricultural areas of the Mediterranean region. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 57 (2), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.596203
38. Pardo, G., Cirujeda, A., Perea, F., Verdu, A.M.C., Mas, M.T., & Urbano, J.M. (2019). Effects of reduced and conventional tillage on weed communities: Results of a long-term experiment in Southwestern Spain. Planta Daninha, 37, e019201336. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582019370100152
39. Pollard, F., Moss, S.R., Cussans, G.W., & Froud-Williams, R.J. (1982). The influence of tillage on the weed flora in a succession of winter wheat crops on a clay loam soil and a silt loam soil. Weed Research, 22, 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1982.tb00155.x
40. R Core Team. (2022). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
41. Ramôa, S., Oliveira e Silva, P., Travlos, I., Vasconcelos, T., Forte, P., & Portugal, J. (2017). Evaluation of weed flora changes in Portugal in a 10-year basis. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 11 (3), 322-328. https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.17.11.03.pne378
42. Ruisi, P., Frangipane, B., Amato, G., Badagliacca, G., Di Miceli, G., Plaia, A., & Giambalvo, D. (2015). Weed seedbank size and composition in a long‐term tillage and crop sequence experiment. Weed Research, 55 (3), 320-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12142
43. Salonen, J., Hyvönen, T., & Jalli, H., (2001). Weeds in spring cereal fields in Finland-a third survey. Agricultural and Food Science, 10, 347-364. https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5705
44. Sans, F.X., Berner, A., Armengot, L., & L., Mäder, P. (2011). Tillage effects on weed communities in an organic winter wheat-sunflower-spelt cropping sequence. Weed Research, 51, 413-421. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00859.x
45. Santos, F.L.S., Teixeira, I.R., Timossi, P.C., Silverio, J.G.D., & Benett, C.G.S. (2017). Phytosociological survey of weed plants in intercrops of common beans and castor beans. Planta Daninha, 35, e017162166. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582017350100033
46. Shahrajabian, M.H., Sun, W., & Cheng, Q. (2020). Considering white gold, cotton, for its fiber, seed oil, traditional and modern health benefits. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 14 (40), 25-39.
47. Shiratsuchi, L.S., Fontes, J.R.A., & Resende, A.V. (2005). Correlação da distribuição espacial do banco de sementes de plantas daninhas com a fertilidade dos solos. Planta Daninha, 23, 429-436. (in Portuguese) https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582005000300006
48. Solé-Senan, X.O., Juárez-Escario, A., Conesa, J.A., Torra, J., Royo-Esnal, A., & Recasens, J. (2014). Plant diversity in mediterranean cereal fields: Unraveling the effect of landscape complexity on rare arable plants. Agriculture Ecosystem & Environment, 185, 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.003
49. Soylu, S., Sertkaya, E., Üremiş, İ., Bozkurt, I.A., & Kurt, Ş. (2017). Hatay ili marul (Lactuca sativa L.) ekim alanlarında görülen önemli hastalık etmenleri, zararlı ve yabancı ot türleri ve yaygınlık durumları. MKÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 22, 23-33.
50. Sørensen, T. (1948). A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content and its application to analysis of the vegetation on Danish commons. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 5, 1-34.
51. Storkey, J., & Westbury, D.B. (2007). Managing arable weeds for biodiversity. Pest Management Science, 63, 517-523. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1375
52. Swanton, C.J., Shrestha, A., Roy, R.C., Ball-Coelho, B.R., & Knezevic, S.Z. (1999). Effect of tillage systems, N, and cover crop on the composition of weed flora. Weed Science, 47 (4), 454-461. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500092079
53. TADPORTAL (2022). Automation of evaluation and management of agricultural fields. https://tad.tarim.gov.tr/ (Accessed 12 January 2022).
54. TUIK (2022). Agricultural statistic in Turkey. Available at https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (Accessed 12 January 2022).
55. Ulber, L., Steinmann, H.H., Klimek, S., & Isselstein, J. (2009). An on‐farm approach to investigate the impact of diversified crop rotations on weed species richness and composition in winter wheat. Weed Reserch, 49 (5), 534-543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00722.x
56. Uludağ, A., Aksoy, N., Yazlık, A., Arslan, Z.F., Yazmış, E., Uremis, I., Cossu, T.A., Groom, Q., Pergl, J., Pysek, P., & Brundu, G. (2017). Alien flora of Turkey: checklist, taxonomic composition and ecological attributes. NeoBiota, 35, 61-85. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.35.12460
57. Uludağ, A., Gözcü, D., Ruşen, M., Guvercin, R.S., & Demir, A. (2007). The effect of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) densities on cotton yield. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, 10, 523-525. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.523.525
58. Uludağ, A., Üremiş, İ., Aksoy, E., Gönen, O., & Kadıoğlu, IL. (2004). Relations between seedbank and weed flora in cotton areas. 22 German Conference on Weed Biology and Weed Control (2-4 March 2004, Stuttgart-Germany) Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, Sonderheft XIX, 57-64.
59. Üremiş, İ., Bükün, B., Zengin, H., Yazlıik, A., & Uludağ, A. (2010). Alien plants in cotton fields and their impact on flora in Turkey. 2nd International Workshop on Invasive Plants in the Mediterranean Type Regions of the World, pp. 78.
60. Üremiş, İ., Soylu, S., Kurt, Ş., Soylu, E.M., & Sertkaya, E. (2020). Hatay ili havuç ekim alanlarında bulunan yabancı ot türleri, yaygınlıkları, yoğunlukları ve durumlarının değerlendirilmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 17, 211-228. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.645336
61. Üremiş, İ., Soylu, S., Kara, M., Uysal, A., Kurt, Ş., & Sertkaya, E. (2023). Hatay ili tarımsal alanlarında bulunan canavar otu türlerinin, yaygınlıklarının, yoğunluklarının ve potansiyel zarar seviyesinin belirlenmesi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 28 (2), 338-354. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1240285
62. Yaktı, Ö. (2013). American civil war and Adana: The impact of cotton agriculture in the modernization process. Ankara Üniversitesi. Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, 54, 273-296 (in Turkish).
63. Yazlık, A., Üremiş, İ., Uludağ, A., & Uzun, K. (2013). A new threat in cotton fields in the West Mediterranean Region region of Turkey: Ipomoea spp. 4th Esenias Workshop Proceedings, 16-17 December 2013 – Çanakkale-Türkiye, pp. 46-47.