Investigation of the Physiological and Histopathological Effects of Omega Acids (3, 6, 9) and Stearic Acid on Rats in Ischemia Reperfusion

Year 2024, , 12 - 23, 01.07.2024

Tuğba Karahan , Okan Arıhan , Gokhan Oto , Serkan Yildirim , Ahmet Ufuk Kömüroğlu , Fatih Karahan

https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.1371063

Abstract

Ischemia causes reversible or irreversible cell or tissue damage due to insufficient blood flow to the organ or tissue. In this study, our aim is to investigate the protective effect of omega 3, 6 9 and stearic acid application before ischemia reperfusion injury in the leg muscles. For this purpose, 70 female albino rats were divided into 10 groups. The study continued at the same dose for 14 days. In addition, these fatty acids were given to other groups without ischemia-reperfusion. After the application different faty acid, blood biochemical parameters of different fatty acids, oxidative stress parameters and histopathology of tissues (liver, kidney, muscle) were examined in rats. As a result, it was observed that omega 9 fatty acid has better protective properties compared to other omega fatty acids and stearic acid in terms of histopathological properties and oxidative stress index. Additionally, other fatty acids and stearic acid provided some degree of protection against the deleterious effects of ischemia-reperfusion

Keywords

Ischemia-reperfusion, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, omega fatty acids, stearic acid, oxidative stress

Project Number

TSA-2019-7136

Omega Asitleri (3, 6, 9) ve Stearik Asidin Sıçanlarda İskemi Reperfüzyon Hasarında Fizyolojik ve Histopatolojik Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Abstract

İskemi, organ veya doku kan akımının yetersizliğine bağlı olarak gelişen geri dönüşümlü veya geri dönüşümsüz hücre veya doku hasarına neden olur. Bu çalışmada, sıçanların bacak kaslarında (kuadriseps) oluşturulan iskemi-reperfüzyon hasarı öncesinde sıçanlara aynı dozda verilen farklı yağ asitleri omega 3, 6, 9 ve stearik asit yağ asitlerinin etkinliği araştırıldı. Bu çalışmada farklı yağ asitlerinin koruyucu etkisi; Omega-3, 6, 9 ve stearik asitin, 10 gruptaki (her biri n=7) 70 dişi Wistar-albino sıçan üzerinde iskemiye reperfüzyon hasarına karşı araştırılması. İnsan diyetinde bulunan farklı yağ asitleri (Omega-3, Omega-6, Omega-9 ve stearik asit) sıçanlara bacak kasında (kuadriseps) oluşan iskemi-reperfüzyon hasarından önce 14 gün boyunca aynı dozda uygulandı. Ayrıca bu yağ asitleri iskemi-reperfüzyon işlemi yapılmadan sadece diğer gruplara verildi. Uygulama sonrasında sıçanlarda farklı yağ asitlerinin kan biyokimyasal parametreleri, oksidatif stres parametreleri (toplam antioksidan ve oksidan durum ve oksidatif stres indeksi) ve histopatoloji (kuadriseps kası, karaciğer ve böbrek) açısından etkileri araştırıldı. Sonuçlar, omega 9 yağ asidinin iskemi reperfüzyon hasarına karşı koruyucu etki gösterdiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca diğer yağ asitleri ve stearik asit, iskemi-reperfüzyonun zararlı etkilerine karşı bir dereceye kadar koruma sağlar. Çalışmamızın sonuçları, uygulanan bu dozda omega 9 yağ asidinin histopatolojik özellikler ve oksidatif stres indeksi üzerine diğer omega asitler ve stearik asit ile karşılaştırıldığında daha iyi koruyucu olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

İskemi-reperfüzyon, toplam antioksidan durumu, toplam oksidan durumu, omega yağ asitleri, stearik asit, oksidatif stres.

Supporting Institution

yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi BAP birimi

Project Number

TSA-2019-7136

Thanks

This research was carried out by the Van Yuzuncu Yil University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit with the project number TSA-2019-7136.

