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Examination the Availability of Renewable Resources in Ink Production

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 805 - 810, 13.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.804253

Abstract

Ink is one of the basic raw materials in the printing industry and it contains petrochemicals. When petrochemical substances in the ink structure are separated from the ink, it can be dangerous for human health and the environment. Especially when exposed to volatile organic compounds that are released into the air during printing, it causes occupational diseases. The damage caused by petrochemicals to the environment and human health has made it necessary to research renewable resources all over the world. In this direction, studies on the use of renewable resources in the printing industry are important. The purpose of this review is; to provide information for printing industry by examining the researches and results of the renewable resources in ink component and encourage this industry. For this purpose, national and international studies were researched, the necessary literature reviews were made and the printability effects of the research results were explained.

References

  • Robert T. Green ink in all colors-printing ink from renewable resources, Progress in Organic Coatings An International Journal, 78 287-292, 2014.
  • Arslan Z.K. Keton/Aldehit reçinelerinin mürekkep hazırlanmasında kullanımı, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, s. 3, 2015.
  • Ülgen M., Oktav M., Gençoğlu E.N. Matbaacının mürekkep hakkında bilmesi gerekenler, Basev Yayınları, Haziran 2012, s. 310, 2012.
  • Erhan S.Z., Nelsen T.C. Comparisons of volatile organic chemical content of news, Sheetfed and Heatset Ink Formulations, JAOCS, 78 419-422, 2001.
  • Ülgen M., Oktav M., Çakır N. Grafik sanatları için kimya, Basev, s. 379, 2019.
  • Erhan S.Z., Bagby M.O. Lithographic and letterpress ink vehicles from vegetable oils, JAOCS, 68 635-638, 1991.
  • Roy A.S., Bhattacharjee M., Mondal R., Ghosh S. Development of mineral oil free offset printing ink using vegetable oil esters. Journal of Oleo Science, 56 623-628, 2007.
  • Yürekli Ş. Reçine ve boya teknolojisi, Cilt 1, Marshall Boya ve Vernik sanayii A.Ş. Yayını, s. 39, 1995.
  • Jansen M., Letschert H.P. Inorganic yellow-red pigments without toxic metals, Macmillan Magazines, Letters to Nature. 404 980-982, 2000.
  • Erhan S. Z., Bagby M.O. Polymerization of vegetable oils and their uses in printing inks, Journal of The American Oil Chemists’ Society, 71 1223-1226, 1994.
  • Sabin P., Benjelloun-Mlayah B., Delmas M. Offset printing inks based on rapeseed and sunflower oil. part I: synthesis and characterization of rapeseed oiland sunflower oil-modified alkyd resins, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 74 481- 489, 1997.
  • Ha Y.B., Jin M.Y., Oh S.S., Ryu D.H. Synthesis of an environmentally friendly phenol-free resin for printing ink, Bulletin of The Korean Chemical Society, 33 3413-3416, 2012.
  • Park J.M., Kim Y.H., Kim S.B. Development of solvent-free offset ink using vegetable oil esters and high molecular-weight resin, Journal of Oleo Science, 62 345-352, 2013.
  • Phunphoem S., Saravari O., Supaphol P. Alkyd printing inks from waste frying oil, Walailak J Sci Tech, 17 811-824, 2020.
  • Chiplunkar P. P., Pratap A. P. Utilization of sunflower acid oil for synthesis of alkyd resin, Progress in Organic Coatings, 93 61-67, 2016.
  • Daugherty J. A Realistic Appraisal of Soy Oil Printing Inks - 2007, Napim Bulletin, 07-15, s. 1-5, 2007.
  • Wei W., Wang S., Hao J., Cheng S. Projection of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions in China for the period 2010-2020, Atmospheric Environment, 45 6863-6871, 2011.
  • Alabdulhadi A., Ramadan A., Devey P., Boggess M., Guest M. Inhalation exposure to volatile organic compoundsin the printing industry, Journal of the Air Waste Management Association, 69 1142-1169, 2019.
  • Word health organization international agency for research on cancer, IARC monographson the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Printing pprocesses and printing inks, carbon black and sorne nitro compounds, s. 59, 1996. (https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono65.pdf), erişim tarihi 15.09.2020
  • Aksoy H., Yılmaz S., Çelik M., Yüzbaşıoğlu D., Ünal F. Genotoxicity study in lymphocytes of offset printingworkers, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 26 10-15, 2006.
  • Yenidoğan S., Matbaa mürekkeplerinde kullanılan renklendirici maddeler ve analizleri için kromatografik yöntemlerimn geliştirilmesi, Marmara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Matbaa Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi, İstanbul, s. 57. 2005.
  • Porwal T. Paint pollution harmful effects on environment, Social Issues and Environmental Problems, 3 1-4, 2015.
  • Dharavath HN, Hahn K. Green printing: colorimetric and densitometric analysis of solvent-based and vegetable oil-based inks of multicolor offset printing. J Tech Stud., 35 36–46, 2010.
  • Chetehouna K. Volatile organic compounds: emission, pollution and control, New York: Nova Science Publishers, s. 169, 2014.
