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The Relationship of Severe Early Childhood Caries and Iron Deficiency Anemia

Year 2024, , 34 - 40, 25.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.55517/mrr.1325671

Abstract

In the aggressive form of early childhood caries, especially due to low socioeconomic status, are observed nutritional deficiencies as a result of pain, infection, difficulty in chewing. Iron deficiency anemia develops due to nutritional deficiency and affects the quality of life of the child significantly. Dentists should attach importance to preventive practices to avoid the development of dental caries, especially in young children. The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between severe early childhood caries and iron deficiency anemia based on the current literature. A literature review was conducted to evaluate the relationship between early childhood caries and iron deficiency anemia. For this purpose, the articles indexed in PubMed, Google Scholar, SpingerLink, Web of Science, Elsevier ScienceDirect, Scopus electronic databases were accessed and evaluated using the keywords "early childhood caries" and "iron deficiency anemia". In studies in the literature, it has been reported that children with especially severe early childhood caries are more prone to iron deficiency anemia as a result of low ferritin and hemoglobin levels compared to the control group without caries. Based on this, it was concluded that severe early childhood caries constitutes a risk factor for malnutrition and iron deficiency anemia in children. Dentists and pediatricians should advise parents on the consumption of foods containing iron. In addition, strategies to prevent early childhood caries should be developed to reduce the risk of iron deficiency anemia. More studies are needed to examine the malnutrition status, lifestyle and socioeconomic risk factors related to this issue.

