Nitel Araştırmalarda Nitelik Sorunu

Year 2018, , 55 - 73, 01.11.2018

Mustafa Yaşar

https://doi.org/10.21666/muefd.426318

Cited By: 16

Abstract

Nitel
araştırmanın popülerliğinin bilim camiasında son yıllardaki hızlı yükselişi,
epistemolojik, felsefi ve yöntemsel alanlarda tartışmaları beraberinde
getirmiştir. Nitel araştırmaya getirilen eleştiriler özellikle üç konuda
yoğunlaşmaktadır: nesnel olamama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik konusunda titiz
olamama,  genellenememe. Bu eleştiriler,
bir yandan nitel araştırmaların ne kadar özen ve titizlik içerisinde yapıldığına
yönelik geçerli kaygıları dile getirirken, bir yandan da altında yatan
nicel/pozitivizist bir felsefi yaklaşımı ve dünya görüşünü yansıtmaktadır.
Nitel araştırmaları eleştirenler çoğunlukla, genellikle pozitivist deneysel
yöntemi temel kabul ederek ve sadece bir araştırma yönteminin ya da desenin
bilim anlayışına uyduğunu varsayarak bu eleştirileri yapmaktadırlar. Nitel
araştırmaların öznel yönünü vurgulayan pek çok araştırmacı, nicel kalite
ölçütlerinin nitel araştırmaya uygun olmadıkları ve nitel araştırmaların
kaliteyi belirlemede kendi ölçütlerinin olması gerektiği görüşündedirler. Nitel
araştırma sürecinin doğru ve uygun bir şekilde yapılmasının bir formülü ya da
bir reçetesi yoktur; nitel araştırmaların güvenilir ve geçerli olmasını
garantilemek için tek bir test ya da kontrol listesi bulunmamaktadır. Nitel
araştırmalarda geçerliliği ve kaliteyi artırmada alanyazında üçgenleme, ek
kodlayıcı, katılımcı onayı, gömülü kuram, araştırma ortamında uzun zaman
geçirmek, ayrıntılı betimleme, olumsuz durum analizi ve kontrollü öznellik gibi
pek çok öneri sunulmaktadır. Fakat, yapılandırmacı/yorumlamacı paradigma
içselleştirilmeden, pozitivist bakış açısını yansıtan kaliteyi arttırmaya
yönelik geçerlik stratejilerinin kullanıldığı durumlarda ortaya çıkan sonuç
tatmin edicilikten uzak olmaktadır. 

Keywords

Nitel Araştırma, Kalite, Geçerlilik, Güvenirlik

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