  • Kalafatoğlu E., Örs N., Özdemir S.S. Uçucu organik bileşiklerin (VOC) teknolojik ve ekonomik açıdan optimum geri kazanılması ve/veya çevreye zararsız duruma getirilmesi, Arıtım Dünyası, 18 37-50, 2000.
  • Biswas M., Paul A., Dey M., Dey A., Bandyopadhyay A. Influence of a biobased reagent on properties of industrial resin for printing ink application vis-a-vis comparison with standard commercial resin, Polymers From Renewable Resources, 9 59-74, 2018.
  • Kipphan H. Handbook of print media technologies and production methods, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, s. 131, 2001.
  • Roy A.S., Bhattacharjee M., Mondal R., Ghosh S. Development of mineral oil free offset printing ink using vegetable oil esters, Journal of Oleo Science, 56 623-628, 2007.
  • Bhattacharjee M., Roy A.S., Ghosh S., Dey M. Development of karanja oil based offset printing ink in comparison with linseed oil, Journal of Oleo Science, 60 19-24, 2011.
  • Yürekli Ş. Reçine ve boya teknolojisi, Cilt 2, Marshall Boya ve Vernik Sanayii A.Ş. Yayını, s. 88, 1997.
  • Leach R.H., Armstrong C., Brown J.F., Mackenzie M.J., Randall L., Smith H.G. The printing ink manual, Van Nostrand Reinhold (International) Co. Ltd., England, s. 1-192, 1988.
  • Tanıştan B., Turan S. Fe-Cr siyah seramik pigment üretiminde ferrokrom kullanımı, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 2 53-65, 2010.
  • Leung M. K. H., Liu C. H., Chan A. H. S. Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds and mitigation by push-pull local exhaust ventilation in printing plants, J Occup Health, 47 540-547, 2005.
  • Djogo M., Kiurski J., Adamovi D., Miloradov M. V., Radonic J., Turk-Sekulic M. Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in printing facility in Novi Sad, International Journal Of Engineering, 9 101-104, 2011.
  • Giod A., Netoa F. R. A. Exposure to high levels of volatile organic compounds and other pollutants in a printing facility in rio de janeiro Brazil, Indoor Built Environ, 11 302-311, 2002.
  • Aydemir C., Özakhun C. Matbaa malzeme bilimi, Marmara Üniversitesi Yayınevi, s. 225, 2014.
  • Wadden R.A., Scheff P.A., Franks J.E., Conroy L.M. Determination of VOC emission rates and compositionsfor offset printing, Journal of the Air Waste Management Association, 45 547-555 1995.
  • Report prepared in consultation with the NSW Environment Protection Authority (EPA). https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d2cd/5c09fcb042badb06a31809dd299dc580f986.pdf, erişim tarihi: 07.09.2020.
  • Godoi A.F.L., Sawada E.Y., Marchi M.R.R., Grieken R. V., Godoi R.H.M. Determination of BTEX by GC–MS in air of offset printing plants: comparison between conventional and ecological inks, Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus, 9 163-169, 2009.
  • Rosli W.D.W., Kumar R.N., Zah S.M., Hilmi M.M. UV radiation curing of epoxidized palm oil-cycloaliphatic diepoxide system induced by cationic photoinitiators for surface coatings, European Polymer Journal, 39 593-600, 2003.
  • Ural E., Özomay Z., Özdemir L. Palm yağı katkılı mürekkeplerin baskı kalitesine etkisinin belirlenmesi, MSU Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 6 534, 2018.
  • Jelena K., Branislav M., Dragan A., Aleksandra M., Selena G., Ivana O., Jelena K. Register of hazardous materials in printing industry as a tool for sustainabledevelopment management, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16 660-667, 2012.
  • Prica M., Kecić V., Adamović S., Radonić J., Turk Sekulić M. Occupational exposure to hazardous substances in printing industry, Proceedings of 8th International Engineering Symposium at Bánki, Proceedings of 8th International Engineering, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary, 1-8, 2016.
  • Caselli M., Gennaro G., Saracino M.R., Tutino M. Indoor contaminants from newspapers: VOCs emissions in newspaper stands, Environmental Research, 109 149-157, 2009.
  • Tsai C.J., Mao I.F., Ting J.Y., Young C.H., Lin j. S., Li W.L. Quality of chemical safety information in printing industry, Ann Occup Hyg., 60 361-370, 2015.
  • Erhan S.Z., Bagby M.O. Vegetable-oil-based printing ink formulation and degradation, Industrial Crops and Products an International Journal, 3 237-246, 1995.
  • Bartlett I. W., Dalton A. J. P., Mcguinness A., Palmer H. Substitution of organic solvent cleaning agents in the lithographic printing industry, The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 43 83-90, 1999.
  • USEPA. Initial List of Hazardous Air Pollutants with Modifications, United States Environmental Protection Agency, (https://www.epa.gov/haps/initial-list-hazardous-air-pollutants-modifications), erişim tarihi 15.09.2020.
  • Aydemir C., Yenidoğan S., Karademir A., Kandırmaz E.A. The examination of vegetable and mineral oil based inks’ effects on print quality: green printing effects with different oils, Journal of Applied Biomaterials Functional Materials, 1-7 137-143, 2018.
  • Bruno P., Caselli M., Gennaro G., Iacobellis S., Tutino M. Monitoring of volatile organic compounds in non-residential indoor environments, Indoor Air, 18 250-256, 2008.
  • Morkbak A., Degn P., Zimmermann W. Deinking of soy bean oil based ink printed paper with lipasesand a neutral surfactan, Journal of Biotechnology, 67 229-236, 1999.

