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Treatment of COVID 19

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: Özel Sayı, 17 - 31, 05.08.2020

Abstract

COVID pandemiac, arised from China at 2019 December and affecting wide world nowadays, is a wide clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to serious pneumonia. Currently, treatment protocols are based on suggestions from guidelines and clinical trials, but already there is no spesific treatment or prophylaxis method. Nevertheless hydroxychloroquine and favipiravir are in use in our country by the guidence of Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health COVID-19 Guidelines and found to be benefical . among pregnant patients lopinavir and ritonavir ar in use, instead of favipiravir. Recently publıshed data showed benefical effect of remdesivir. In management of COVID-19 no twith standing there is convinction that immune plasma is affective, there is lack of data. Recently, thrombosis , emerging among critical cases, revived antiaggregant treatment. Specific treatment searches are ongoing, and better planned scientific studies with larger number of cases are needed.

References

  • 1- Taisheng Lia , Hongzhou Lub and Wenhong Zhangc .Clinical observation and management of COVID-19 patients ;Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020; 9(1): 687–690. 2- Şener A. COVID-19 (SARS Cov-2) Treatment.J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. 2020;1(Özel Sayı):97-104 3- Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. 2020;395(10223):507-513. 4- Giuseppe Pascarella , Alessandro Strumia , Chiara Piliego , Federica Bruno , Romualdo Del Buono , Fabio Costa , et all. COVID-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review J Intern Med 2020 Apr 29;10. 5- James M. Sanders, Marguerite L. Monogue,Tomasz Z. Jodlowski, James B. Cutrell. Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) A Review. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1824-1836 6- WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports-154. 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200622-covid-19-sitrep-154.pdf?sfvrsn=d0249d8d_2 7- Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Guo et al. Mil Med Res 2020; 7: 11 8- Zhiqi Song , Yanfeng Xu , Linlin Bao , Ling Zhang , Pin Yu , Yajin Qu et al. From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronaviruses Into the Spotlight. Viruses 2019 Jan 14;11(1):59 9- Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, Majori G, Cauda R. Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today’s diseases? Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3(11):722-727 10- S.A. MEO , D.C. KLONOFF, J. AKRAM3. Efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 ;European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2020; 24: 4539-4547 11- Gbinigie K, Frie K. Should chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine be used to treat COVID19? A rapid review. BJGP Open 2020; 2020 Apr 7 12- Mathieu E. Rebeaud,Florian Zores. SARS-CoV-2 and the Use of Chloroquine as an Antiviral Treatment. Published online 2020 Apr 24. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00184 13- Algra A, Tijssen JG, Roelandt JR, Pool J, Lubsen J. QTc prolongation measured by standard 12-lead electrocardiography is an independent risk factor for sudden death due to cardiac arrest. Circulation. (1991) 83:1888– 94. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.83.6.1888 14- Liu J, Cao R, Xu M, Wang X, Zhang H et al. Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro..Cell Discovery (2020) 6:16 15- Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W and Xiao G: Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 30(3): 269-271, 2020. 16- Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends. 2020 17- Gao, Zhenxue Tian , Xu Yang Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies Jianjun. Biosci Trends 2020 Mar 16;14(1):72-73 18- Rafael Leite; RIERA, Rachel. Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for COVID-19 infection. Rapid systematic review. Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 1, mar. 2020 19- Gautret P, Lagier JG, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, MorganeMailhe et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2020. S0924-8579(20)30099-6 20- Yavuz Şimşek S., Ünal S. Antiviral treatment of COVID-19; Turk J Med Sci (2020) 50: 611-619 21- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus disease (COVID19). People who are at higher risk for severe illness. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-at-higher-risk.html. Accessed April 8, 2020 22- Henry B M, Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in children with novel coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020. 23- Miller A, Reandelar MJ, Fasciglione K, Roumenova V, Li Y, Otazu GH. Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study. medRxiv 2020 24- T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü COVID-19 Rehberi. 14 Nisan 2020 25- Mentré F, Taburet AM, Guedj J, et al (2015). Dose regimen of favipiravir for Ebola virus disease. Lancet Infect Dis, 15(2):150-151. 26- De Clercq E. New nucleoside analogues for the treatment of hemorrhagic fever virus infections. Chem Asian J 2019;14:3962–3968 27- Shiraki K, Daikoku T. Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections.Pharmacol Ther. 2020;107512. 28- Cai Q, Yang M, Liu D et al (2020). Experimental treatment with favipiravir for COVID-19: An openlabel control study. Engineering, https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.eng.2020.03.007 29- Bilim Kurulu Çalışması. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonu) Rehberi. TC. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü 14 Nisan 2020 Ankara https://covid19 bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/CO VID-19_Rehberi.pdf 30- Mc Creary EK, Pogue JM. Coronavirus disease 2019 treatment: A review of early and emerging options. EJMO 2020;4(2):116–125 31- US FDA. Remdesivir letter of EUA. https://www.fda.gov/media/137564/download (Accessed on May 01, 2020 32- John H. Beigel,Kay M. Tomashek, M.P.H., Lori E. Dodd, Aneesh K. Mehta, Barry S. Zingma. Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 -Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med 2020. 33- Kamps BS, Hoffmann C. The new mini-textbook by Kamps & Hoffmann. Steinhauser Verlag. Second Edition (6 April 2020). s115 34- Schrezenmeie E, Dörner T. Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology . Nature Reviews Rheumatology 2020; 16 (3): 155- 166. 35- Choy KT, Yin-Lam Wong A, Kaewpreedee P, Sin Fun Sia , Dongdong Chen , Kenrie Pui Yan Hu et al. Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARSCoV-2 replication in vitro. Antiviral Research 178 (2020) 104786 36- Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics 2020;14:58-60 37- Joseph T, Moslehi MA. International pulmonologist’s consensus group on COVID-19. 2020. s 21 38- Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 2020;395:1033-1034 39- Luo P, Liu Y, Qiu L, Liu X, Liu D, Li J. Tocilizumab treatment in COVID-19: a single center experience. J Med Virol 2020;10.1002/jmv.25801 40- Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus-induced Pneumonia, The 7th ed. (Released by National Health Commission & State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine on March 3, 2020) 41- Hüseyin Saffet Beköz1 , Hülya Bilgen2 , Seniye Sema Anak . Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19 A Randomized Clinical Trial, Convalescent Plasma Treatment and Results in COVID-19 Infections;s ağlık Bilimlerinde İleri Araştırmalar Dergisi 2020, Cilt 3, Ek Sayı 1 42- Chen L, Xiong J, Bao L, Shi Y. Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):398-400. 43- FDA. Recommendations for investigational COVID-19 convalescent plasma. April 13, 2020 https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-bloodbiologics/investigational-new-drugind-or-device-exemption-ide-processcber/recommendations-investigationalcovid-19-convalescent-plasma 44- Kai Duan, Bende Liu, Cesheng Li, Huajun Zhang, Ting Yu, Jieming Qu et al. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients National Academy of Sciences Apr 2020, 117 (17) 45- T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı Kan ve Kan Ürünleri Daire Başkanlığı Covid-19 İmmün (Konvalesan) Plazma Tedarik ve Klinik Kullanım Rehberi. 2020 46- Levi M, Van Der Poll T. Coagulation and sepsis. Thromb Res 2017;149:38-44 47- Luo, W.; Yu, H.; Gou, J.; Li, X.; Sun, Y.; Li, J.; Liu, L. Clinical Pathology of Critical Patient with Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19). Preprints 2020, 2020020407 48- Fox SE, Akmatbekov A, Harbert JL, Li G, Brown JQ, Vander Heide RS. Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in Covid-19: The First Autopsy Series from New Orleans medRxiv 2020.04.06.20050575

Covid 19 Enfeksiyon tedavisi

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: Özel Sayı, 17 - 31, 05.08.2020