References

• [1] Cotran R.S., Kumar V., Robbins S.L. Temel patoloji. Çevikbaş U (Çeviren) 5. Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel ve Yüce; 1995.
• [2] Herbert K.J., Hickey M.J., Lepore D.A., Knight K.R., Morrison W.A., Stewart A.G. Effects of the endothelin receptor antagonist Bosentan on ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rat skeletal muscle, Eur J Pharmacol, 424:59-67, 2001.
• [3] Welbourn C.R., Goldman G., Paterson I.S., Valeri C.R., Shepro D., Hechtman H.B. Pathophysiology of ischaemia reperfusion injury: central role of the neutrophil, Br J Surg, 78:651-5, 1991.
• [4] Petrasek P.F., Walker P.M. A clinically relevant small-animal model of skeletal muscle ischemia reperfusion injury, J Invest Surg, 7: 27–38, 1994.
• [5] Olguner C., Koca U., Kar A., Karci A., Ifllekel H., Canyilmaz M., Mavioĝlu O., Kizildaĝ S., Unlü A., Elar Z. Ischemic preconditioning attenuates the lipid peroxidation and remote lung injury in the rat model of unilPateral lower limb ischemia reperfusion, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 50: 150-5, 2006.
• [6] Slater T.F. Free radical mechanisms in tissue injury, J Biochem, 222:1–15, 1984.
• [7] Delabar J.M., Nicole A., D'Auriol L., Jacob Y., Meunier-Rotival M., Galibert F., Sinet P.M., Jérôme H. Cloning and sequecing of a rat CuZn Superoxide dismutase, Cdna. Eur J Biochem, 166: 181-7, 1987.
• [8] Kücükakın B., Gögenur I., Rosenberg J. Melatonin against surgical stress, Ugeskr Laeger, 169 (14):1306-8, 2007.
• [9] Aydıner Ç.Y., Pul M., İnan M., Bilgi S., Çakır E. Deneysel testiküler torsiyon modelinde Nasetilsistein doku hasarını önlemede rol oynayabilir mi?, Cumhuriyet Tıp Derg, 34: 46271, 2012.
• [10] Bang H.O., Dyerberg J. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Greenlandic west coast Eskimos, Acta Med Scand, 192: 85-94, 1972.
• [11] Das N.U. Essential fatty acids- A review, Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 7: 467-82, 2006.
• [12] Das U.N. Essential fatty acids: biochemistry, physiology and pathology, Biotechnol J, 1: 420-39, 2006.
• [13] Yılmaz H.R., Songur A., Ozyurt B., Zararsız I., Sarsılmaz M. The effects of n – 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by gavage on some metabolic enyzmes of rat liver, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 71 (2): 131-135, 2004.
• [14] Saravanan P., Davidson N.C., Schmidt E.B., Calder P.C. Cardiovascular effects of marine omega – 3 fatty acids, The Lanced, 376 (9740): 540-550, 2010.
• [15] Burns C.P., Spector A.A. Biochemical effects of lipid on canser therapy, J Nutr Biochem, 5: 114-123, 1994.
• [16] Aranson W.J., Glaspy J.A., Reddy S.T., Reese D., Heper D., Bagga D. Modulation of omega-3/ omega-6 polyunsaturated ratios with dietary fish oils in men with prostate cancer, Urology, 58(2): 283-288, 2001.
• [17] Rose D.P., Connoly J.M. Omega-3 fatty acids as chemopreventive agents, Pharmacol Ther, 83(3): 217-244, 1999.
• [18] Tapiero H., Ba G.N., Couvreur P., Tew K.D. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and eicosanoids in human health and pathologies, Biomed Pharmacother, 56(5): 215-222, 2002.
• [19] Din J.N., Newby D.E., Flapan A.D. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease fishing for a natural treatment, Br Med J, 328(7430): 330-335, 2004.
• [20] Watanabe A., Saito S., Tsuchida T., Higughi K., OKita M. Low plasma levels of docosahexaenoic acid in patients with liver cirrhosis and its correction with a polyunsatured fatty acid-enriched soft oil capsule, Appl Nutr Invest, 15(4): 284-288, 1999.
• [21] Young C., Martin A. Omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders. An overview, Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 25(3): 184-187, 2003.
• [22] Iraz M., Erdoğan H., Özyurt B., Özuğurlu F., Özgöçmen S., Fadıllıoğlu E. Omega-3 essential fatty acid supplementation and erythrocyte oxidant/antioxidant status in rats, Ann Clin Lab Sci, 35(2): 169-173, 2005.