Yenilenebilir Kaynakların Mürekkep Üretiminde Kullanılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 805 - 810, 13.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.804253

Abstract

Basım sektöründe mürekkep temel hammaddelerden birisi olarak yer almaktadır ve yapısında petrokimyasal maddeler de bulunmaktadır. Mürekkebin yapısında yer alan petrokimyasal maddeler mürekkepten ayrıldığında insan sağlığı ve çevre için tehlikeli olabilmektedir. Özellikle baskı esnasında havaya karışan uçucu organik bileşiklere fazla maruz kalındığında meslek hastalıklarına neden olmaktadır. Petrokimyasal maddelerin çevreye ve insan sağlığına verdiği zararlar tüm dünyada yenilenebilir kaynakların araştırılmasını gereklilik haline getirmiştir. Bu doğrultuda basım endüstrisinde yenilebilir kaynakların kullanımına ilişkin yapılan çalışmalar önem arz etmektedir. Bu incelemenin amacı; mürekkep bileşeninde yenilenebilir kaynakların kullanılabilirliğine ilişkin yapılan araştırmaları ve sonuçlarını irdeleyerek basım sektörüne bilgi sağlamak ve teşvik etmektir. Bu amaçla ulusal ve uluslararası çalışmalar araştırılmış, gerekli literatür taramaları yapılarak irdelenmiş ve araştırma sonuçlarının basılabilirlik etkileri ortaya konulmuştur.