References

  • Loesche WJ. Role of streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol Rev. 1986;50(4):353-80.
  • American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Policy on early childhood caries (ECC): classifications, consequences, and preventive strategies. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, III. 2020:79-81.
  • Drury TF, Horowitz AM, Ismail AI, Maertens MP, Rozier RG, Selwitz RH. Diagnosing and reporting early childhood caries for research purposes. J Public Health Dent. 1999;59(3):192-7.
  • GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10106):1211-59.
  • GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1789-858.
  • Kolker JL, Yuan Y, Burt BA, Sandretto AM, Sohn W, Lang SW, et al. Dental caries and dietary patterns in low-income African-American children. Paediatr Dent 2007;29(6):457–64.
  • Fisher-Owens SA, Gansky SA, Platt LJ, Weintraub JA, Soobader MJ, Bramlett MD, et al. Influences on children’s oral health: a conceptual model. Pediatrics. 2007;120(3):510-20.
  • Arora A, Schwarz E, Blinkhorn AS. Risk factors for early childhood caries in disadvantaged populations. J Investig Clin Dent. 2011;2(4):223-8.
  • Gussy MG, Waters EG, Walsh O, Kilpatrick NM. Early childhood caries: current evidence for aetiology and prevention. J Paediatr Child Health. 2006;42(1-2):37-43.
  • Kagihara LE, Niederhauser VP, Stark M. Assessment, management, and prevention of early childhood caries. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2009;21(1):1-10.
  • Azevedo TD, Bezerra AC, de Toledo OA. Feeding habits and severe early childhood caries in Brazilian preschool children. Pediatr Dent. 2005;11:28–33.
  • Schwendicke F, Dörfer CE, Schlattmann P, Page LF, Thomson WM, Paris S. Socioeconomic inequality and caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Res. 2015;94(1):10-8.
  • Schroth RJ, Levi J, Kliewer E, Friel J, Moffatt MEK. Association between iron status, iron deficiency anaemia, and severe early childhood caries: a case-control study. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13(1):1-7.
  • Feitosa S, Colares V, Pinkham J. The psychosocial effects of severe caries in 4-year-old children in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 2005;21:1550–6.
  • Petersen PE. Global policy for improvement of oral health in the 21st century - implications to oral health research of World Health Assembly 2007, World Health Organization. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2009;37(1):1-8.
  • Watt RG. Strategies and approaches in oral disease prevention and health promotion. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(9):711-18.
  • World Health Organization. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85839/WHO_NMH_NHD_MNM_11.1_eng.pdf
  • Baker RD, Greer FR. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Pediatrics. 2010;126(5):1040–50.
  • Özdemir N. Iron deficiency anemia from diagnosis to treatment in children. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics. 2015;50(1):11-9.
  • Black MM, Quigg AM, Hurley KM, Pepper MR. Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in the first two years of life: strategies to prevent loss of developmental potential. Nutr Rev. 2011;69(S1):64-70.
  • Murray-Kolb LE. Iron and brain functions. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013;16(6):703-7.
  • World Health Organization. Iron deficiency anemia; assessment, prevention, and control; a guide for programme managers. Geneva, Switzerland. 2001:47-62.
  • Kumar V, Choudhry VP. Iron deficiency and infection. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77(7):789-93.
  • Knovich MA, Storey JA, Coffman LG, Torti SV, Torti FM. Ferritin for the clinician. Blood Rev. 2009;23(3):95-104.
  • Erdoğdu Hİ, Atalay E, Kara F, Karaağaç Ö, Öner C. Evaluating serum ferritin level’s relation with metabolic parameters by gender: serum ferritin as an acute phase reactant. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. 2019;9(3):50-55.
  • Hioui ME, Farsi M, Aboussaleh Y, Ahami AO, Achicha A. Prevalence of malnutrition and anemia among preschool children in Kenitra, Morocco. Nutr Ther Metab. 2010;28:73-6.
  • Paglia L, Scaglioni S, Torchia V, De Cosmi V, Moretti M, Marzo G, et al. Familial and dietary risk factors in early childhood caries. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2016;17(2):93-9.
  • Elalfy MS, Hamdy AM, Abdel Maksoud SS, Abdel Megeed RI. Pattern of milk feeding and family size as risk factors for iron deficiency anemia among poor Egyptian infants 6 to 24 months old. Nutr Res. 2012;32(2):93-9.
  • Grant CC, Wall CR, Brewster D, Nicholson R., Whitehall J, Super L, et al. Policy statement on iron deficiency in pre-school-aged children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2007;43(7-8):513-21.
  • Shaoul R, Gaitini L, Kharouba J, Darawshi G, Maor I, Somri M. The association of childhood iron deficiency anaemia with severe dental caries. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2012;101(2):76-9.
  • Alvarez JO, Lewis CA, Saman C, Caceda J, Montalvo J, Figueroa ML, et al. Chronic malnutrition, dental caries, and tooth exfoliation in peruvian children aged 3-9 years. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48(2):368-72.
  • Eshghi AR, Rezaiefar M, Razavi M, Zeighami S. Effect of iron containing supplements on rats' dental caries progression. J Dent. 2012;9(1):14-9.
  • Miguel JC, Bowen WH, Pearson SK. Effects of frequency of exposure to iron-sucrose on the incidence of dental caries in desalivated rats. Caries Res. 1997;31(3):238–43.
  • Torell P. Iron and dental caries. Swed Dent J. 1988;12(3):113–24.
  • Oppermann RV, Rölla G. Effect of some polyvalent cations on the acidogenicity of dental plaque in vivo. Caries Res. 1980;14(6):422–7.
  • Dunning JC, Ma Y. Anaerobic killing of oral streptococci by reduced. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64(1):27-33.
  • Wunder D, Bowen WH. Action of agents on glucosyltransferases from streptococcus mutans in solution and adsorbed to experimental pellicle. Arch Oral Biol. 1999;44(3):203-14.
  • Flink H. Studies on the prevalence of reduced salivary flow rate in relation to general health and dental caries, and effect of iron supplementation. Swed Dent J Suppl. 2007;3-50.
  • Mahantesha T, Parveen Reddy KM, Kamavaram Ellore VP, Ramagoni NK, Iitagi V, Anitha KS. Evaluation and association of iron deficiency anemia with salivary pH and buffering capacity in children aged 6–12 years. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2014;4:229–32.
  • Canatan D, Akdeniz SK. Iron and ferritin levels in saliva of patients with thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia. Mediterr Journal Hematol Infect Dis. 2012; 4(1): e2012051.
  • Schroth RJ, Harrison RL, Moffatt MEK. Oral health of indigenous children and the influence of early childhood caries on childhood health and well-being. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009;56(6):1481-99.
  • Tang RS, Huang MC, Huang ST. Relationship between dental caries status and anemia in children with severe early childhood caries. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2013;29(6):330-36.
  • Bansal K., Goyal M, Dhingra R. Association of severe early childhood caries with iron deficiency anemia. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2016;34(1):36-42.
  • Clarke M, Locker D, Berall G, Pencharz P, Kenny DJ, Judd P. Malnourishment in a population of young children with severe early childhood caries. Pediatr Dent. 2006;28:254-9.
  • Venkatesh Babu NS, Bhanushali PV. Evaluation and association of serum iron and ferritin levels in children with dental caries. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2017; 35(2):106-9.
  • Nagarajan U, Dhingra R, Chaudhuri P, Karunanand B, Arora P. Influence of full mouth rehabilitation on iron deficiency anemia status in children with severe early childhood caries. J Appl Dent Med Sci. 2017;3:2.
  • Nur BG, Tanrıver M, Altunsoy M, Atabay T, Intepe N. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in children with severe early childhood caries undergoing dental surgery under general anesthesia. Pediatr Dent J. 2016;26(2):83-7.
  • Amrollahi N, Tarrahi MJ. Iron deficiency anemia in children with and without dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Pediatr. 2022;32(4):e124071.
  • Sadeghi M, Darakhshan R, Bagherian A. Is there an association between early childhood caries and serum iron and serum ferritin levels? Dent Res J. 2012;9(3):294-98.

