Use of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Pediatric Dentistry

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 37 - 48, 18.09.2021

Meltem Karahan , Başak Eliaçık

Abstract

Silver diamine fluoride(SDF) is defined as a metal amine complex consist of silver fluoride. SDF is considered to arrest the progression of caries and protect teeth against caries. Application of SDF can potentially increase access to dental care, improve oral health, and reduce the need for urgent care and treatment. Among the advantages of caries treatment with SDF, pain and infection control, ease of use, low cost, non-invasive treatment procedure, saving time and not requiring experience can be counted. In this review, the use, mechanism and effects of SDF in pediatric dentistry will be evaluated in the light of the current literature.

Keywords

silver diamine fluoride, tooth decay, remineralisation

Çocuk Diş Hekimliğinde Gümüş Diamin Florürün Kullanımı

Abstract

Gümüş diamin florür(GDF), gümüş florürden oluşan bir metal amin kompleksi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. GDF' nin çürüğün ilerlemesini durdurduğu ve dişleri çürüğe karşı koruduğu düşünülmektedir. GDF uygulaması potansiyel olarak dental bakıma erişimi artırabilmekte, ağız sağlığını iyileştirebilmekte, acil bakım ve tedavi ihtiyacını azaltabilmektedir. GDF ile çürük tedavisinin avantajları arasında ağrı ve enfeksiyon kontrolü, kullanım kolaylığı, düşük maliyet, tedavi prosedürünün noninvaziv olması, zamandan tasarruf ve tecrübe gerektirmemesi sayılabilmektedir. Bu derlemede, GDF’nin çocuk diş hekimliğinde kullanımı, mekanizması ve etkileri mevcut literatür ışığında değerlendirilecektir.

