Covid-19 Enfeksiyonu Geçirenlerde Sosyal Medya Kullanımı Ve Algılanan Yalnızlık Düzeyinin Depresyonla Ilişkisi

Year 2024, , 68 - 78, 30.06.2024

Sıdıka Baziki Çetin , Öznur Akıl , Zeynep Çalışkan İlter

https://doi.org/10.55517/mrr.1400086

Abstract

Amaç: Çalışmamızda Covid-19 nedeniyle karantinaya alınan bireylerle, Covid-19 geçirmeyip karantinaya alınmayan kişilerin depresyon, anksiyete, sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve algılanan yalnızlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin karşılaştırılması ve değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Psikiyatri polikliniğine anksiyete ve depresyon belirtileri ile başvuran 92'si Covid-19 tanısı ile karantinaya alınmış, 97'si Covid-19 geçirmemiş ve karantinaya alınmamış 189 hasta çalışmaya katılmıştır. Katılımcılara sosyodemografik bilgi formu, Beck Depresyon Ölçeği, Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği, Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Formu, Algılanan Yalnızlık Ölçeği, Nomofobi Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Karantinaya alınan hastaların anksiyete düzeyleri alınmayanlara kıyasla anlamlı derecede yüksek ve algılanan yalnızlık düzeyleri ise anlamlı derecede düşük olarak saptanmıştır. Karantinaya alınan bireyler arasında depresyon ve anksiyete düzeyleri arasında orta düzey ve anlamlı bir ilişki (r=0,593), nomofobi ve sosyal medya bağımlılığı düzeyleri arasında orta düzeyde ve anlamlı bir ilişki (r=0,679) ve anksiyete ve yalnızlık düzeyleri arasında orta düzeyde ve anlamlı bir ilişki (r=0,404) tespit edilmiştir. Covid -19 geçirmemiş hastalar arasında nomofobi ile yalnızlık arasında zayıf ve anlamlı bir ilişki (r=0,295) ve nomofobi ile sosyal medya bağımlılığı arasında orta düzeyde ve anlamlı bir ilişki (r=0,609) gözlenmiştir. Sonuç: Çalışmamız, karantinanın olumsuz psikolojik etkilerle ilişkili olduğu ve bunun da kişinin yalnızlık hissi ve sosyal medya kullanımı ile ilişkili olduğu sonucuna varmıştır. Bu sorunlar, güvenilir kaynaklardan doğru bilgi edinilmesi ve sosyal medyaya sınırlı zaman ayrılmasıyla azaltılabilir.

Keywords

Anksiyete, Karantina, Sosyal medya

Social Media Use and Perceived Loneliness Level in Covid-19 Infected Patients and Its Relationship with Depression

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to compare and assess the connections between depression, anxiety, social media dependency, and perceived loneliness levels in individuals who were quarantined due to Covid-19 and those who were not affected by the virus and were not quarantined. Methods: The study involved 189 patients seeking treatment for anxiety and depression at a psychiatry outpatient clinic, with 92 of them being quarantined due to Covid-19 and 97 not being affected by the virus. Participants completed a sociodemographic information form, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Social Media Addiction Form, Perceived Loneliness Scale, and Nomophobia Scale. Results: Quarantined patients exhibited significantly higher anxiety levels and lower perceived loneliness levels compared to those who were not quarantined. Among individuals with Covid-19, there was a moderate and significant correlation between depression and anxiety levels (r = 0.509), a moderate and significant correlation between nomophobia and social media addiction levels (r = 0.580), and a moderate and significant correlation between anxiety and loneliness levels (r = 0.305). Among patients without Covid-19, a weak but significant correlation between nomophobia and loneliness (r = 0.295) and a moderate and significant correlation between nomophobia and social media addiction (r = 0.609) were observed. Conclusion: The study concluded that quarantine was linked to adverse psychological effects, which were also associated with feelings of loneliness and social media usage. These issues could potentially be alleviated by providing accurate information from reliable sources and by limiting social media usage.

