The Relationship between Fear and Postpartum Depression in the Coronavirus Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to examine the relationship between the fear of the coronavirus epidemic and postpartum depression in women with 0-12 months old babies. Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study data were collected online between 20 March and 15 June 2021. A total of 206 women aged between 18-45 years with 0-12 months old babies were included in the study. Data were obtained using the participant introduction form, the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, and the Coronavirus Fear Scale. Results: It was observed that 81.1% of the participants did not have a coronavirus. It was determined that 61.5% of those who had coronavirus were breastfeeding their babies during this period. It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the scores of the Fear of Coronavirus Scale between working status, interruption of work due to birth and interruption of work due to epidemic. 32.6% of the participants were in the risk group for postpartum depression. It was determined that the participants who thought about starting work again had a lower risk of postpartum depression than those who did not. Conclusion: In the study, it was determined that women have a moderate fear of catching coronavirus in the postpartum period and there is a positive relationship between fear of coronavirus and postpartum depression. Both physical and psychosocial comprehensive evaluations should be made in the postpartum period, and women in need should be encouraged to receive professional psychological support.

Keywords

• coronavirus
• covid-19
• fear
• pandemic
• postpartun depression

Koronavirüs salgınında yaşanan korku ve postpartum depresyon ilişkisi: Kesitsel bir çalışma

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada 0-12 aylık bebeği olan kadınların Koronavirüs salgınında yaşadığı korkunun postpartum depresyon ile ilişkisini incelemek amaçlandı. Yöntem: Kesitsel tanımlayıcı tipteki çalışma verileri 20 Mart-15 Haziran 2021 tarihleri arasında çevrim içi platformlarda toplandı. Çalışmaya 18-45 yaş aralığında, 0-12 aylık bebeği olan 206 kadın dahil edildi. Veriler katılımcı tanıtım formu, Edinburg Postpartum Depresyon Ölçeği ve Koronavirüs Korkusu Ölçeği kullanılarak elde edildi. Bulgular: Katılımcıların %81.1’inin Koronavirüs geçirmemiş olduğu gözlendi. Koronavirüs geçirenlerin %61.5’i bu süreçte bebeklerini emzirdiği tespit edildi. Çalışma durumu, doğum sebebiyle çalışmaya ara verme ve salgın sebebiyle çalışmaya ara verme arasında Koronavirüs Korkusu Ölçeği puanlarında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı fark olduğu belirlendi. Katılımcıların %32.6’sı postpartum depresyon açısından risk grubunda bulunmaktaydı. İşe tekrar başlamayı düşünen katılımcıların düşünmeyenlere göre daha düşük postpartum depresyon riskinde oldukları belirlendi. Sonuç: Çalışmada postpartum süreçte kadınların orta düzeyde Koronavirüse yakalanma korkusuna sahip olduğu ve Koronavirüs korkusu ile postpartum depresyon arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğu belirlendi. Doğum sonrası dönemde hem fiziksel hem de psikososyal kapsamlı değerlendirme yapılmalı, ihtiyacı olan kadınlar profesyonel psikolojik destek almaları konusunda cesaretlendirilmelidir.

Keywords

• covid-19
• korku
• koronavirüs
• pandemi
• postpartum depresyon

References

1. Dişli D, Mecdi Kaydırak M. Kanıt Temelli Yaklaşım Perspektifinde Postpartum Bakımın Optimizasyonu. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilim Fakültesi Derg 2021;6(2):143-151.
2. Falana SD, Carrington JM. Postpartum Depression: Are You Listening? Nurs Clin North Am 2019;54(4):561-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2019.07.006.
3. World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 11th ed.; 2019.
4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed.; 2013. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.
5. Brummelte S, Galea LAM. Postpartum depression: Etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care. Horm Behav 2016;77:153-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.008.
6. Sriraman NK, Melvin K, Meltzer-Brody S, et al. ABM Clinical Protocol #18: Use of Antidepressants in Breastfeeding Mothers. Breastfeed Med 2015;10(6):290-299. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2015.29002.
7. Xiong R, Deng A. Prevalence and associated factors of postpartum depression among immigrant women in Guangzhou, China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020;20(1):247-254. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-02946-4.
8. Çelik F, Diker E. Covid-19 sürecinde bireylerin depresyon ve stres durumları ile zorlayıcı sosyal medya kullanımları arasındaki ilişkide gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusunun aracılık rolü. Ayna Klin Psikol Derg 2020;8(1):17-43. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.783472.

9. Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatry 2020;33(2):100213. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213.
10. Nishiura H, Jung S, Linton NM, et al. The extent of transmission of novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, 2020. J Clin Med 2020;9(2):330. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020330.
11. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(5):1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729.
12. Liang P, Wang Y, Shi S, Liu Y, Xiong R. Prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among women in Guangzhou, China: a crosssectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2020;20(1):557-565. ang et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02969-3.
13. Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C. Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: Systematic review and call for integration. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2015;11:99-137. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426.
14. Abdollahi F, Zarghami M. Effect of postpartum depression on women’s mental and physical health four years after childbirth. East Mediterr Heal J 2018;24(10):1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.26719/2018.24.10.1002.
15. Ostacoli L, Cosma S, Bevilacqua F, et al. Psychosocial factors associated with postpartum psychological distress during the Covid-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020;20(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03399-5.
16. Duman N. Üniversite öğrencilerinde covıd-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. J Soc Sci 2020;4(8):426-438. https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.748404.
17. Liang P, Wang Y, Shi S, Liu Y, Xiong, R. Prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among women in Guangzhou, China: A crosssectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2020;20(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02969-3.
18. Lebel C, MacKinnon A, Bagshawe M, Tomfohr-Madsen L, Giesbrecht G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders 2020;277:5-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.126.
19. Ladikli N, Bahadır E, Yumuşak F, Akkuzu H, Karaman G, Türkkan Z. Kovid-19 Korkusu Ölçeği›nin Türkçe güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2020;3(2):71-80.
20. Engindeniz N. Edinburgh doğum sonrası depresyon ölçeği Türkçe formu geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. In: Bahar Sempozyumları 1. Kitabı. Psikiyatri Derneği Yayınları; 1997.
21. Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, Satici SA. Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0.
22. Galea S, Merchant RM, Lurie N. The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical Distancing: The Need for Prevention and Early Intervention. JAMA Intern Med 2020;180(6):817-818. https://jamanetwork.com/ on 01/26/2022. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562.
23. Xiang YT, Jin Y, Cheung T. Joint International Collaboration to combat mental health challenges during the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry 2020;77(10):989-990. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1057.
24. Durankuş F, Aksu E. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnant women: a preliminary study. J Matern Neonatal Med 2020:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2020.1763946.
25. Cameron EE, Joyce KM, Delaquis CP, Reynolds K, Protudjer JLP, Roos LE. Maternal psychological distress & mental health service use during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord 2020;276:765-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.081.
26. Yang N, Che S, Zhang J, et al. Breastfeeding of infants born to mothers with COVID-19: a rapid review. Ann Transl Med 2020;8(10):618-618. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-3299.
27. Kaydırak M, Yılmaz B, Demir A, Oskay Ü. The relationships between prenatal attachment, maternal anxiety, and postpartum depression: A longitudinal study. Perspect Psychiatr Care; 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12841.28.
28. Gelaye B, Rondon MB, Araya R, Williams MA. Epidemiology of maternal depression, risk factors, and child outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet Psychiatry 2016;3(10):973-982. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30284-X.
29. Woody CA, Ferrari AJ, Siskind DJ, Whiteford HA, Harris MG. A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. J Affect Disord 2017;219:86-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.003.
30. Özcan NK, Boyacıoğlu NE, Dinç H. Postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors in Turkey: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2017;31(4):420-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2017.04.006.
31. Gülnar D, Sunay D, Çaylan A. Postpartum Depresyon ile İlişkili Risk Faktörleri. J Clin Obstet Gynecol 2010;20(3):141-148.
32. Kahyaoglu Sut H, Kucukkaya B. Anxiety, depression, and related factors in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey: A web-based cross-sectional study. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021;57(2):860-868. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12627.
33. Sun G, Wang Q, Lin Y, et al. Perinatal depression of exposed maternal women in the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China. Front Psychiatry 2020;11:551812. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.551812.
34. Guvenc G, Yesilcinar İ, Ozkececi F, et al. Anxiety, depression, and knowledge level in postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2020;1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12711.
35. Youn HC, Lee S, Han SW, et al. Obstetric risk factors for depression during the postpartum period in South Korea: a nationwide study. J Psychosom Res 2017;102:15-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.09.003.
36. Houston KA, Kaimal AJ, Nakagawa S, Gregorich SE, Yee LM, Kuppermann M. Mode of delivery and postpartum depression: The role of patient preferences. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;212(2):229-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2014.09.002.
37. Gaillard A, Le Strat Y, Mandelbrot L, Keïta H, Dubertret C. Predictors of postpartum depression: Prospective study of 264 women followed during pregnancy and postpartum. Psychiatry Res 2014;215(2):341-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.003.
38. Goker A, Yanikkerem E, Demet MM, Dikayak S, Yildirim Y, Koyuncu FM. Postpartum depression: Is mode of delivery a risk factor? ISRN Obstet Gynecol 2012;2012:1-6. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/616759.