Keywords

gümüş diamin florür, diş çürüğü, remineralizasyon

References

• 1. Chu CH. Treatment of early childhood caries: a review and case report. Gen Dent. 2000 Mar-Apr;48(2):142-8. PMID: 11199573.
• 2. Foster T, Perinpanayagam H, Pfaffenbach A, Certo M. Recurrence of early childhood caries after comprehensive treatment with general anesthesia and follow-up. J Dent Child (Chic). 2006 Jan-Apr;73(1):25-30. PMID: 16734310.
• 3. Andropoulos DB, Greene MF. Anesthesia and Developing Brains - Implications of the FDA Warning. N Engl J Med. 2017 Mar 9;376(10):905-907. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1700196. Epub 2017 Feb 8. PMID: 28177852.
• 4. Hendre AD, Taylor GW, Chávez EM, Hyde S. A systematic review of silver diamine fluoride: Effectiveness and application in older adults. Gerodontology. 2017 Dec;34(4):411-419. doi: 10.1111/ger.12294. Epub 2017 Aug 15. PMID: 28812312.
• 5. Gao SS, Zhang S, Mei ML, Lo EC, Chu CH. Caries remineralisation and arresting effect in children by professionally applied fluoride treatment - a systematic review. BMC Oral Health. 2016 Feb 1;16:12. doi: 10.1186/s12903-016-0171-6. PMID: 26831727; PMCID: PMC4736084.
• 6. Chu CH, Lee AH, Zheng L, Mei ML, Chan GC. Arresting rampant dental caries with silver diamine fluoride in a young teenager suffering from chronic oral graft versus host disease post-bone marrow transplantation: a case report. BMC Res Notes. 2014 Jan 3;7:3. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-3. PMID: 24383434; PMCID: PMC3880541.
• 7. Kim JS, Kuk E, Yu KN, Kim JH, Park SJ, Lee HJ, Kim SH, Park YK, Park YH, Hwang CY, Kim YK, Lee YS, Jeong DH, Cho MH. Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine. 2007 Mar;3(1):95-101. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2006.12.001. Erratum in: Nanomedicine. 2014 Jul;10(5):e1119. PMID: 17379174.
• 8. T. V. Slenters, I. Hauser-Gerspach, A. U. Daniels, and K. M. Fromm, “Silver coordination compounds as light-stable, nanostructured and anti-bacterial coatings for dental implant and restorative materials,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 18, no. 44, pp. 5359–5362, 2008.
• 9. C. Damm, H. Munstedt, and A. Rosch, “Long-term antimicrobial polyamide 6/silver-nanocomposites,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 42, no. 15, pp. 6067–6073, 2007.
• 10. Percival SL, Bowler PG, Russell D. Bacterial resistance to silver in wound care. J Hosp Infect. 2005 May;60(1):1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2004.11.014. PMID: 15823649.
• 11. Jung WK, Koo HC, Kim KW, Shin S, Kim SH, Park YH. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of the silver ion in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Apr;74(7):2171-8. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02001-07. Epub 2008 Feb 1. PMID: 18245232; PMCID: PMC2292600.
• 12. Bragg PD, Rainnie DJ. The effect of silver ions on the respiratory chain of Escherichia coli. Can J Microbiol. 1974 Jun;20(6):883-9. doi: 10.1139/m74-135. PMID: 4151872.
• 13. Russell AD, Hugo WB. Antimicrobial activity and action of silver. Prog Med Chem. 1994;31:351-70. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70024-9. PMID: 8029478.
• 14. Oppermann RV, Rølla G, Johansen JR, Assev S. Thiol groups and reduced acidogenicity of dental plaque in the presence of metal ions in vivo. Scand J Dent Res. 1980 Oct;88(5):389-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1980.tb01244.x. PMID: 6936766.
• 15. Wysor MS, Zollinhofer RE. On the mode of action of silver sulfadiazine. Pathol Microbiol (Basel). 1972;38(4):296-308. doi: 10.1159/000162423. PMID: 4629761.
• 16. Li YJ. [Effect of a silver ammonia fluoride solution on the prevention and inhibition of caries]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Ke Za Zhi. 1984 Jun;19(2):97-100. Chinese. PMID: 6596183.
• 17. Gotjamanos T. Pulp response in primary teeth with deep residual caries treated with silver fluoride and glass ionomer cement ('atraumatic' technique). Aust Dent J. 1996 Oct;41(5):328-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.1996.tb03142.x. PMID: 8961607.
• 18. Chu CH, Lo EC, Lin HC. Effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride and sodium fluoride varnish in arresting dentin caries in Chinese pre-school children. J Dent Res. 2002 Nov;81(11):767-70. doi: 10.1177/0810767. PMID: 12407092.