References

  • Robert T. Green ink in all colors-printing ink from renewable resources, Progress in Organic Coatings An International Journal, 78 287-292, 2014.
  • Arslan Z.K. Keton/Aldehit reçinelerinin mürekkep hazırlanmasında kullanımı, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, s. 3, 2015.
  • Ülgen M., Oktav M., Gençoğlu E.N. Matbaacının mürekkep hakkında bilmesi gerekenler, Basev Yayınları, Haziran 2012, s. 310, 2012.
  • Erhan S.Z., Nelsen T.C. Comparisons of volatile organic chemical content of news, Sheetfed and Heatset Ink Formulations, JAOCS, 78 419-422, 2001.
  • Ülgen M., Oktav M., Çakır N. Grafik sanatları için kimya, Basev, s. 379, 2019.
  • Erhan S.Z., Bagby M.O. Lithographic and letterpress ink vehicles from vegetable oils, JAOCS, 68 635-638, 1991.
  • Roy A.S., Bhattacharjee M., Mondal R., Ghosh S. Development of mineral oil free offset printing ink using vegetable oil esters. Journal of Oleo Science, 56 623-628, 2007.
  • Yürekli Ş. Reçine ve boya teknolojisi, Cilt 1, Marshall Boya ve Vernik sanayii A.Ş. Yayını, s. 39, 1995.
  • Jansen M., Letschert H.P. Inorganic yellow-red pigments without toxic metals, Macmillan Magazines, Letters to Nature. 404 980-982, 2000.
  • Erhan S. Z., Bagby M.O. Polymerization of vegetable oils and their uses in printing inks, Journal of The American Oil Chemists’ Society, 71 1223-1226, 1994.
  • Sabin P., Benjelloun-Mlayah B., Delmas M. Offset printing inks based on rapeseed and sunflower oil. part I: synthesis and characterization of rapeseed oiland sunflower oil-modified alkyd resins, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 74 481- 489, 1997.
  • Ha Y.B., Jin M.Y., Oh S.S., Ryu D.H. Synthesis of an environmentally friendly phenol-free resin for printing ink, Bulletin of The Korean Chemical Society, 33 3413-3416, 2012.
  • Park J.M., Kim Y.H., Kim S.B. Development of solvent-free offset ink using vegetable oil esters and high molecular-weight resin, Journal of Oleo Science, 62 345-352, 2013.
  • Phunphoem S., Saravari O., Supaphol P. Alkyd printing inks from waste frying oil, Walailak J Sci Tech, 17 811-824, 2020.
  • Chiplunkar P. P., Pratap A. P. Utilization of sunflower acid oil for synthesis of alkyd resin, Progress in Organic Coatings, 93 61-67, 2016.
  • Daugherty J. A Realistic Appraisal of Soy Oil Printing Inks - 2007, Napim Bulletin, 07-15, s. 1-5, 2007.
  • Wei W., Wang S., Hao J., Cheng S. Projection of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions in China for the period 2010-2020, Atmospheric Environment, 45 6863-6871, 2011.
  • Alabdulhadi A., Ramadan A., Devey P., Boggess M., Guest M. Inhalation exposure to volatile organic compoundsin the printing industry, Journal of the Air Waste Management Association, 69 1142-1169, 2019.
  • Word health organization international agency for research on cancer, IARC monographson the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Printing pprocesses and printing inks, carbon black and sorne nitro compounds, s. 59, 1996. (https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono65.pdf), erişim tarihi 15.09.2020
  • Aksoy H., Yılmaz S., Çelik M., Yüzbaşıoğlu D., Ünal F. Genotoxicity study in lymphocytes of offset printingworkers, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 26 10-15, 2006.
  • Yenidoğan S., Matbaa mürekkeplerinde kullanılan renklendirici maddeler ve analizleri için kromatografik yöntemlerimn geliştirilmesi, Marmara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Matbaa Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi, İstanbul, s. 57. 2005.
  • Porwal T. Paint pollution harmful effects on environment, Social Issues and Environmental Problems, 3 1-4, 2015.
  • Dharavath HN, Hahn K. Green printing: colorimetric and densitometric analysis of solvent-based and vegetable oil-based inks of multicolor offset printing. J Tech Stud., 35 36–46, 2010.
  • Chetehouna K. Volatile organic compounds: emission, pollution and control, New York: Nova Science Publishers, s. 169, 2014.
  • Kalafatoğlu E., Örs N., Özdemir S.S. Uçucu organik bileşiklerin (VOC) teknolojik ve ekonomik açıdan optimum geri kazanılması ve/veya çevreye zararsız duruma getirilmesi, Arıtım Dünyası, 18 37-50, 2000.
  • Biswas M., Paul A., Dey M., Dey A., Bandyopadhyay A. Influence of a biobased reagent on properties of industrial resin for printing ink application vis-a-vis comparison with standard commercial resin, Polymers From Renewable Resources, 9 59-74, 2018.
  • Kipphan H. Handbook of print media technologies and production methods, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, s. 131, 2001.
