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Alternatif Deniz Yakıtı Olarak LNG Kullanımında Emniyet Tedbirleri

Year 2023, , 11 - 22, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.52602/mtl.1037248

Abstract

Uluslararası Denizcilik Örgütü, 2020 yılı itibari ile MARPOL Ek VI kurallarındaki emisyon oranlarını değiştirerek kükürt oranını yüzde 3,5'ten yüzde 0,5'e indirerek denizcilik sektörünü alternatif yakıtlara yönlendirmiştir. Sıvılaştırılmış doğal gaz (LNG), diğer alternatif yakıtlara kıyasla sıfıra yakın emisyon oranı, erişim kolaylığı, halihazırda LNG sağlayan limanların bulunması ve akaryakıt piyasasındaki düşük fiyatı ile cazip bir seçenektir. Ayrıca bir ürünün çevre üzerindeki etkisini incelemek için ISO 14040:2006 tarafından oluşturulan bir metodoloji olan yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesine göre, bir yakıtın çevresel açıdan sürdürülebilir olması için, yalnızca yakıtın yanması sırasında düşük emisyonlarla değil, aynı zamanda hammadde çıkarma, yakıt üretimi, dağıtım ve son olarak yanma ile başlayan tüm yakıt yaşam döngüsü ile de ilişkilendirilmesi gerekir. Bir deniz yakıtı olarak LNG'nin yaşam döngüsü çevresel performansının, iklim değişikliği üzerindeki etkisinin %20 ila %5 aralığında olduğu ve ağır akaryakıta kıyasla SO2 ve NOX emisyonlarını önemli ölçüde azalttığı gözlemlenmiştir. LNG yakıt ikmali, IGC kodunda belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca sınıf organizasyonlarının getirdiği standartlar da mevcuttur. Bu çalışma bize LNG sızıntısı kazası riskinden nasıl kaçınılabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle risk analizi doğru yapılmalı, buna göre ISM kontrol listeleri oluşturulmalı ve gemilerde uygulanmalıdır.