Şiddetli Erken Çocukluk Çağı Çürüğü ve Demir Eksikliği Anemisi İlişkisi

Year 2024, , 34 - 40, 25.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.55517/mrr.1325671

Abstract

Erken çocukluk çağı çürüklerinin agresif formunda özellikle düşük sosyoekonomik duruma bağlı olarak ağrı, enfeksiyon, çiğnemede zorluk sonucu beslenme yetersizliği görülmektedir. Beslenme yetersizliğine bağlı olarak demir eksikliği anemisi gelişmekte ve çocuğun yaşam kalitesini önemli ölçüde etkilenmektedir. Diş hekimleri özellikle küçük çocuklarda diş çürüğü gelişimini önlemek için koruyucu uygulamalara önem vermelidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı şiddetli erken çocukluk çağı çürükleri ile demir eksikliği anemisi arasındaki ilişkiyi güncel literatüre dayanarak ortaya koymaktır. Erken çocukluk çağı çürükleri ile demir eksikliği anemisi arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmek için literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla PubMed, Google Scholar, SpingerLink, Web of Science, Elsevier ScienceDirect, Scopus elektronik veri tabanlarında indekslenen makalelere “early childhood caries” ve “iron deficiency anemia” anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak erişim sağlanmış ve değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Literatürdeki çalışmalarda özellikle şiddetli erken çocukluk çağı çürükleri olan çocukların çürüksüz kontrol grubuna göre düşük ferritin ve hemoglobin düzeyleri sonucu demir eksikliği anemisine daha yatkın olduğu bildirilmektedir. Buna dayanarak şiddetli erken çocukluk çağı çürüklerinin çocuklarda malnütrisyon ve demir eksikliğine bağlı anemi için risk faktörü oluşturduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Diş hekimleri ve pediatristler demir içeren gıdaların tüketimi konusunda ebeveynlere önerilerde bulunmalıdır. Ayrıca demir eksikliği anemisi riskini azaltmak için erken çocukluk çağı çürüklerini önlemeye yönelik stratejiler geliştirilmelidir. Bu konu ile ilgili yetersiz beslenme durumu, yaşam tarzı ve sosyoekonomik risk faktörlerini incelemek için daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