• 19. Llodra JC, Rodriguez A, Ferrer B, Menardia V, Ramos T, Morato M. Efficacy of silver diamine fluoride for caries reduction in primary teeth and first permanent molars of schoolchildren: 36-month clinical trial. J Dent Res. 2005 Aug;84(8):721-4. doi: 10.1177/154405910508400807. PMID: 16040729.
• 20. Lo EC, Chu CH, Lin HC. A community-based caries control program for pre-school children using topical fluorides: 18-month results. J Dent Res. 2001 Dec;80(12):2071-4. doi: 10.1177/00220345010800120901. PMID: 11808764.
• 21. Chu CH, Mei L, Seneviratne CJ, Lo EC. Effects of silver diamine fluoride on dentine carious lesions induced by Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces naeslundii biofilms. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2012 Jan;22(1):2-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2011.01149.x. Epub 2011 Jun 27. PMID: 21702854.
• 22. Mei ML, Li QL, Chu CH, Lo EC, Samaranayake LP. Antibacterial effects of silver diamine fluoride on multi-species cariogenic biofilm on caries. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2013 Feb 26;12:4. doi: 10.1186/1476-0711-12-4. PMID: 23442825; PMCID: PMC3599989.
• 23. Mei ML, Ito L, Cao Y, Lo EC, Li QL, Chu CH. An ex vivo study of arrested primary teeth caries with silver diamine fluoride therapy. J Dent. 2014 Apr;42(4):395-402. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.12.007. Epub 2013 Dec 25. PMID: 24373856.
• 24. Zhao IS, Gao SS, Hiraishi N, Burrow MF, Duangthip D, Mei ML, Lo EC, Chu CH. Mechanisms of silver diamine fluoride on arresting caries: a literature review. Int Dent J. 2018 Apr;68(2):67-76. doi: 10.1111/idj.12320. Epub 2017 May 21. PMID: 28542863.
• 25. Mei ML, Ito L, Cao Y, Li QL, Lo EC, Chu CH. Inhibitory effect of silver diamine fluoride on dentine demineralisation and collagen degradation. J Dent. 2013 Sep;41(9):809-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.06.009. Epub 2013 Jun 27. PMID: 23810851.
• 26. Buzalaf MAR, Pessan JP, Honório HM, Ten Cate JM. Mechanisms of action of fluoride for caries control. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:97-114. doi: 10.1159/000325151. Epub 2011 Jun 23. PMID: 21701194.
• 27. Lou YL, Botelho MG, Darvell BW. Reaction of silver diamine [corrected] fluoride with hydroxyapatite and protein. J Dent. 2011 Sep;39(9):612-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.06.008. Epub 2011 Jul 1. Erratum in: J Dent. 2012 Jan;40(1):91-3. PMID: 21745530.
• 28. Tjäderhane L, Nascimento FD, Breschi L, Mazzoni A, Tersariol IL, Geraldeli S, Tezvergil-Mutluay A, Carrilho MR, Carvalho RM, Tay FR, Pashley DH. Optimizing dentin bond durability: control of collagen degradation by matrix metalloproteinases and cysteine cathepsins. Dent Mater. 2013 Jan;29(1):116-35. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.08.004. Epub 2012 Aug 16. PMID: 22901826; PMCID: PMC3684081.
• 29. Chu CH, Lo EC, Lin HC. Effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride and sodium fluoride varnish in arresting dentin caries in Chinese pre-school children. J Dent Res. 2002 Nov;81(11):767-70. doi: 10.1177/0810767. PMID: 12407092.
• 30. Duangthip D, Chu CH, Lo EC. A randomized clinical trial on arresting dentine caries in preschool children by topical fluorides--18 month results. J Dent. 2016 Jan;44:57-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.05.006. Epub 2015 May 30. PMID: 26037274.
• 31. Lansdown AB. Silver in health care: antimicrobial effects and safety in use. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2006;33:17-34. doi: 10.1159/000093928. PMID: 16766878.
• 32. Mei ML, Ito L, Cao Y, Li QL, Chu CH, Lo EC. The inhibitory effects of silver diamine fluorides on cysteine cathepsins. J Dent. 2014 Mar;42(3):329-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.11.018. Epub 2013 Dec 4. PMID: 24316241.
• 33. Greenwall-Cohen J, Greenwall L, Barry S. Silver diamine fluoride - an overview of the literature and current clinical techniques. Br Dent J. 2020 Jun;228(11):831-838. doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-1641-4. PMID: 32541740.