• [23] Kigugawa K., Yasuhara H., Ando K., Koyama K., Hiramoto K., Suzuki M. Protective effect of supplementation of fish oil with high n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids against oxidative stress-induced DNA damage of rat liver in vivo, J Agric Food Chem, 51(20): 6073-6079, 2003.
• [24] Sarsılmaz M., Songur A., Özyurt H., Kuş İ., Özen O. A., Özyurt B., Söğüt S., Akyol Ö. Potential role of dietary ω-3 essential fatty acids on some oxidant/ antioxidant parameters in rats’ corpus striatum, Prostagl Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 69(4): 253-259, 2003.
• [25] Songur A., Sarsilmaz M., Sogut S., Ozyurt B., Ozyurt H., Zararsiz I., Turkoglu A.O. Hypotalamic superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidase, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde in rats fed with fish ω-3 fatty acids, Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 28(4): 693-698, 2004.
• [26] Wang H.H., Hung T.M., Wei J., Chiang A.N. Fish oil increases antioxidant enzyme activities in macrophages and reduces atherosclerotic lesions in apo E-knockout mice, Cardiovasc Res, 61: 169-176, 2004.
• [27] Meganathan M., Madhana Gopal K., Sasikala P., Mohan J., Gowdhaman N., Balamurugan K., Nirmala P., Santhakumari S., Samuel V. Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Effect of Omega 3-Fatty Acid against Paracetamol Induced Liver Injury in Albino Rats, Global Journal of Pharmacology, 5 (1): 50-53, 2011.
• [28] Konukoğlu D. Omega-3 ve omega-6 yağ asitlerinin özellikleri, etkileri ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ile ilişkileri, Türk Aile Hek Derg, 12(3): 121-129, 2008.
• [29] Yang W., Liu R., Xia C., Chen Y., Dong Z., Huang B., et al. Effects of different fatty acids on BRL3A rat liver cell damage, J Cell Physiol, 235(9): 6246-6256, 2020.
• [30] Blankenberg S., Rupprecht H.J., Bickel C., Torzewski M., Hafner G., Tiret L., et al. Glutathione Peroxidase 1 Activity and Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease, N Engl J Med, 349(17): 1605-13, 2020.
• [31] Chen P.Y., Wu C.Y.C., Clemons G.A., Citadin C.T., Silva A.C.E., Possoit H.E., et al. Stearic acid methyl ester affords neuroprotection and improves functional outcomes after cardiac arrest, Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 159 :102-138, 2020.
• [32] Shaw B., Lambert S., Wong M.H.T., Ralston J.C., Stryjecki C., Mutch D.M. Individual saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids trigger distinct transcriptional networks in differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics, 6(1): 1-15, 2013.
• [33] Micha R., Mozaffarian D. Saturated Fat and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes: a Fresh Look at the Evidence, Lipids, 45(10): 893–905, 2010.
• [34] Skrzep-Poloczek B., Stygar D., Chełmecka E., Nabrdalik K., Romuk E., Poloczek J., et al. Antioxidant Status in the Soleus Muscle of Sprague-Dawley Rats in Relation to Duodenal-Jejunal Omega Switch and Different Dietary Patterns, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular longevity, 2018: 3795070, 2019.
• [35] Boutry-Regard C., Vinyes-Parés G., Breuillé D., Moritani T. Supplementation with Whey Protein, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Polyphenols Combined with Electrical Muscle Stimulation Increases Muscle Strength in Elderly Adults with Limited Mobility: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Nutrients, 12(6): 1866, 2020.
• [36] Ali F.F., Rifaai R.A. Preventive effect of omega-3 fatty acids in a rat model of stress-induced liver injury, Journal of Cellular Physiology, 234(7): 11960-11968, 2018.
• [37] Mancardi D., Tullio F., Crisafulli A., Rastaldo R., Folino A., Penna C., et al. Omega 3 has a beneficial effect on ischemia/reperfusion injury, but cannot reverse the effect of stressful forced exercise, Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 19(1): 20-26, 2009.