References

  • Loesche WJ. Role of streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol Rev. 1986;50(4):353-80.
  • American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Policy on early childhood caries (ECC): classifications, consequences, and preventive strategies. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, III. 2020:79-81.
  • Drury TF, Horowitz AM, Ismail AI, Maertens MP, Rozier RG, Selwitz RH. Diagnosing and reporting early childhood caries for research purposes. J Public Health Dent. 1999;59(3):192-7.
  • GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10106):1211-59.
  • GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1789-858.
  • Kolker JL, Yuan Y, Burt BA, Sandretto AM, Sohn W, Lang SW, et al. Dental caries and dietary patterns in low-income African-American children. Paediatr Dent 2007;29(6):457–64.
  • Fisher-Owens SA, Gansky SA, Platt LJ, Weintraub JA, Soobader MJ, Bramlett MD, et al. Influences on children’s oral health: a conceptual model. Pediatrics. 2007;120(3):510-20.
  • Arora A, Schwarz E, Blinkhorn AS. Risk factors for early childhood caries in disadvantaged populations. J Investig Clin Dent. 2011;2(4):223-8.
  • Gussy MG, Waters EG, Walsh O, Kilpatrick NM. Early childhood caries: current evidence for aetiology and prevention. J Paediatr Child Health. 2006;42(1-2):37-43.
  • Kagihara LE, Niederhauser VP, Stark M. Assessment, management, and prevention of early childhood caries. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2009;21(1):1-10.
  • Azevedo TD, Bezerra AC, de Toledo OA. Feeding habits and severe early childhood caries in Brazilian preschool children. Pediatr Dent. 2005;11:28–33.
  • Schwendicke F, Dörfer CE, Schlattmann P, Page LF, Thomson WM, Paris S. Socioeconomic inequality and caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Res. 2015;94(1):10-8.
  • Schroth RJ, Levi J, Kliewer E, Friel J, Moffatt MEK. Association between iron status, iron deficiency anaemia, and severe early childhood caries: a case-control study. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13(1):1-7.
  • Feitosa S, Colares V, Pinkham J. The psychosocial effects of severe caries in 4-year-old children in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 2005;21:1550–6.
  • Petersen PE. Global policy for improvement of oral health in the 21st century - implications to oral health research of World Health Assembly 2007, World Health Organization. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2009;37(1):1-8.
  • Watt RG. Strategies and approaches in oral disease prevention and health promotion. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(9):711-18.
  • World Health Organization. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85839/WHO_NMH_NHD_MNM_11.1_eng.pdf
  • Baker RD, Greer FR. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Pediatrics. 2010;126(5):1040–50.
  • Özdemir N. Iron deficiency anemia from diagnosis to treatment in children. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics. 2015;50(1):11-9.
  • Black MM, Quigg AM, Hurley KM, Pepper MR. Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in the first two years of life: strategies to prevent loss of developmental potential. Nutr Rev. 2011;69(S1):64-70.
  • Murray-Kolb LE. Iron and brain functions. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013;16(6):703-7.
  • World Health Organization. Iron deficiency anemia; assessment, prevention, and control; a guide for programme managers. Geneva, Switzerland. 2001:47-62.
  • Kumar V, Choudhry VP. Iron deficiency and infection. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77(7):789-93.
  • Knovich MA, Storey JA, Coffman LG, Torti SV, Torti FM. Ferritin for the clinician. Blood Rev. 2009;23(3):95-104.
  • Erdoğdu Hİ, Atalay E, Kara F, Karaağaç Ö, Öner C. Evaluating serum ferritin level’s relation with metabolic parameters by gender: serum ferritin as an acute phase reactant. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. 2019;9(3):50-55.
  • Hioui ME, Farsi M, Aboussaleh Y, Ahami AO, Achicha A. Prevalence of malnutrition and anemia among preschool children in Kenitra, Morocco. Nutr Ther Metab. 2010;28:73-6.
  • Paglia L, Scaglioni S, Torchia V, De Cosmi V, Moretti M, Marzo G, et al. Familial and dietary risk factors in early childhood caries. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2016;17(2):93-9.