Abstract

Covid 19; 2019 yılı aralık ayında çin’in wuhan bölgesinden başlayarak bugün tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alarak pandemi boyutuna ulaşmıştır. Asemptomatik hastalıktan ; ağır pnomoni klinğine kadar ilerleyen geniş bir klinik yelpazeye sahiptir. Tedavi protokolleri halen rehber önerileri ve klinik çalışmalar ile sınırlıdır ve henüz kullanıma girmiş spesifik bir tedavi ve profilaksi yöntemi mevcut değildir. Uluslararası rehberlerde tedavi protokollerinde yer alan hidroksiklorokin ve favipiravir ülkemizde de T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı COVID-19 rehberine göre tedavide kullanılmakta ve hastaların tedavisinde fayda sağlamaktadır. Gebelerde ise favipiravir kullanılamadığından lopinavir ve ritonavir kullanılmaktadır. Remdesivir, son zamanlarda COVID-19 için etkili olduğu çalışmalar mevcuttur. COVID-19 tedavisinde immün plazmanın da etkili olduğuna dair görüşler bulunsa da etkinliğine dair net bilimsel çalışmalar halen yetersizdir. Özellikle ileri evre olgularda komplikasyon olarak karşımıza çıkan tromboz antiagregan tedaviyi de gündeme getirmiştir. Spesifik tedavi arayışları devam etmekte ve daha iyi planlanmış geniş olgu sayılı bilimsel çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır

References

  • 1- Taisheng Lia , Hongzhou Lub and Wenhong Zhangc .Clinical observation and management of COVID-19 patients ;Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020; 9(1): 687–690. 2- Şener A. COVID-19 (SARS Cov-2) Treatment.J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. 2020;1(Özel Sayı):97-104 3- Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. 2020;395(10223):507-513. 4- Giuseppe Pascarella , Alessandro Strumia , Chiara Piliego , Federica Bruno , Romualdo Del Buono , Fabio Costa , et all. COVID-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review J Intern Med 2020 Apr 29;10. 5- James M. Sanders, Marguerite L. Monogue,Tomasz Z. Jodlowski, James B. Cutrell. Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) A Review. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1824-1836 6- WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports-154. 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200622-covid-19-sitrep-154.pdf?sfvrsn=d0249d8d_2 7- Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Guo et al. Mil Med Res 2020; 7: 11 8- Zhiqi Song , Yanfeng Xu , Linlin Bao , Ling Zhang , Pin Yu , Yajin Qu et al. From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronaviruses Into the Spotlight. Viruses 2019 Jan 14;11(1):59 9- Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, Majori G, Cauda R. Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today’s diseases? Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3(11):722-727 10- S.A. MEO , D.C. KLONOFF, J. AKRAM3. Efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 ;European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2020; 24: 4539-4547 11- Gbinigie K, Frie K. Should chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine be used to treat COVID19? A rapid review. BJGP Open 2020; 2020 Apr 7 12- Mathieu E. Rebeaud,Florian Zores. SARS-CoV-2 and the Use of Chloroquine as an Antiviral Treatment. Published online 2020 Apr 24. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00184 13- Algra A, Tijssen JG, Roelandt JR, Pool J, Lubsen J. QTc prolongation measured by standard 12-lead electrocardiography is an independent risk factor for sudden death due to cardiac arrest. Circulation. (1991) 83:1888– 94. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.83.6.1888 14- Liu J, Cao R, Xu M, Wang X, Zhang H et al. Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro..Cell Discovery (2020) 6:16 15- Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W and Xiao G: Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 30(3): 269-271, 2020. 16- Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends. 2020 17- Gao, Zhenxue Tian , Xu Yang Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies Jianjun. Biosci Trends 2020 Mar 16;14(1):72-73 18- Rafael Leite; RIERA, Rachel. Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for COVID-19 infection. Rapid systematic review. Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 1, mar. 2020 19- Gautret P, Lagier JG, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, MorganeMailhe et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2020. S0924-8579(20)30099-6 20- Yavuz Şimşek S., Ünal S. Antiviral treatment of COVID-19; Turk J Med Sci (2020) 50: 611-619 21- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus disease (COVID19). People who are at higher risk for severe illness. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-at-higher-risk.html. Accessed April 8, 2020 22- Henry B M, Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in children with novel coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020. 23- Miller A, Reandelar MJ, Fasciglione K, Roumenova V, Li Y, Otazu GH. Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study. medRxiv 2020 24- T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü COVID-19 Rehberi. 14 Nisan 2020 25- Mentré F, Taburet AM, Guedj J, et al (2015). Dose regimen of favipiravir for Ebola virus disease. Lancet Infect Dis, 15(2):150-151. 26- De Clercq E. New nucleoside analogues for the treatment of hemorrhagic fever virus infections. Chem Asian J 2019;14:3962–3968 27- Shiraki K, Daikoku T. Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections.Pharmacol Ther. 2020;107512. 28- Cai Q, Yang M, Liu D et al (2020). Experimental treatment with favipiravir for COVID-19: An openlabel control study. Engineering, https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.eng.2020.03.007 29- Bilim Kurulu Çalışması. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonu) Rehberi. TC. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü 14 Nisan 2020 Ankara https://covid19 bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/CO VID-19_Rehberi.pdf 30- Mc Creary EK, Pogue JM. Coronavirus disease 2019 treatment: A review of early and emerging options. EJMO 2020;4(2):116–125 31- US FDA. Remdesivir letter of EUA. https://www.fda.gov/media/137564/download (Accessed on May 01, 2020 32- John H. Beigel,Kay M. Tomashek, M.P.H., Lori E. Dodd, Aneesh K. Mehta, Barry S. Zingma. Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 -Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med 2020. 33- Kamps BS, Hoffmann C. The new mini-textbook by Kamps & Hoffmann. Steinhauser Verlag. Second Edition (6 April 2020). s115 34- Schrezenmeie E, Dörner T. Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology . Nature Reviews Rheumatology 2020; 16 (3): 155- 166. 35- Choy KT, Yin-Lam Wong A, Kaewpreedee P, Sin Fun Sia , Dongdong Chen , Kenrie Pui Yan Hu et al. Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARSCoV-2 replication in vitro. Antiviral Research 178 (2020) 104786 36- Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics 2020;14:58-60 37- Joseph T, Moslehi MA. International pulmonologist’s consensus group on COVID-19. 2020. s 21 38- Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 2020;395:1033-1034 39- Luo P, Liu Y, Qiu L, Liu X, Liu D, Li J. Tocilizumab treatment in COVID-19: a single center experience. J Med Virol 2020;10.1002/jmv.25801 40- Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus-induced Pneumonia, The 7th ed. (Released by National Health Commission & State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine on March 3, 2020) 41- Hüseyin Saffet Beköz1 , Hülya Bilgen2 , Seniye Sema Anak . Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19 A Randomized Clinical Trial, Convalescent Plasma Treatment and Results in COVID-19 Infections;s ağlık Bilimlerinde İleri Araştırmalar Dergisi 2020, Cilt 3, Ek Sayı 1 42- Chen L, Xiong J, Bao L, Shi Y. Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):398-400. 43- FDA. Recommendations for investigational COVID-19 convalescent plasma. April 13, 2020 https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-bloodbiologics/investigational-new-drugind-or-device-exemption-ide-processcber/recommendations-investigationalcovid-19-convalescent-plasma 44- Kai Duan, Bende Liu, Cesheng Li, Huajun Zhang, Ting Yu, Jieming Qu et al. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients National Academy of Sciences Apr 2020, 117 (17) 45- T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı Kan ve Kan Ürünleri Daire Başkanlığı Covid-19 İmmün (Konvalesan) Plazma Tedarik ve Klinik Kullanım Rehberi. 2020 46- Levi M, Van Der Poll T. Coagulation and sepsis. Thromb Res 2017;149:38-44 47- Luo, W.; Yu, H.; Gou, J.; Li, X.; Sun, Y.; Li, J.; Liu, L. Clinical Pathology of Critical Patient with Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19). Preprints 2020, 2020020407 48- Fox SE, Akmatbekov A, Harbert JL, Li G, Brown JQ, Vander Heide RS. Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in Covid-19: The First Autopsy Series from New Orleans medRxiv 2020.04.06.20050575
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Uğuz 0000-0002-3245-2162

Burak Eşkut This is me 0000-0002-2890-7988

Publication Date August 5, 2020
Submission Date June 23, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 3 Issue: Özel Sayı

Cite

Vancouver Uğuz M, Eşkut B. Covid 19 Enfeksiyon tedavisi. MRR. 2020;3(Özel Sayı):17-31.