Cepten sağlık harcamalarının Güneybatı Nijerya’da pirinç üreticilerinin teknik verimliliği üzerindeki etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 84 - 95, 08.04.2024

Kazeem Aboaba , Ridwan Mukaila , Oyeyode Obalola , Oladele Oladeji , Samson Afolayan

Abstract

Tarımsal girdi maliyetleri, önemli ölçüde cepten sağlık faturaları ile azaltılmakta ve bu da üretkenliğin veya yoksulluğun azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Çalışma, cepten yapılan sağlık harcamalarının güneybatı Nijerya'daki pirinç üreticilerinin teknik verimliliği üzerindeki etkisini, translog fonksiyonel form yaklaşımı kullanarak inceledi. Çalışmanın örnekleri çok aşamalı bir örnekleme prosedürü kullanılarak seçildi. Bulgular, ekili tarım arazilerinin ortalama bir alanına (3.02ha), elde edilen çıktıya (2438.33 Kg), ilaç ve bitki maliyetine (₦8,253.44; 23.19 $), tıbbi konsültasyon maliyetine (₦1,378.82; 3.87 $), beslenme maliyetine (₦751.57; 2.11 $), seyahat maliyetine (732.96 ₦; 2.06 $) ve önleyici tedbirlerin maliyetine (₦ 651.11; 1.83 $) sahipti. Ortalama olarak, pirinç çiftçileri hastalıktan 32.37 gün kaybetti ve sağlık tesisleri çiftçilerin evinden 20.67 km uzaktaydı. Pirinç çiftçileri, girdi karışımlarından% 91,5 çıktı elde edebildiler. Ekili tarım arazilerinin alanı, tohum miktarı, herbisit miktarı ve işe alınan traktör saati pirinç üretimini olumlu yönde etkilerken, işçilik ve böcek ilacı miktarı olumsuz etkilere neden olmuştur. Artan maliyet; ilaçlar ve otlar, tıbbi konsültasyon ve sağlık hizmeti sağlayıcısına olan mesafe teknik verimliliği azaltırken, kötü sağlığın önleyici maliyetindeki artış ve sağlık uzatma çalışanlarıyla temas teknik verimliliği artırmaktadır. Çalışma, çiftçilerin sınırda faaliyet göstermediği sonucuna varmıştır.

Keywords

aile bütçesi harcaması, sağlık, pirinç, Güneybatı Nijerya

Impact of out of pocket health expenditure on rice producers’ technical efficiency in South-West Nigeria

Abstract

The costs of agricultural input are reduced by significant out-of-pocket health bills, which results in decreased productivity or poverty. The study examined the effect of out-of-pocket health expenditure on technical efficiency of rice producers in southwest Nigeria, using a translog functional form approach. The study's samples were selected using a multistage sampling procedure. The findings had a mean area of farmland cultivated (3.02ha), output obtained (2438.33Kg), cost of drugs and herbs (₦8,253.44; $23.19), cost of medical consultation (₦1,378.82; $3.87), cost of feeding (₦751.57; $2.11), cost of travelling (₦732.96; $2.06) and cost on preventive measures (₦651.11; $1.83). On average rice farmers lost 32.37 days to illness and healthcare facilities were located 20.67Km from the farmers home. The rice farmers were able to obtain 91.5% output from their input mix. Area of farmland cultivated, quantity of seed, quantity of herbicide and tractor hour hired positively influenced rice output while labor and quantity of insecticide had negative effects. Increased cost of; drugs and herbs, medical consultation, and distance to healthcare provider decreases technical efficiency while increase in preventive cost of ill-health, and contact with health extension workers increase technical efficiency. The study concluded that rice growers were not operatin on the frontier.