• [38] Gülcen B., Özcan E., Kuş M.A., Saygılı Ö.K., Kaman D., Ögetürk M., et al. Positive effects of omega - 3 fatty acids on a group of metabolic enzyme activity in rat liver (Omega – 3 yağ asitlerinin siçan karaciğer dokusunda bir grup metabolik enzim aktivitesi üzerine olumlu etkileri), Balikesir Health Sciences Journal (Balikesir Saglik Bil Derg), 5 (2): 62, 2016.
• [39] Goradel N.H., Eghbal M.A., Darabi M., Roshangar L., Asadi M., Zarghami N., et al. Improvement of Liver Cell Therapy in Rats by Dietary Stearic Acid, Iran Biomed J, 20(4): 217-22, 2016.
• [40] Majeed I.A., Alshawi N. Effects of Omega-3 Co-Administered with Therapeutic Dose of lornoxicam on Male Rats' Liver, Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28(2): 159-164, 2019.
• [41] Li N., Wu H., Zhang R., Shu G., Wang S., Gao P., et al. Diet containing stearic acid increases food reward-related behaviors in mice compared with oleic acid, Brain Research Bulletin, 164: 45-54, 2020.
• [42] Xu H.E., Lambert M.H., Montana V.G., Parks D.J., Blanchard S.G., Brown P.J., et al. Molecular recognition of fatty acids by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, Mol Cell, 3(3): 397-403, 1999.
• [43] Pifferi F., Cunnane S.C., Guesnet P. Evidence of the Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain Glucose Metabolism, Nutrients, 12(5): 1382, 2020.
• [44] El-Fayoumi S.H., Mahmoud A.A.A., Fahmy A., Ibrahim I.A.A.E.H. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on glucose homeostasis: role of free fatty acid receptor 1, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 393:1797–1808, 2020.
• [45] Sahadewa S., Durry F.D., Pangkahila W., Pinatih G.N.I. Oral supplementation of the Extract of Fish oil to reduce fasting blood Glucose and Endothel damage but not Malondialdehyde level in diabetic male Wistar Rat (Rattus norvegicus), J Phys Conf Ser, 1469: 012009, 2020.
• [46] Simopoulos A.P. An increase in the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio increases the risk for obesity, Nutrients, 8: 128, 2016.
• [47] Zhang F.W., Tong J., Yan Y.S., Chen Q.Q., Zhao X.P. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid postconditioning protects the isolated perfused rat heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury, Cardiorenal Med, 8: 173–182, 2018.
• [48] Olayaki L.A., Adeyemi W.J., Yinusa J.S., Adedayo G.A. Omega-3 fatty acids moderate oxidative and proinflammatory events in experimental hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats: comparison with livolin, Synergy, 7: 17-24, 2018.
• [49] Pinheiro P.M.A., Campelo A.P.B.S., Guimarães S.B., Patrocínio R.M.V., Junior J.T.V., Vasconcelos P.R.L.V. Preconditioning with oil mixes of high ratio Omega-9: Omega-6 and a low ratio Omega-6: Omega-3 in rats subjected to brain ischemia/reperfusion, Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira, 26(1): 32-37, 2011.
• [50] Wendy Ip T.K., McAlindon A., Miller S.E., Bell J.R., Curl C.L., Huggins C.E., et al. Dietary omega-6 fatty acid replacement selectively impairs cardiac functional recovery after ischemia in female (but not male) rats, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 311: 768–780, 2016.
• [51] Wu S., Ding Y., Wu F., Li R., Hou J., Mao P. Omega-3 fatty acids intake and risks of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analysis, Neuroscie Biobehav Rev, 7: 48: 1-9, 2015.
• [52] Gholamhosseinian A., Abbasalipourkabir R., Ziamajidi N., Sayadi M., Sayadi K. The anti-inflammatory effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids dramatically decreases by iron in the hippocampus of diabetic rats, Life Sciences, 245: 117393, 2020.
• [53] Pereira F.E.X.G., Medeiros F.C., Rocha H.A.L., da Silva K.S. Effects of omega-6/3 and omega-9/6 nutraceuticals on pain and fertility in peritoneal endometriosis in rats, Acta Cir Bras, 34(4): 201900405, 2019.