References

  • ABS (2015). Bunkering of liquefied natural gas-fueled marine vessels in North America. American Bureau of Shipping.
  • Alfa Laval. (2021). Inert gas solutions for lng carriers,viewed 30 September 2021<https://www.alfalaval.de/globalassets/documents/products/process-solutions/safety-solutions/inert-gas-solutions-for-lng-carriers.pdf >.
  • Aneziris, O., Koromila I., Nivolianitou Z. , Salzano E. , Boccia F. , Gerbec M. , Iannaccone T. , Poggiali D. ,Pilo F. (2018).Report on international regulations and technical standards for LNG in maritime activities,t1.1.1.European Union
  • Aneziris, O. , Koromila I. , Nivolianitou Z. (2020). A systematic literature review on lng safety at ports. Safety Science Safety Science 124 (2020) 104595.
  • Aneziris, O., Gerbec M., Koromila I., Nivolianitou Z., Pilo F., Salzano E.(2021). Safety guidelines and a training framework for lng storage and bunkering at ports. Safety Science, 138 105212.
  • Balcombe, P. , Brierley J. , Lewis C. , Skatvedt L. , Speirs J. , Hawkes A. , Staffell I. (2019). How to decarbonise ınternational shipping: options for fuels technologies and policies. Energy Conversion and Management, 182 (2019) 72–88.
  • BOTAŞ. (2020). Marmara Ereğlisi LNG Terminali liman kuralları ve bilgileri.
  • Bubbico, R., Di Cave S., Mazzarotta B. (2009). Preliminary risk analysis for LNG tankers approaching a maritime terminal. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22 (5), 634–638.
  • Cabioc’h F., De Castelet D., Penelon T., Pagnon S., Peuch A., Bonnardot F., Duhart J., Drevet D., Cerutti C., Estiez C., Dernat M., Hermand J. C.(2009). Accidents on vessels transporting liquid gases and responder’s concerns : the galerne project; environment canada: Proceedings of the 32 AMOP technical seminar on environmental contamination and response Volume 1.
  • Chu Van, T., Ramirez J., Rainey T., Ristovski Z., Brown R. J. (2019). Global ımpacts of recent ımo regulations on marine fuel oil refining processes and ship emissions. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 70 (2019) 123–134.
  • Cleaver, P. , Johnson M., Ho B. (2007). A summary of some experimental data on lng safety. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 140 (3), 429–438.
  • Coşkun, S.(2004). Doğalgazın sıvılaştırılmasında kullanılan klasik kaskad soğutma sisteminin matematiksel analizi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı 1.
  • DNV (2014). Liquefied natural gas lng bunkering study PP087423-4 ( Rev. 3). DNV CLASS
  • DNV (2016). Considerations for proponents when conducting qra for lng bunkering SIMOPS (API PP142228-2 REV. 3). DNV CLASS
  • EC (2013). Commission staff working document actions towards a comprehensive EU framework on lng for shipping, European Commission.
  • EMSA (2018). EMSA guidance on lng bunkering, European Maritime Safety Agency.
  • EN (2021). E. EN 1473, viewed 30 October 2021, < https://www.en-standard.eu/csn-en-1473-installation-and-equipment-for-liquefied-natural-gas-design-of-onshore-installations/>.
  • EPC (2012). Directive 2012/18/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on the Control of Major-Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances, Amending and Subsequently Repealing Council Directive 96/82/EC Text with EEA Relevance; 2012; Vol. OJ L.
  • Fan, H. , Enshaei H., Gamini Jayasinghe S. (2021).Safety philosophy and risk analysis methodology for lng bunkering simultaneous operations (sımops): a literature review. Safety Science, 136 (2021) 105150.
  • Foss, M. ,M. and Parkway A .(2012).An overview on liquefied natural gas (lng), ıts properties, the lng industry, and safety considerations. Center for Energy Economics The university of Texas
  • Gilbert, P., Walsh C., Traut M., Kesieme U., Pazouk K., Murphy A. (2018). Assessment of full life-cycle air emissions of alternative shipping fuels. Journal of Cleaner Production , 172 (2018) 855-866.
  • Hightower, M., Luketa-Hanlin A., Attaway S. (2008).Breach and safety analysis of spills over water from large liquefied natural gas carriers., SAND2008-3153 983670, 2008, pp SAND2008-3153 983670.
  • IACS (2016). International Association of Classification Societies – REC 142 lng bunkering guidelines.
  • IAPH (2015). LNG Bunker Checklist Bunker Station to Ship. International Association of Ports and Harbours.
  • IMO (2020a). Fourth Greenhouse Gas Study, viewed 01 November 2021 ,<https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Fourth-IMO-Greenhouse-Gas-Study-2020.aspx >.
  • IMO (2020b). IGC Code , viewed 21 September2021, <https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/IGC-Code.aspx >.
  • IMO (2020c). SOLAS , viewed 21 September2021, <https://www.imo.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/ConferencesMeetings/Pages/SOLAS.aspx >.
  • IMO (2021). International Code of Safety for Ship Using Gases or Other Low-flashpoint Fuels (IGF Code), viewed 21 September2021, <https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/IGF-Code.aspx >.
  • ISO (2010). ISO 28460:2010, viewed 30 October 2021, <https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/04/47/44712.html >.
  • ISO (2015). ISO/TS 16901:2015, viewed 30 October 2021, <https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/05/78/57889.html (accessed 2021 -11 -01)>.