Keywords

Out of pocket expenditure, healthcare, rice, translog, southwestern Nigeria

References

• Aboaba, K.O. (2020). Effects of ill-health cost on multidimensional poverty: evidence from rural households in Nigeria. Review of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 23 (2), 64-71.
• Aboaba, K.O., Oyekale, T.O., Adewuyi, S.A., & Adigbo, S.O. (2019). Determinants of burden of disease among rice farming households in Ogun state, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 9 (2), 264-273.
• Adebayo, C.O., Oseghale, A.I., & Adewumi, A.A. (2015). Profitability and technical efficiency among broiler farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 11 (2), 92-96.
• Adekunle, A.K., Adekunle, C.P., & Aihonsu, J.O.Y. (2016). Effect of health condition on technical efficiency of small-scale crop farmers in Yewa Division of Ogun State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 12 (2), 138-143.
• Ajani, O.I., & Ugwu, P.C. (2008). Impact of adverse health on agricultural productivity of farmers in Kainji Basin North-Central Nigeria using a stochastic production frontier approach. Trends in Agricultural Economics, 1 (1), 1-7.
• Akinbode, S.O., Dipeolu, A.O., & Ibrahim, D.A. (2011). Effects of disease burden on technical efficiency among lowland rice farming households in north central Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 7 (3), 359-369.
• Ambali, O.I., Adegbite D.A., Ayinde I.A., & Awotide D.O. (2012). Analysis of production efficiency of food crop farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 7 (9), 680-688.
• Amos, O.O., Nwakuso, U.M., Baba, M.A., & Olamide, O.E. (2016). Effect of out-of-pocket health expenditure on the welfare of rural households in Kwara State, Nigeria. International Journal of Health Economics and Policy, 1 (1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20160101.11
• Ayodele, O.O., Aboaba, K.O., Oladeji, S.O., & Tolorunju, E.T. (2020). Factors affecting productivity and intensity of market participation of leafy vegetable growers. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 27 (1), 96-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2020.1718820.
• Chidiebere-Mark, N., Ohajianya, D., Obasi, P., & Onyeagocha, S. (2019). Profitability of rice production in different production systems in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Open Agriculture, 4, 237-246.
• Egbetokun, O.A., Omonona, B.T., & Oluyole, K.A. (2014). Economic analysis of sickness and labour productivity among cocoa farmers in Obafemi/Owode Local Government Area, Ogun State. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 4 (20), 78-84.
• Fanello, B.T., & Barkar L.F. (2010). Transmission of serum hepatitis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276 (10), 841-4.
• FAO. (2021). Nigeria at a glance. http://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/
• Iheke, O.R., & Ukaegbu, H.I. (2015). Effect of poor health and farmers’ socioeconomic variables on total factor productivity of arable crop farm households in Albia state, Nigeria.
• Kamai, N., Omoigui, L.O., Kamara, A.Y., & Ekeleme, F. (2020). Guide to rice production in Northern Nigeria. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, 27 pp.
• Kaya, A., & Ateş, M. (2022). The change of rice production by years in Turkey. ANADOLU 11th International Conference on Applied Science, December 29-30, Diyarbakır-Turkey.
• KPMG. (2019). Rice industry review. https://home.kpmg/ng/en/home/insights/2019/10/rice-industry-review.html
• Moses, D.J. (2017). Effect of Ill health on technical efficiency of grain farmers in Gombe State, Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Food, Nutrition & Sustainable Agriculture, 5 (4), 7-14.
• Muhammad-Lawal, A., Memudu, I.J., Ayanlere, A.F., Mohammed, A.B., & Olajogun, M.E. (2013). Assessment of the economics and resource-use efficiency of rice production in Ogun State, Nigeria. Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics, 3, 35-43.
• National Population Commission (NPC). (2006). National population and housing census statistics in Nigeria.
• OECD. (2009). “Burden of out-of-pocket health expenditure”, in Health at a Glance 2009: OECD Indicators OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2009-62-en
• Ojo, A.O., Akande, N.O., & Tanko, L. (2018). Analysis of ill-health and technical efficiency of maize farmers in selected local government areas of Osun state, Nigeria. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife & Environment, 10 (3), 81-91.
• Ojo, T.O., Ogundeji, A.A., Babu, S.C., & Alimi, T. (2020). Estimating financing gaps in rice production in Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Economic Structures, 9 (12), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-0190-y
• Okoruwa, V.O., Ogundele, O.O., & Oyewusi, B.O. (2006). Efficiency and productivity of farmers in Nigeria: A Study of Rice Farmers in North Central Nigeria. Poster paper prepared for presentation at the International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference, Gold Coast, Australia.
• Osabohien, E., Okorie, U., & Osabohien, R. (2018). Rice production and processing in Ogun State, Nigeria: qualitative insights from farmers’ association. In E. Obayelu, (Ed.), Food systems sustainability and environmental policies in modern economics (pp. 188-215). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3631-4.ch009
• Rashad, A.S., & Sharaf, M.F. (2015). Catastrophic and impoverishing effects of out-of-pocket health expenditure: New evidence from Egypt. American Journal of Economics, 5, 526-533.
• Séne, L.M., & Badiane, O. (2016). Out-of-pocket health payments: a catalyst for agricultural productivity growth , but with potentially impoverishing effects in Senegal. Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Studies, 97, 29-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41130-016-0010-9
• Shafiq, M., & Rehman, T. (2000). The extent of resource use inefficiencies in cotton production in Pakistan‟s Punjab: An application of data envelopment analysis. Agricultural Economics 22, 321-330.
• Shittu, A. (2014). Off-farm labour supply and production efficiency of farm household in rural Southwest Nigeria. Agricultural and Food Economics, 2 (8).
• Swangnetr, M., Kaber, D.B., Puntumetakul, R., & Gross, M.T. (2014). Ergonomics-related risk identification and pain analysis for farmers involved in rice field preparation. Work, 49, 63-71. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-131768
• Tan, S., Heerink, N., Kuyvenhoven A., & Qu, F. (2010). Impact of land fragmentation on rice producers’ technical efficiency in south-East China. Wageningen Journal of Life Science, 57, 117-123.
• Tanko, L., & Obalola, T.O. (2013). Profit efficiency among irrigated onion producers in Wamakko and Kware Local Government Areas, Sokoto State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 4 (9), 28-32.
• Ulimwengu, J. (2009). Farmers’ health and agricultural productivity in Rural Ethiopia. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC.
• Wagstaff, A., & Doorslaer, E.V. (2003). Catastrophe and impoverishment in paying for health care: With applications to Vietnam 1993-1998. Health Economy, 12, 921-933.