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Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa Döneminden Mehdi İsyanı’na Dek Sudan’da İngilizlerin Rolü (1821-1881)

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 230 - 253, 15.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.1380415

Abstract

Bu makalede, 1821 yılında Mısır Valisi Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa tarafından İmparatorluk topraklarına katılan Sudan’ın Osmanlı idaresinden adım adım uzaklaşması ve bölgede patlak veren Mehdî İsyanı’nı (1881) hazırlayan süreç ile İngilizlerin bölgedeki politik rolü ve hamleleri ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda Sudan’ın stratejik ve ekonomik önemi, Mısır’ın askerî, malî ve ziraî alanlarda gerçekleştirdiği büyük atılımlara sağladığı katkı incelenmiş ve bu süreci yakından izleyen başta İngiltere olmak üzere Avrupa devletlerinin politik tutumlarına değinilmiştir. Kavalalı’nın vefatına (1849) dek, İngilizlerin Mısır ve Sudan üzerindeki hakimiyet mücadelesinde hedeflerini neden gerçekleştiremedikleri ve halefleri döneminde bu siyasî denklemin nasıl değiştiği çok yönlü olarak analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda arşiv belgeleri de dahil olmak üzere Sudan’la ilgili İngilizce külliyatın diplomatik-askerî bağlam dışında politik-ekonomik düzlemde okunduğunda, uluslararası hukuk, serbest ticaret ve hümanizma ekseninde İngiltere’nin öne çıkardığı ticarî tekellerin kaldırılması, insan onuruna yakışmayan bir uygulama olarak Sudan’da köle ticaretinin yasaklanması gibi argümanların, Londra hükümetinin bölgedeki çıkarlarını koruma ve operasyonlarını meşrulaştırma konusunda zamanla nasıl işlevsel bir kaldıraç haline geldiği değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

References

  • Ahmed, Hassan Makki Muhammed, Sudan the Christian Design, The Islamic Foundation, United Kingdom 1989.
  • Alford, Henry S. L., SWORD, W. Dennistoun, The Egyptian Soudan, Its Loss and Recovery, Macmillan and Co, London 1898.
  • Archer, Thomas, The War in Egypt, and the Soudan, III, Blackie & Son, London 1886.
  • ______, Thomas, The War in Egypt, and the Soudan, IV, Blackie & Son, London 1886.
  • Baker, Samuel, Ismailia: A Narrative of the Expedition to Central Africa for the Suppression of the Slave Trade, Macmillan&Co, London 1879.
  • Bjørkelo, Anders, “Turco-Jallaba Relations 1821 – 1885”, Trade and Traders in the Sudan, ed. Leif O. Manger, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen, 1984, s. 81-89.
  • ______, Anders, Prelude to the Mahdiyya: Peasants and Traders in the Shendi Region, 1821 – 1885, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989. Bowring, John, Report on Egypt and Candia, W. Clowes and Sons, London 1840.
  • Bruce, James, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, in the years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773, Edinburgh 1790.
  • Buxton, Thomas Fowell, The African Slave Trade and Its Remedy, John Murray, London 1840.
  • Cameron, Donald Andreas, Egypt in the 19th Century: or Mehemet Ali and His Successors until the British Occupation in 1882, Smith, Elder & CO, London 1898.
  • Churchill, Winston S., The River War an Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan, London 1902.
  • Colborne, Colonel the Hon. J., With Hicks Pasha in the Soudan; Being an Account of the Senaar Campaign in 1883, Smith, Elder & CO, London 1884.
  • Colvin, Auckland, The Making of Modern Egypt, Seeley and Co. Limited, London 1906.
  • Daly, Martin W., HOLT, Peter Malcolm, A History of the Sudan: From the Coming of Islam to the Present Day, Longman, London and New York 1988. De Lion, Edwin, Egypt under Its Khedives or the Old House of Bondage under New Masters, London 1882.

The Role of the British in Sudan from the Period of Muhammed Ali Pasha of Egypt to the Mahdi Uprising (1821-1881)

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 230 - 253, 15.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.1380415

Abstract

In this article, the gradual alienation of Sudan from the Ottoman rule, which was annexed to the Empire by the Egyptian Governor Muhammed Ali Pasha of Egypt in 1821, and the process that led to the Mahdi Rebellion (1881) that broke out in the region, as well as the political role and moves of the British in the region, are discussed. In this context, the strategic and economic importance of Sudan, its contribution to Egypt’s great breakthroughs in military, financial and agricultural fields are examined, and the political attitudes of the European states, especially England, which followed this process closely, are touched upon. This article analyses in many aspects why the British could not achieve their goals in the struggle for sovereignty over Egypt and Sudan until Muhammed Ali Pasha’s death (1849) and how this political equation changed during the reign of his successors. In this context, when the English corpus related to Sudan, including archive documents, is read on a political-economic level outside the diplomatic-military context, it is tried to evaluate how arguments such as the abolition of the commercial monopolies that England highlighted on the axis of international law, free trade and humanism, and the prohibition of the slave trade in Sudan as a practice that does not suit dignity became a functional leverage over time to protect the interests of the British government in the region and legitimize its operations.

References

  • Ahmed, Hassan Makki Muhammed, Sudan the Christian Design, The Islamic Foundation, United Kingdom 1989.
  • Alford, Henry S. L., SWORD, W. Dennistoun, The Egyptian Soudan, Its Loss and Recovery, Macmillan and Co, London 1898.
  • Archer, Thomas, The War in Egypt, and the Soudan, III, Blackie & Son, London 1886.
  • ______, Thomas, The War in Egypt, and the Soudan, IV, Blackie & Son, London 1886.
  • Baker, Samuel, Ismailia: A Narrative of the Expedition to Central Africa for the Suppression of the Slave Trade, Macmillan&Co, London 1879.
  • Bjørkelo, Anders, “Turco-Jallaba Relations 1821 – 1885”, Trade and Traders in the Sudan, ed. Leif O. Manger, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen, 1984, s. 81-89.
  • ______, Anders, Prelude to the Mahdiyya: Peasants and Traders in the Shendi Region, 1821 – 1885, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1989. Bowring, John, Report on Egypt and Candia, W. Clowes and Sons, London 1840.
  • Bruce, James, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, in the years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773, Edinburgh 1790.
  • Buxton, Thomas Fowell, The African Slave Trade and Its Remedy, John Murray, London 1840.
  • Cameron, Donald Andreas, Egypt in the 19th Century: or Mehemet Ali and His Successors until the British Occupation in 1882, Smith, Elder & CO, London 1898.
  • Churchill, Winston S., The River War an Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan, London 1902.
  • Colborne, Colonel the Hon. J., With Hicks Pasha in the Soudan; Being an Account of the Senaar Campaign in 1883, Smith, Elder & CO, London 1884.
  • Colvin, Auckland, The Making of Modern Egypt, Seeley and Co. Limited, London 1906.
  • Daly, Martin W., HOLT, Peter Malcolm, A History of the Sudan: From the Coming of Islam to the Present Day, Longman, London and New York 1988. De Lion, Edwin, Egypt under Its Khedives or the Old House of Bondage under New Masters, London 1882.
There are 14 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Modern Turkish History
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Neval Milanlıoğlu 0000-0002-9617-8289

Publication Date June 15, 2024
Submission Date October 24, 2023
Acceptance Date February 13, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Milanlıoğlu, Neval. “Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa Döneminden Mehdi İsyanı’na Dek Sudan’da İngilizlerin Rolü (1821-1881)”. Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 11, no. 1 (June 2024): 230-53. https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.1380415.

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