Mimaride Biyofilik Tasarım Seviyesinin Sayısal Olarak Ölçümlenmesine Yönelik Bir Yaklaşım

Öz

Biyofili, insanın doğaya ve diğer canlılara karşı hissettiği içgüdüsel yakınlık olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu yakınlık duygusunu, doğanın iyileştirici veya rahatlatıcı psikolojik etkilerinin olduğunu öne süren hipotez açıklamaktadır. Mimaride biyofilik unsurların kullanımı, psikolojik etkileri nedeniyle vazgeçilmez olarak görülmekte ve tasarım açısından ise iç mekân kalitesini artırarak ilgi çekici hâle getirebilmektedir. Bununla birlikte biyofilik tasarımın, bitkilerin iç mekânda konumlandırılmasının ötesinde, doğanın tüm yönleriyle iç mekâna dahil edilmesi olarak görülmesi gerekmektedir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada, yapıların biyofilik tasarım kriterleri çerçevesinde biyofilik tasarım düzeyinin sayısal veriler ile tespitini sağlayacak bir yaklaşım geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Biyofilik tasarım algısının oluşumu; doğanın doğrudan kullanımı, dolaylı kullanımı ve mekândaki deneyim başlıklarına indirgenmiştir. Bu ayrıştırma, farklı uyaran seviyelerine göre bir değerlendirme çerçevesi ortaya çıkmasını sağlamıştır. Çalışmanın temelini oluşturan bu yaklaşım ile, farklı coğrafyalarda yer alan sırasıyla ofis, konut ve havalimanı işlevine sahip üç yapı örneği incelenmiştir. Bu örnekler, yazar tarafından yapılan ön değerlendirmeye göre farklı seviyelerde biyofilik tasarım unsurları içermeleri nedeniyle seçilmiştir. Buna göre ilk incelenen ofis örneğinin en düşük düzey olan birinci seviye biyofilik tasarım seviyesi kapsamında olduğu, konut yapı örneğinin ise daha yüksek düzeyde ikinci seviye biyofilik tasarım etkisine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Üçüncü yapı örneğinin ise güçlü bir biyofilik tasarım yaklaşımı ile üçüncü seviye biyofilik tasarım değerine sahip olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Buna göre biyofilik tasarımın değerlendirilmesine yönelik nicel veri ortaya koymayı amaçlayan bu çalışma, gelecekte tasarlanacak yapılarda tasarım niteliğini artıracak bir arayışın parçası olarak görülmelidir. Bu arayış, mimari tasarımın farklı başlıklarında da kullanılabilecek ve sayısal veri elde etmeyi sağlayabilen bir anlayışın temellerini oluşturacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyofili
• Biyofilik tasarım
• Mimari
• iç mekan

An Aproach to Numerically Measure the Level of Biophilic Design in Architecture

Abstract

Biophilia is defined as the instinctive closeness that humans feel towards nature and other living things. This feeling of closeness is explained by the hypothesis that nature has healing or relaxing psychological effects. In architectural structures that are at the center of human life, biophilia gains importance as a method of increasing psychological and physical positive effects. The reflection of biophilia in architectural design includes the integration of elements belonging to nature or evoking nature into the built environment. The immediate and distant surroundings of the structure, general design decisions, and interior design approach reveal the biophilic design concept as a whole. In this context, it has been evaluated that determining the biophilic design level of architectural structures is necessary to understand the positive effects on the structure, and that an innovative approach is needed for this. As a result, an approach has been developed that will allow the determination of the biophilic design level of any structure with numerical data based on biophilic design criteria. With this approach, three examples of structures located in different parts of the world, which are evaluated to contain biophilic elements with different functions, were selected and analyzed. In this way, it is aimed to facilitate the numerical measurement of the level of biophilic design in any architectural structure and to provide a helpful understanding for designers.

Keywords

• Biophilia
• Biophilic design
• Architecture
• Space

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