• 34. Hiraishi N, Yiu CK, King NM, Tagami J, Tay FR. Antimicrobial efficacy of 3.8% silver diamine fluoride and its effect on root dentin. J Endod. 2010 Jun;36(6):1026-9. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.02.029. Epub 2010 Apr 24. PMID: 20478459.
• 35. Horst JA, Ellenikiotis H, Milgrom PL. UCSF Protocol for Caries Arrest Using Silver Diamine Fluoride: Rationale, Indications and Consent. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2016 Jan;44(1):16-28. PMID: 26897901; PMCID: PMC4778976.
• 36. Vasquez E, Zegarra G, Chirinos E, Castillo JL, Taves DR, Watson GE, Dills R, Mancl LL, Milgrom P. Short term serum pharmacokinetics of diammine silver fluoride after oral application. BMC Oral Health. 2012 Dec 31;12:60. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-12-60. PMID: 23272643; PMCID: PMC3538059.
• 37. Fung MHT, Wong MCM, Lo ECM, Chu CH (2013) Arresting Early Childhood Caries with Silver Diamine Fluoride-A Literature Review. Oral Hyg Health 1: 117. doi: 10.4172/2332-0702.1000117.
• 38. Yee R, Holmgren C, Mulder J, Lama D, Walker D, van Palenstein Helderman W. Efficacy of silver diamine fluoride for Arresting Caries Treatment. J Dent Res. 2009 Jul;88(7):644-7. doi: 10.1177/0022034509338671. PMID: 19641152.
• 39. Yamaga R, Nishino M, Yoshida S, Yokomizo I. Diammine silver fluoride and its clinical application. J Osaka Univ Dent Sch. 1972 Sep;12:1-20. PMID: 4514730.
• 40. Crystal YO, Janal MN, Hamilton DS, Niederman R. Parental perceptions and acceptance of silver diamine fluoride staining. J Am Dent Assoc. 2017 Jul;148(7):510-518.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2017.03.013. Epub 2017 Apr 27. PMID: 28457477; PMCID: PMC6771934.
• 41. Suge T, Kawasaki A, Ishikawa K, Matsuo T, Ebisu S. Effect of ammonium hexafluorosilicate on dentin tubule occlusion for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. Am J Dent. 2006 Aug;19(4):248-52. PMID: 16939033.
• 42. Suge T, Kawasaki A, Ishikawa K, Matsuo T, Ebisu S. Ammonium hexafluorosilicate elicits calcium phosphate precipitation and shows continuous dentin tubule occlusion. Dent Mater. 2008 Feb;24(2):192-8. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2007.03.009. Epub 2007 Jun 1. PMID: 17544103.
• 43. Castillo JL, Rivera S, Aparicio T, Lazo R, Aw TC, Mancl LL, Milgrom P. The short-term effects of diammine silver fluoride on tooth sensitivity: a randomized controlled trial. J Dent Res. 2011 Feb;90(2):203-8. doi: 10.1177/0022034510388516. Epub 2010 Nov 30. PMID: 21118796; PMCID: PMC6706813.
• 44. Duangthip D, Fung MHT, Wong MCM, Chu CH, Lo ECM. Adverse Effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride Treatment among Preschool Children. J Dent Res. 2018 Apr;97(4):395-401. doi: 10.1177/0022034517746678. Epub 2017 Dec 13. PMID: 29237131.
• 45. Okuyama T. [On the penetration of diammine silver fluoride into the carious dentin of deciduous teeth (author's transl)]. Shigaku. 1974 Feb;61(6):1048-71. Japanese. PMID: 4523119.
• 46. Isaksson M, Bruze M, Björkner B, Niklasson B. Contact allergy to Duraphat. Scand J Dent Res. 1993 Feb;101(1):49-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1993.tb01646.x. PMID: 8441896.
• 47. Quock RL, Barros JA, Yang SW, Patel SA. Effect of silver diamine fluoride on microtensile bond strength to dentin. Oper Dent. 2012 Nov-Dec;37(6):610-6. doi: 10.2341/11-344-L. Epub 2012 May 22. PMID: 22621162.
• 48. Camacho KJ, English JD, Jacob HB, Harris LM, Kasper FK, Bussa HI, Quock RL. Silver diamine fluoride and bond strength to enamel in vitro: A pilot study. Am J Dent. 2018 Dec;31(6):317-319. PMID: 30658379.
• 49. Wang AS, Botelho MG, Tsoi JK, Matinlinna JP. Effects of silver diammine fuoride on microtensile bond strength of GIC to dentine. Int J Adhes Adhes 2016; 70: 196–203.
• 50. Knight GM, McIntyre JM, Mulyani. The effect of silver fluoride and potassium iodide on the bond strength of auto cure glass ionomer cement to dentine. Aust Dent J. 2006 Mar;51(1):42-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2006.tb00399.x. PMID: 16669476.
• 51. Koizumi H, Hamama H H, Burrow M F. Effect of a silver diamine fuoride and potassium iodide-based desensitizing and cavity cleaning agent on bond strength to dentine. Int J Adhes Adhes 2016; 68: 54–61.
• 52. Hu S, Meyer B, Duggal M. A silver renaissance in dentistry. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2018 Aug;19(4):221-227. doi: 10.1007/s40368-018-0363-7. Epub 2018 Aug 9. PMID: 30094547.