Keywords

Anxiety, Quarantine, Social media

References

• Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet 2020; 395(10227): 912-20.
• Cetron M, Landwirth J. Public health and ethical considerations in planning for quarantine. YJBM 2005;78(5):329.
• Hawryluck L, Gold WL, Robinson S, Pogorski S, Galea S, Styra R. SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerging infectious diseases 2004;10(7):1206.
• Jeong H, Yim HW, Song YJ, Ki M, Min JA, Cho J et al. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiol Health 2016;38.
• Marjanovic Z, Greenglass ER, Coffey S. The relevance of psychosocial variables and working conditions in predicting nurses' coping strategies during the SARS crisis: an online questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud 2007;44:991-8.
• Smith RD. Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management. Soc Sci Med 2006; 63(12):3113-23.
• Banerjee D, Rai M. Social isolation in Covid-19: The impact of loneliness. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2020;66(6):525-7.
• Lodha P. Internet addiction, depression, anxiety and stress among Indian youth. Indian J. Mental Health 2018;5(4):427-42
• Panarese P, Azzarita V. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lifestyle: How young people have adapted their leisure and routine during lockdown in Italy. Young 2021;29(4_suppl):S35-64.
• Zhao N, Zhou G. Social media use and mental health during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Moderator role of disaster stressor and mediator role of negative affect. Appl. Psychol. Health Well-Being 2020;12(4):1019-38
• Kemp, S. (2018, January 30). Digital in 2018: World's internet users pass the 4 billion mark. Retrieved 01.02.2024, from https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report2018
• Eliaçık B. Covid-19 Pandemisinin İlk Aylarında Twitter Gönderilerinin Metinsel Analizi. Medical Research Reports 2022;10;5(3):136-48.
• Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown G. Beck depression inventory–II. Psychological assessment. 1996 Jan 1.
• Sorias O. Editörler: Güleç C, Köroğlu E, Psikiyatrik Derecelendirme Ölçekleri. Psikiyatri Temel Kitabı Cilt 1. Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği 1997:81-94.
• Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Ölçeği’nin bir Türk örnekleminde geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi 1988;6, 118-122.
• Steer RA, Ranieri WF, Beck AT, Clark DA. Further evidence for the validity of the beck anxiety inventory with psychiatric outpatients. J. Anxiety Disord. 1993; 7(3), 195-205
• Ulusoy M, Sahin NH, Erkmen H. Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: psychometric properties. J. Cogn. Psychother. 1998;12(2):163
• Russell D, Peplau LA, Cutrona CE. The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1980;39(3):472.
• Demir, A. UCLA yalnızlık ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi 1989; 7 (23), 14–8.
• Şahin C, Yağcı M. Sosyal Medya Bağimliliği Ölçeği-Yetişkin Formu: Geçerlilik Ve Güvenirlik Çalişmasi. Kırşehir Ahi Evren Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2017;18(1):523-38.
• Yildirim C, Correia AP. Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2015;49:130-7.
• Yildirim C, Sumuer E, Adnan M, Yildirim S. A growing fear: Prevalence of nomophobia among Turkish college students. Inf Dev. 2016;32(5):1322-31.
• Zwilling M. The impact of nomophobia, stress, and loneliness on smartphone addiction among young adults during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: An Israeli case analysis. Sustainability 2022;14(6):3229.
• Bano N, Khan MA, Asif U, de Beer J, Rawass H. Effects of nomophobia on anxiety, stress and depression among Saudi medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71(3):854-8.
• Farchakh Y, Hallit R, Akel M, Chalhoub C, Hachem M, Hallit S et al. Nomophobia in Lebanon: Scale validation and association with psychological aspects. PLoS One 2021;16(4):e0249890.
• Fernandes B, Biswas UN, Mansukhani RT, Casarín AV, Essau CA. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on internet use and escapism in adolescents. Rev. Psicol. Clin. con Ninos Adolesc 2020;7(3):59-65.
• Enez Darcin A, Kose S, Noyan CO, Nurmedov S, Yılmaz O, Dilbaz N. Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness. Behav. Inf. Technol 2016;35(7):520-5.
• Bian M, Leung L. Smartphone addiction: Linking loneliness, shyness, symptoms and patterns of use to social capital. Media Asia 2014;41(2):159-76.
• Wu S, Yao M, Deng C, Marsiglia FF, Duan W. Social isolation and anxiety disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown in China. J. Affect 2021;294:10-6.
• Pehlivan S, Ovayolu O, Ovayolu N, Sevinc A, Camci C. Relationship between hopelessness, loneliness, and perceived social support from family in Turkish patients with cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2012 Apr;20:733-9.
• Allington D, Duffy B, Wessely S, Dhavan N, Rubin J. Health-protective behaviour, social media usage and conspiracy belief during the COVID-19 public health emergency. Psychol. Med. 2021;51(10):1763-9.
• Gao J, Zheng P, Jia Y, Chen H, Mao Y, Chen S et al. Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. Plos one 2020;15(4):e0231924.
• Ro JS, Lee JS, Kang SC, Jung HM. Worry experienced during the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) pandemic in Korea. PloS one 2017;12(3):e0173234.
• Palgi Y, Shrira A, Ring L, Bodner E, Avidor S, Bergman Y et al. The loneliness pandemic: Loneliness and other concomitants of depression, anxiety and their comorbidity during the COVID-19 outbreak. J affect. 2020;275:109-11.
• Tso IF, Park S. Alarming levels of psychiatric symptoms and the role of loneliness during the COVID-19 epidemic: A case study of Hong Kong. Psychiatry res. 2020;293:113423.
• Sepúlveda-Loyola W, Rodríguez-Sánchez I, Pérez-Rodríguez P, Ganz F, Torralba R, Oliveira DV et al. Impact of social isolation due to COVID-19 on health in older people: mental and physical effects and recommendations. J Nutr Health Aging. 2020;24:938-47.