  • Elalfy MS, Hamdy AM, Abdel Maksoud SS, Abdel Megeed RI. Pattern of milk feeding and family size as risk factors for iron deficiency anemia among poor Egyptian infants 6 to 24 months old. Nutr Res. 2012;32(2):93-9.
  • Grant CC, Wall CR, Brewster D, Nicholson R., Whitehall J, Super L, et al. Policy statement on iron deficiency in pre-school-aged children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2007;43(7-8):513-21.
  • Shaoul R, Gaitini L, Kharouba J, Darawshi G, Maor I, Somri M. The association of childhood iron deficiency anaemia with severe dental caries. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2012;101(2):76-9.
  • Alvarez JO, Lewis CA, Saman C, Caceda J, Montalvo J, Figueroa ML, et al. Chronic malnutrition, dental caries, and tooth exfoliation in peruvian children aged 3-9 years. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48(2):368-72.
  • Eshghi AR, Rezaiefar M, Razavi M, Zeighami S. Effect of iron containing supplements on rats' dental caries progression. J Dent. 2012;9(1):14-9.
  • Miguel JC, Bowen WH, Pearson SK. Effects of frequency of exposure to iron-sucrose on the incidence of dental caries in desalivated rats. Caries Res. 1997;31(3):238–43.
  • Torell P. Iron and dental caries. Swed Dent J. 1988;12(3):113–24.
  • Oppermann RV, Rölla G. Effect of some polyvalent cations on the acidogenicity of dental plaque in vivo. Caries Res. 1980;14(6):422–7.
  • Dunning JC, Ma Y. Anaerobic killing of oral streptococci by reduced. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64(1):27-33.
  • Wunder D, Bowen WH. Action of agents on glucosyltransferases from streptococcus mutans in solution and adsorbed to experimental pellicle. Arch Oral Biol. 1999;44(3):203-14.
  • Flink H. Studies on the prevalence of reduced salivary flow rate in relation to general health and dental caries, and effect of iron supplementation. Swed Dent J Suppl. 2007;3-50.
  • Mahantesha T, Parveen Reddy KM, Kamavaram Ellore VP, Ramagoni NK, Iitagi V, Anitha KS. Evaluation and association of iron deficiency anemia with salivary pH and buffering capacity in children aged 6–12 years. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2014;4:229–32.
  • Canatan D, Akdeniz SK. Iron and ferritin levels in saliva of patients with thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia. Mediterr Journal Hematol Infect Dis. 2012; 4(1): e2012051.
  • Schroth RJ, Harrison RL, Moffatt MEK. Oral health of indigenous children and the influence of early childhood caries on childhood health and well-being. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009;56(6):1481-99.
  • Tang RS, Huang MC, Huang ST. Relationship between dental caries status and anemia in children with severe early childhood caries. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2013;29(6):330-36.
  • Bansal K., Goyal M, Dhingra R. Association of severe early childhood caries with iron deficiency anemia. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2016;34(1):36-42.
  • Clarke M, Locker D, Berall G, Pencharz P, Kenny DJ, Judd P. Malnourishment in a population of young children with severe early childhood caries. Pediatr Dent. 2006;28:254-9.
  • Venkatesh Babu NS, Bhanushali PV. Evaluation and association of serum iron and ferritin levels in children with dental caries. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2017; 35(2):106-9.
  • Nagarajan U, Dhingra R, Chaudhuri P, Karunanand B, Arora P. Influence of full mouth rehabilitation on iron deficiency anemia status in children with severe early childhood caries. J Appl Dent Med Sci. 2017;3:2.
  • Nur BG, Tanrıver M, Altunsoy M, Atabay T, Intepe N. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in children with severe early childhood caries undergoing dental surgery under general anesthesia. Pediatr Dent J. 2016;26(2):83-7.
  • Amrollahi N, Tarrahi MJ. Iron deficiency anemia in children with and without dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Pediatr. 2022;32(4):e124071.
  • Sadeghi M, Darakhshan R, Bagherian A. Is there an association between early childhood caries and serum iron and serum ferritin levels? Dent Res J. 2012;9(3):294-98.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Paedodontics
Journal Section Review
Authors

Özge Bektaş 0000-0002-6157-2534

Publication Date March 25, 2024
Submission Date July 11, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

Vancouver Bektaş Ö. Şiddetli Erken Çocukluk Çağı Çürüğü ve Demir Eksikliği Anemisi İlişkisi. MRR. 2024;7(1):34-40.