• 53. Rossi G, Squassi A, Mandalunis P, Kaplan A. Effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on the dentin-pulp complex: ex vivo histological analysis on human primary teeth and rat molars. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2017 Apr;30(1):5-12. English. PMID: 28688180.
• 54. Mei ML, Nudelman F, Marzec B, Walker JM, Lo ECM, Walls AW, Chu CH. Formation of Fluorohydroxyapatite with Silver Diamine Fluoride. J Dent Res. 2017 Sep;96(10):1122-1128. doi: 10.1177/0022034517709738. Epub 2017 May 18. PMID: 28521107; PMCID: PMC5582683.
• 55. Mei ML, Chu CH, Low KH, Che CM, Lo EC. Caries arresting effect of silver diamine fluoride on dentine carious lesion with S. mutans and L. acidophilus dual-species cariogenic biofilm. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013 Nov 1;18(6):e824-31. doi: 10.4317/medoral.18831. PMID: 23722131; PMCID: PMC3854072.
• 56. Li L, Shi S. Comparison of the remineralizations of three preparations on deciduous enamel. Shanghai Med J 2001 24: 29–31.
• 57. Chu CH, Lo EC. Microhardness of dentine in primary teeth after topical fluoride applications. J Dent. 2008 Jun;36(6):387-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2008.02.013. Epub 2008 Apr 18. PMID: 18378377.
• 58. Rosas SGP, Tellez MAA, EspinozaII EV. In vitro efficiency of fluoride-containing compounds on remineralization of carious enamel lesions under cyclic pH conditions. Revista Odontologica Mexicana 2014 18: 96–104.
• 59. Knight GM, McIntyre JM, Craig GG, Mulyani, Zilm PS, Gully NJ. An in vitro model to measure the effect of a silver fluoride and potassium iodide treatment on the permeability of demineralized dentine to Streptococcus mutans. Aust Dent J. 2005 Dec;50(4):242-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2005.tb00367.x. PMID: 17016889.
• 60. Alves S, Maria T, Silva CA et al. Atividade Antimicrobiana de Produtos Fluoretados sobre Bacterias Formadoras do biofilme Dentario: Estudo in vitro. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clin Integr 2010 10: 209–216.
• 61. de Almeida Lde F, Cavalcanti YW, Valença AM. In vitro antibacterial activity of silver diamine fluoride in different concentrations. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2011;24(2):127-31. PMID: 22165309.
• 62. Igarashi S. Antibacterial Effect of Ag (NH3)2F solution on Streptococcus mutans in plaque. Jpn J Paediatr Dent 1978 16: 1–18.
• 63. Xiao J, Huang X, Alkhers N, Alzamil H, Alzoubi S, Wu TT, Castillo DA, Campbell F, Davis J, Herzog K, Billings R, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Hajishengallis E, Koo H. Candida albicans and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Caries Res. 2018;52(1-2):102-112. doi: 10.1159/000481833. Epub 2017 Dec 21. PMID: 29262404; PMCID: PMC5828948.
• 64. Ghasempour M, Sefidgar SA, Eyzadian H, Gharakhani S. Prevalence of candida albicans in dental plaque and caries lesion of early childhood caries (ECC) according to sampling site. Caspian J Intern Med. 2011 Fall;2(4):304-8. PMID: 24551436; PMCID: PMC3895827.
• 65. Fakhruddin KS, Egusa H, Ngo HC, Panduwawala C, Pesee S, Venkatachalam T, Samaranayake LP. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) used in childhood caries management has potent antifungal activity against oral Candida species. BMC Microbiol. 2020 Apr 15;20(1):95. doi: 10.1186/s12866-020-01776-w. PMID: 32295517; PMCID: PMC7161255.
• 66. Yu OY, Zhao IS, Mei ML, Lo ECM, Chu CH. Caries-arresting effects of silver diamine fluoride and sodium fluoride on dentine caries lesions. J Dent. 2018 Nov;78:65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.007. Epub 2018 Aug 13. PMID: 30114443.
• 67. Fung MHT, Duangthip D, Wong MCM, Lo ECM, Chu CH. Randomized Clinical Trial of 12% and 38% Silver Diamine Fluoride Treatment. J Dent Res. 2018 Feb;97(2):171-178. doi: 10.1177/0022034517728496. Epub 2017 Aug 28. PMID: 28846469; PMCID: PMC6429575.
• 68. Zhi QH, Lo EC, Lin HC. Randomized clinical trial on effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride and glass ionomer in arresting dentine caries in preschool children. J Dent. 2012 Nov;40(11):962-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.08.002. Epub 2012 Aug 11. PMID: 22892463.