  • ISO (2017). ISO 20519:2017 - Ships and marine technology — Specification for bunkering of liquefied natural gas fuelled vessels, viewed 30 October 2021, <https://www.iso.org/standard/68227.html>.
  • ISO/TS 18683:2015. (2015). Guidelines for systems and installations for supply of LNG as fuel to ships, viewed 28 September 2021, <https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:ts:18683:ed-1:v1:en>.
  • Jeong, B., Park S.,Ha, S.,Lee J.(2020) Safety evaluation on LNG bunkering: to enhance practical establishment of safety zone. Ocean Engineering,216 (2020) 107804.
  • Ji, C. and El-Halwagi M. M. (2020). A data-driven study of IMO compliant fuel emissions with consideration of black carbon aerosols. Ocean Engineering , 218 (2020) 108241.
  • Kalghatgi, G., Levinsky H. and Colket M.(2018) Future transportation fuels. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 69(2018)103 _105.
  • Kılıç, Ü.(2014). Türkiye’nin doğal gaz arz güvenliği ile ilgili risklerin belirlenmesi ve analizi, Master Thesis, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  • Kumar, S. , Kwon H.-T. , Choi K.-H. , Lim W. , Cho J. H. , Tak K. , Moon I. (2011a). LNG: an eco-friendly cryogenic fuel for sustainable development. Applied Energy, 88 (2011) 4264–4273.
  • Kumar, S. , Kwon H.T. , Choi, K.H. , Hyun Cho, J. , Lim, W. Moon I. (2011b) Current status and future projections of lng demand and supplies: a global prospective. Energy Policy , 39(2011)4097–4104.
  • LR (2012). LNG-fuelled deep sea shipping - Lloyd’s Register
  • Mahmood, A. , Javaid N., Zafar A., Ali Riaz R., Ahmed S., Razzaq S. (2014). Pakistan’s overall energy potential assessment, comparison of lng, tapi and ipi gas projects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2014, 31, 182–193.
  • NFPA (2018). NFPA 59A: Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), viewed 30 October 2021, <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=59A >.
  • Olmer, N. , Comer B. , Roy B. , Mao X. , Rutherford D. (2017). Greenhouse gas emissions from global shipping 2013–2015. International Council on Clean Transportation.
  • Örtberg, A.(2017). Safety manual on lng bunkering procedures for the port of Helsinki. SSPA SWEDEN AB
  • Pitblado, R. M., Baik J. , Hughes, G. J. , Ferro C. , Shaw S. J.(2004). Consequences of lng marine incidents. Pitblado, R. M., Baik, J., Hughes, G. in Proceedings of CCPS conference, Orlando, Fl.
  • Ramachandran, S. , Stimming U. (2015). Well to wheel analysis of low carbon alternatives for road traffic. Energy Enviromental Science, 8 (11) 3313–3324.
  • Scurlock, R. G. (2016). Stratification, rollover and handling of lng, lpg and other cryogenic liquid mixtures. Springer Briefs in Energy.Springer International Publishing.
  • SGMF (2017). Bunkering safety guidelines. Society for Gas as Marine Fuel. SGMF. (2018). Simultaneous Operations (SIMOPs) during LNG bunkering. Society for Gas as Marine Fuel.
  • SIGTTO. (2013a). Ship to ship transfer guide for petroleum, chemicals and liquefied gases, viewed 30 October 2021, <https://shop.witherbys.com/ship-to-ship-transfer-guide-for-petroleum-chemicals-and-liquefied-gases/>..
  • SIGTTO. (2013b). LNG operations in port areas: essential best practices for the industry, viewed 30 October 2021,< https://shop.witherbys.com/lng-operations-in-port-areas-essential-best-practices-for-the-industry/ >.
  • SIGTTO. (2016). Liquefied gas handling principles on ships and in terminals (lghp4) - fourth edition, viewed 30 October 2021, <https://shop.witherbys.com/liquefied-gas-handling-principles-on-ships-and-in-terminals-lghp4-fourth-edition/>.
  • SIGTTO. (2018). Guidelines for the alleviation of excessive surge pressures on esd for liquefied gas transfer systems,viewed 30 october 2021, < https://shop.witherbys.com/guidelines-for-the-alleviation-of-excessive-surge-pressures-on-esd-for-liquefied-gas-transfer-systems/>.
  • SMTF (2013). LNG Bunkering Ship To Ship Procedure. Swedish Marine Technology Forum.
  • Staffell I. , Dodds P. , Scamman D. , Velazquez A. , Niall A. , Dowell M. , Ward K. , Agnolucci P. , Papageorgiou P. , Shah N. , Ekins P. (2017). The role of hydrogen and fuel cells ın future energy systems. Imperial College London.
  • Sun, B., Guo K., Pareek V. K.(2017). Hazardous consequence dynamic simulation of lng spill on water for ship-to-ship bunkering. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 107 402–413.
  • UN (2017). ADR 2017 (files) | UNECE, viewed 30 October 2021, <https://unece.org/transportdangerous-goods/adr-2017-files>.
  • USDE (2012). Liquefied Natural Gas Safety Research’ United States Department of Energy May 2012,viewed 28 September 2021, <https://www.energy.gov/fecm/downloads/lng-safety-research-report-congress36>.
  • Vanem, E., Antão, P. , Østvik, I. , Castillo Comas, F. D. (2008). Analysing the risk of lng carrier operations. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 93 (2008) 1328–1344.
  • Wang, S., Notteboom T.(2015). The role of port authorities in the development of lng bunkering facilities in North European Ports. WMU J Marit Affairs 14 (1) 61–92.
  • Woodward, J. L.; Pitblado R. M. (2010). LNG risk based safety: modeling and consequence analysis.John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Xu, J. , Testa D. , Mukherjee P. K. (2015) The use of lng as a marine fuel: the ınternational regulatory framework. Ocean Development & International Law, 46:3, 225-240.