  • Roy A.S., Bhattacharjee M., Mondal R., Ghosh S. Development of mineral oil free offset printing ink using vegetable oil esters, Journal of Oleo Science, 56 623-628, 2007.
  • Bhattacharjee M., Roy A.S., Ghosh S., Dey M. Development of karanja oil based offset printing ink in comparison with linseed oil, Journal of Oleo Science, 60 19-24, 2011.
  • Yürekli Ş. Reçine ve boya teknolojisi, Cilt 2, Marshall Boya ve Vernik Sanayii A.Ş. Yayını, s. 88, 1997.
  • Leach R.H., Armstrong C., Brown J.F., Mackenzie M.J., Randall L., Smith H.G. The printing ink manual, Van Nostrand Reinhold (International) Co. Ltd., England, s. 1-192, 1988.
  • Tanıştan B., Turan S. Fe-Cr siyah seramik pigment üretiminde ferrokrom kullanımı, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 2 53-65, 2010.
  • Leung M. K. H., Liu C. H., Chan A. H. S. Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds and mitigation by push-pull local exhaust ventilation in printing plants, J Occup Health, 47 540-547, 2005.
  • Djogo M., Kiurski J., Adamovi D., Miloradov M. V., Radonic J., Turk-Sekulic M. Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in printing facility in Novi Sad, International Journal Of Engineering, 9 101-104, 2011.
  • Giod A., Netoa F. R. A. Exposure to high levels of volatile organic compounds and other pollutants in a printing facility in rio de janeiro Brazil, Indoor Built Environ, 11 302-311, 2002.
  • Aydemir C., Özakhun C. Matbaa malzeme bilimi, Marmara Üniversitesi Yayınevi, s. 225, 2014.
  • Wadden R.A., Scheff P.A., Franks J.E., Conroy L.M. Determination of VOC emission rates and compositionsfor offset printing, Journal of the Air Waste Management Association, 45 547-555 1995.
  • Report prepared in consultation with the NSW Environment Protection Authority (EPA). https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d2cd/5c09fcb042badb06a31809dd299dc580f986.pdf, erişim tarihi: 07.09.2020.
  • Godoi A.F.L., Sawada E.Y., Marchi M.R.R., Grieken R. V., Godoi R.H.M. Determination of BTEX by GC–MS in air of offset printing plants: comparison between conventional and ecological inks, Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus, 9 163-169, 2009.
  • Rosli W.D.W., Kumar R.N., Zah S.M., Hilmi M.M. UV radiation curing of epoxidized palm oil-cycloaliphatic diepoxide system induced by cationic photoinitiators for surface coatings, European Polymer Journal, 39 593-600, 2003.
  • Ural E., Özomay Z., Özdemir L. Palm yağı katkılı mürekkeplerin baskı kalitesine etkisinin belirlenmesi, MSU Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 6 534, 2018.
  • Jelena K., Branislav M., Dragan A., Aleksandra M., Selena G., Ivana O., Jelena K. Register of hazardous materials in printing industry as a tool for sustainabledevelopment management, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16 660-667, 2012.
  • Prica M., Kecić V., Adamović S., Radonić J., Turk Sekulić M. Occupational exposure to hazardous substances in printing industry, Proceedings of 8th International Engineering Symposium at Bánki, Proceedings of 8th International Engineering, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary, 1-8, 2016.
  • Caselli M., Gennaro G., Saracino M.R., Tutino M. Indoor contaminants from newspapers: VOCs emissions in newspaper stands, Environmental Research, 109 149-157, 2009.
  • Tsai C.J., Mao I.F., Ting J.Y., Young C.H., Lin j. S., Li W.L. Quality of chemical safety information in printing industry, Ann Occup Hyg., 60 361-370, 2015.
  • Erhan S.Z., Bagby M.O. Vegetable-oil-based printing ink formulation and degradation, Industrial Crops and Products an International Journal, 3 237-246, 1995.
  • Bartlett I. W., Dalton A. J. P., Mcguinness A., Palmer H. Substitution of organic solvent cleaning agents in the lithographic printing industry, The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 43 83-90, 1999.
  • USEPA. Initial List of Hazardous Air Pollutants with Modifications, United States Environmental Protection Agency, (https://www.epa.gov/haps/initial-list-hazardous-air-pollutants-modifications), erişim tarihi 15.09.2020.
  • Aydemir C., Yenidoğan S., Karademir A., Kandırmaz E.A. The examination of vegetable and mineral oil based inks’ effects on print quality: green printing effects with different oils, Journal of Applied Biomaterials Functional Materials, 1-7 137-143, 2018.
  • Bruno P., Caselli M., Gennaro G., Iacobellis S., Tutino M. Monitoring of volatile organic compounds in non-residential indoor environments, Indoor Air, 18 250-256, 2008.
  • Morkbak A., Degn P., Zimmermann W. Deinking of soy bean oil based ink printed paper with lipasesand a neutral surfactan, Journal of Biotechnology, 67 229-236, 1999.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Pelin Hayta 0000-0003-1613-0785