Safety Precautions for The Use of LNG as Marine Fuel

Year 2023, , 11 - 22, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.52602/mtl.1037248

Abstract

International Maritime Organisation has changed the emission rates in the MARPOL Annex VI rules as of 2020 and reduced the sulfur rate from 3.5 percent to 0.5 percent and led the maritime sector to alternative fuels. Compared to other alternative fuels, liquefied natural gas (LNG) is an attractive option with almost zero emission rate, ease of access, availability of ports that currently supply LNG and low price in the fuel market. In addition, according to the life cycle assessment, which is a methodology created by ISO 14040: 2006 to examine the impact of a product on the environment, in order for a fuel to be environmentally sustainable, it has to be associated not only with low emissions during fuel combustion, but also with the entire fuel life cycle, starting with raw material extraction, fuel production, distribution and finally combustion. The life cycle environmental performance of LNG as a marine fuel has been observed to have its impact on climate change in the range of 20% to 5%, significantly reducing SO2 and NOX emissions compared to heavy fuel oil. LNG bunkering is specified in the IGC code. In addition, there are standards brought by class organizations. This study shows us how to avert from the risk of LNG leakage accident. For this reason, risk analysis should be done correctly, ISM checklists should be created and applied on ships accordingly.

References

  • ABS (2015). Bunkering of liquefied natural gas-fueled marine vessels in North America. American Bureau of Shipping.
  • Alfa Laval. (2021). Inert gas solutions for lng carriers,viewed 30 September 2021<https://www.alfalaval.de/globalassets/documents/products/process-solutions/safety-solutions/inert-gas-solutions-for-lng-carriers.pdf >.
  • Aneziris, O., Koromila I., Nivolianitou Z. , Salzano E. , Boccia F. , Gerbec M. , Iannaccone T. , Poggiali D. ,Pilo F. (2018).Report on international regulations and technical standards for LNG in maritime activities,t1.1.1.European Union
  • Aneziris, O. , Koromila I. , Nivolianitou Z. (2020). A systematic literature review on lng safety at ports. Safety Science Safety Science 124 (2020) 104595.
  • Aneziris, O., Gerbec M., Koromila I., Nivolianitou Z., Pilo F., Salzano E.(2021). Safety guidelines and a training framework for lng storage and bunkering at ports. Safety Science, 138 105212.
  • Balcombe, P. , Brierley J. , Lewis C. , Skatvedt L. , Speirs J. , Hawkes A. , Staffell I. (2019). How to decarbonise ınternational shipping: options for fuels technologies and policies. Energy Conversion and Management, 182 (2019) 72–88.
  • BOTAŞ. (2020). Marmara Ereğlisi LNG Terminali liman kuralları ve bilgileri.
  • Bubbico, R., Di Cave S., Mazzarotta B. (2009). Preliminary risk analysis for LNG tankers approaching a maritime terminal. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22 (5), 634–638.
  • Cabioc’h F., De Castelet D., Penelon T., Pagnon S., Peuch A., Bonnardot F., Duhart J., Drevet D., Cerutti C., Estiez C., Dernat M., Hermand J. C.(2009). Accidents on vessels transporting liquid gases and responder’s concerns : the galerne project; environment canada: Proceedings of the 32 AMOP technical seminar on environmental contamination and response Volume 1.
  • Chu Van, T., Ramirez J., Rainey T., Ristovski Z., Brown R. J. (2019). Global ımpacts of recent ımo regulations on marine fuel oil refining processes and ship emissions. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 70 (2019) 123–134.
  • Cleaver, P. , Johnson M., Ho B. (2007). A summary of some experimental data on lng safety. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 140 (3), 429–438.
  • Coşkun, S.(2004). Doğalgazın sıvılaştırılmasında kullanılan klasik kaskad soğutma sisteminin matematiksel analizi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı 1.
  • DNV (2014). Liquefied natural gas lng bunkering study PP087423-4 ( Rev. 3). DNV CLASS
  • DNV (2016). Considerations for proponents when conducting qra for lng bunkering SIMOPS (API PP142228-2 REV. 3). DNV CLASS
  • EC (2013). Commission staff working document actions towards a comprehensive EU framework on lng for shipping, European Commission.