Mehmet Oktav 0000-0002-9872-4802

Publication Date December 13, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Hayta, P., & Oktav, M. (2020). Yenilenebilir Kaynakların Mürekkep Üretiminde Kullanılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 805-810. https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.804253
AMA Hayta P, Oktav M. Yenilenebilir Kaynakların Mürekkep Üretiminde Kullanılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. MAUN Fen Bil. Dergi. December 2020;8(2):805-810. doi:10.18586/msufbd.804253
Chicago Hayta, Pelin, and Mehmet Oktav. “Yenilenebilir Kaynakların Mürekkep Üretiminde Kullanılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi”. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 8, no. 2 (December 2020): 805-10. https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.804253.
EndNote Hayta P, Oktav M (December 1, 2020) Yenilenebilir Kaynakların Mürekkep Üretiminde Kullanılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 8 2 805–810.
IEEE P. Hayta and M. Oktav, “Yenilenebilir Kaynakların Mürekkep Üretiminde Kullanılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi”, MAUN Fen Bil. Dergi., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 805–810, 2020, doi: 10.18586/msufbd.804253.
ISNAD Hayta, Pelin - Oktav, Mehmet. “Yenilenebilir Kaynakların Mürekkep Üretiminde Kullanılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi”. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 8/2 (December 2020), 805-810. https://doi.org/10.18586/msufbd.804253.
JAMA Hayta P, Oktav M. Yenilenebilir Kaynakların Mürekkep Üretiminde Kullanılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. MAUN Fen Bil. Dergi. 2020;8:805–810.
MLA Hayta, Pelin and Mehmet Oktav. “Yenilenebilir Kaynakların Mürekkep Üretiminde Kullanılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi”. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 2, 2020, pp. 805-10, doi:10.18586/msufbd.804253.
Vancouver Hayta P, Oktav M. Yenilenebilir Kaynakların Mürekkep Üretiminde Kullanılabilirliğinin İncelenmesi. MAUN Fen Bil. Dergi. 2020;8(2):805-10.