  • EMSA (2018). EMSA guidance on lng bunkering, European Maritime Safety Agency.
  • EN (2021). E. EN 1473, viewed 30 October 2021, < https://www.en-standard.eu/csn-en-1473-installation-and-equipment-for-liquefied-natural-gas-design-of-onshore-installations/>.
  • EPC (2012). Directive 2012/18/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on the Control of Major-Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances, Amending and Subsequently Repealing Council Directive 96/82/EC Text with EEA Relevance; 2012; Vol. OJ L.
  • Fan, H. , Enshaei H., Gamini Jayasinghe S. (2021).Safety philosophy and risk analysis methodology for lng bunkering simultaneous operations (sımops): a literature review. Safety Science, 136 (2021) 105150.
  • Foss, M. ,M. and Parkway A .(2012).An overview on liquefied natural gas (lng), ıts properties, the lng industry, and safety considerations. Center for Energy Economics The university of Texas
  • Gilbert, P., Walsh C., Traut M., Kesieme U., Pazouk K., Murphy A. (2018). Assessment of full life-cycle air emissions of alternative shipping fuels. Journal of Cleaner Production , 172 (2018) 855-866.
  • Hightower, M., Luketa-Hanlin A., Attaway S. (2008).Breach and safety analysis of spills over water from large liquefied natural gas carriers., SAND2008-3153 983670, 2008, pp SAND2008-3153 983670.
  • IACS (2016). International Association of Classification Societies – REC 142 lng bunkering guidelines.
  • IAPH (2015). LNG Bunker Checklist Bunker Station to Ship. International Association of Ports and Harbours.
  • IMO (2020a). Fourth Greenhouse Gas Study, viewed 01 November 2021 ,<https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Pages/Fourth-IMO-Greenhouse-Gas-Study-2020.aspx >.
  • IMO (2020b). IGC Code , viewed 21 September2021, <https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/IGC-Code.aspx >.
  • IMO (2020c). SOLAS , viewed 21 September2021, <https://www.imo.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/ConferencesMeetings/Pages/SOLAS.aspx >.
  • IMO (2021). International Code of Safety for Ship Using Gases or Other Low-flashpoint Fuels (IGF Code), viewed 21 September2021, <https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/IGF-Code.aspx >.
  • ISO (2010). ISO 28460:2010, viewed 30 October 2021, <https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/04/47/44712.html >.
  • ISO (2015). ISO/TS 16901:2015, viewed 30 October 2021, <https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/05/78/57889.html (accessed 2021 -11 -01)>.
  • ISO (2017). ISO 20519:2017 - Ships and marine technology — Specification for bunkering of liquefied natural gas fuelled vessels, viewed 30 October 2021, <https://www.iso.org/standard/68227.html>.
  • ISO/TS 18683:2015. (2015). Guidelines for systems and installations for supply of LNG as fuel to ships, viewed 28 September 2021, <https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:ts:18683:ed-1:v1:en>.
  • Jeong, B., Park S.,Ha, S.,Lee J.(2020) Safety evaluation on LNG bunkering: to enhance practical establishment of safety zone. Ocean Engineering,216 (2020) 107804.
  • Ji, C. and El-Halwagi M. M. (2020). A data-driven study of IMO compliant fuel emissions with consideration of black carbon aerosols. Ocean Engineering , 218 (2020) 108241.
  • Kalghatgi, G., Levinsky H. and Colket M.(2018) Future transportation fuels. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 69(2018)103 _105.
  • Kılıç, Ü.(2014). Türkiye’nin doğal gaz arz güvenliği ile ilgili risklerin belirlenmesi ve analizi, Master Thesis, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  • Kumar, S. , Kwon H.-T. , Choi K.-H. , Lim W. , Cho J. H. , Tak K. , Moon I. (2011a). LNG: an eco-friendly cryogenic fuel for sustainable development. Applied Energy, 88 (2011) 4264–4273.
  • Kumar, S. , Kwon H.T. , Choi, K.H. , Hyun Cho, J. , Lim, W. Moon I. (2011b) Current status and future projections of lng demand and supplies: a global prospective. Energy Policy , 39(2011)4097–4104.
  • LR (2012). LNG-fuelled deep sea shipping - Lloyd’s Register
  • Mahmood, A. , Javaid N., Zafar A., Ali Riaz R., Ahmed S., Razzaq S. (2014). Pakistan’s overall energy potential assessment, comparison of lng, tapi and ipi gas projects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2014, 31, 182–193.
  • NFPA (2018). NFPA 59A: Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), viewed 30 October 2021, <https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=59A >.
  • Olmer, N. , Comer B. , Roy B. , Mao X. , Rutherford D. (2017). Greenhouse gas emissions from global shipping 2013–2015. International Council on Clean Transportation.
  • Örtberg, A.(2017). Safety manual on lng bunkering procedures for the port of Helsinki. SSPA SWEDEN AB
  • Pitblado, R. M., Baik J. , Hughes, G. J. , Ferro C. , Shaw S. J.(2004). Consequences of lng marine incidents. Pitblado, R. M., Baik, J., Hughes, G. in Proceedings of CCPS conference, Orlando, Fl.
  • Ramachandran, S. , Stimming U. (2015). Well to wheel analysis of low carbon alternatives for road traffic. Energy Enviromental Science, 8 (11) 3313–3324.
  • Scurlock, R. G. (2016). Stratification, rollover and handling of lng, lpg and other cryogenic liquid mixtures. Springer Briefs in Energy.Springer International Publishing.
  • SGMF (2017). Bunkering safety guidelines. Society for Gas as Marine Fuel. SGMF. (2018). Simultaneous Operations (SIMOPs) during LNG bunkering. Society for Gas as Marine Fuel.
  • SIGTTO. (2013a). Ship to ship transfer guide for petroleum, chemicals and liquefied gases, viewed 30 October 2021, <https://shop.witherbys.com/ship-to-ship-transfer-guide-for-petroleum-chemicals-and-liquefied-gases/>..
  • SIGTTO. (2013b). LNG operations in port areas: essential best practices for the industry, viewed 30 October 2021,< https://shop.witherbys.com/lng-operations-in-port-areas-essential-best-practices-for-the-industry/ >.
  • SIGTTO. (2016). Liquefied gas handling principles on ships and in terminals (lghp4) - fourth edition, viewed 30 October 2021, <https://shop.witherbys.com/liquefied-gas-handling-principles-on-ships-and-in-terminals-lghp4-fourth-edition/>.
  • SIGTTO. (2018). Guidelines for the alleviation of excessive surge pressures on esd for liquefied gas transfer systems,viewed 30 october 2021, < https://shop.witherbys.com/guidelines-for-the-alleviation-of-excessive-surge-pressures-on-esd-for-liquefied-gas-transfer-systems/>.
  • SMTF (2013). LNG Bunkering Ship To Ship Procedure. Swedish Marine Technology Forum.
  • Staffell I. , Dodds P. , Scamman D. , Velazquez A. , Niall A. , Dowell M. , Ward K. , Agnolucci P. , Papageorgiou P. , Shah N. , Ekins P. (2017). The role of hydrogen and fuel cells ın future energy systems. Imperial College London.
  • Sun, B., Guo K., Pareek V. K.(2017). Hazardous consequence dynamic simulation of lng spill on water for ship-to-ship bunkering. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 107 402–413.
  • UN (2017). ADR 2017 (files) | UNECE, viewed 30 October 2021, <https://unece.org/transportdangerous-goods/adr-2017-files>.
  • USDE (2012). Liquefied Natural Gas Safety Research’ United States Department of Energy May 2012,viewed 28 September 2021, <https://www.energy.gov/fecm/downloads/lng-safety-research-report-congress36>.
  • Vanem, E., Antão, P. , Østvik, I. , Castillo Comas, F. D. (2008). Analysing the risk of lng carrier operations. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 93 (2008) 1328–1344.
  • Wang, S., Notteboom T.(2015). The role of port authorities in the development of lng bunkering facilities in North European Ports. WMU J Marit Affairs 14 (1) 61–92.
  • Woodward, J. L.; Pitblado R. M. (2010). LNG risk based safety: modeling and consequence analysis.John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Xu, J. , Testa D. , Mukherjee P. K. (2015) The use of lng as a marine fuel: the ınternational regulatory framework. Ocean Development & International Law, 46:3, 225-240.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Maritime Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Zeynep Çelikaslan This is me 0000-0002-3612-6460

Alper Kılıç 0000-0002-2700-9094

Publication Date January 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Çelikaslan, Z., & Kılıç, A. (2023). Safety Precautions for The Use of LNG as Marine Fuel. Journal of Maritime Transport and Logistics, 4(1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.52602/mtl.1037248