Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Özel Öğrenme Güçlüğü Riski Olan Öğrencilere Yönelik Gönderme Öncesi Süreçteki Uygulamaların İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 195 - 226

Abstract

Özel öğrenme güçlüğü (ÖÖG), bireylerin okuma, yazma ve matematik gibi temel becerilerde yaşadığı nörolojik temelli zorlukları ifade eder. Gönderme öncesi süreç, öğrencilerin sınıf içinde daha fazla destek alarak akademik ve sosyal uyumlarını artırmayı ve gereksiz yönlendirmelerin önüne geçmeyi amaçlar. Erken müdahale, hem öğrencinin akademik başarısını artırmak hem de özgüven kaybı ve motivasyon eksikliği gibi sorunları önlemek açısından kritiktir.
Bu araştırma, ÖÖG riski taşıyan öğrencilerin gönderme öncesi süreçte desteklenmesine yönelik sınıf öğretmenleri, rehber öğretmenler, okul idaresi ve veliler tarafından gerçekleştirilen uygulamaları ve bu sürecin etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, ölçüt örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen üç sınıf öğretmeni, üç rehber öğretmen, iki okul idarecisi, üç veli ve üç ÖÖG riski taşıyan öğrenciden oluşan bir katılımcı grubuyla yürütülmüştür. Etik izinler alındıktan sonra, veri toplama süreçleri gönüllülük esasına göre gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Bulgular, sınıf öğretmenlerinin genellikle tekrar, birebir çalışma ve ek ödev gibi geleneksel yöntemlere odaklandığını; rehber öğretmenlerin ise rehberlik araştırma merkezi yönlendirmeleri ve veli görüşmeleri yaptığını göstermektedir. Ancak, okul idaresinin süreçte yeterince aktif rol almadığı ve daha etkili iş birliği mekanizmalarına ihtiyaç olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğrenciler, öğretmenlerinin desteğini vurgularken görsel materyaller gibi ek yardımlara ihtiyaç duyduklarını ifade etmiş; ebeveynler ise çocuklarını okul dışı kurslarla desteklediklerini ve ÖÖG konusunda daha fazla farkındalık gerektiğini belirtmişlerdir.

References

  • Akar, H. (2016). Case study. In A. Saban & A. Ersoy (Eds.), Qualitative research designs in education (pp. 111–149). Ankara: Anı Publishing.
  • Altun, N., & Karasu, N. (2021). Data-based decision making in the pre-referral process for students at risk. Turkish Journal of Education (TEBD), 19(1), 593–612. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.906636
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Aslan, K. (2015). A review on early signs of specific learning disabilities and early intervention practices. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/husbfd/issue/7893/103918
  • Berninger, V., & Wolf, B. (2009). Teaching students with dyslexia and dysgraphia: Lessons from teaching and science. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
  • Bogdan, R.C. & Biklen, S.K. (2007). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Bryan, J., & Henry, L. (2012). A model for building school–family–community partnerships: Principles and process. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90(4), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2012.00052.x
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Araştırma deseni: Nitel, nicel ve karma yöntem yaklaşımları. (Çev: S. B. Demir). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap Yayıncılık. Türk Psikologlar Derneği.
  • Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
  • Davey, L. (1991). The application of case study evaluations. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, Vol 2, Article 9. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=pare. doi: 10.7275/02g8bb9
  • Fletcher, J. M., Lyon, G. R., Fuchs, L. S., & Barnes, M. A. (2018). Learning disabilities: From identification to intervention. Guilford Publications.
  • Fuchs, D., & Fuchs, L. S. (2006). Introduction to Response to Intervention: What, Why, and How Valid Is It? Reading Research Quarterly, 41(1), 93-99.
  • Fuchs, D., Mock, D., Morgan, P. L., & Young, C. L. (2003). Responsiveness‐to‐intervention: Definitions, evidence, and implications for the learning disabilities construct. Learning disabilities research & practice, 18(3), 157-171.
  • Glesne, C. (2014). Nitel araştırmaya giriş. (Çev: A. Ersoy, P.Yalçınoğlu). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Huberman, A. M., & Miles, M. B. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook.
  • Jimerson, S. R., Burns, M. K., & VanDerHeyden, A. M. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of response to intervention: The science and practice of multi-tiered systems of support (pp. 1-6). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Kovaleski, J. F., VanDerHeyden, A. M., Runge, T. J., Zirkel, P. A., & Shapiro, E. S. (2022). The RTI approach to evaluating learning disabilities. Guilford Publications.
  • Lyon, G. R., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (2003). A definition of dyslexia. Annals of Dyslexia, 53(1), 1–14.
  • Meltzer, L. (Ed.). (2018). Executive function in education: From theory to practice. Guilford Publications.
  • Ministry of National Education [MoNE]. (2020). Regulation on Guidance and Psychological Counseling Services. Official Gazette, Issue: 31213.
  • Ministry of National Education [MoNE]. (2023). Regulation on Preschool Education and Primary Education Institutions. Official Gazette, Issue: 29072.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2021). Qualitative Research Methodology in Social Sciences. Seçkin Academic and Professional Publications.
  • Yin, R. K. (1994). Discovering the future of the case study. Method in evaluation research. Evaluation practice, 15(3), 283-290.
  • Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods. (4th. Ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication.

Exploring Pre-Referral Interventions for Students at Risk of Specific Learning Disabilities

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 195 - 226

Abstract

Specific learning difficulty (SLD) refers to neurologically based challenges individuals face in basic skills such as reading, writing, and mathematics. The pre-referral process aims to enhance students' academic and social adaptation within the classroom while preventing unnecessary referrals. Early intervention is critical for improving students' academic success and preventing issues such as loss of self-confidence and lack of motivation.
This study aims to examine the practices conducted by classroom teachers, school counselors, school administrators, and parents to support students at risk of SLD during the pre-referral process and to evaluate the effects of these practices. The research was carried out with a participant group consisting of three classroom teachers, three school counselors, two school administrators, three parents, and three students at risk of SLD, selected using criterion sampling. After obtaining ethical approvals, data collection processes were conducted on a voluntary basis.
The findings reveal that classroom teachers generally focus on traditional methods such as repetition, one-on-one work, and additional assignments, while school counselors conduct Guidance and Research Center referrals and parent meetings. However, it was observed that school administration played a limited active role in the process, highlighting the need for more effective collaboration mechanisms. Students emphasized the support provided by their teachers but expressed the need for additional aids such as visual materials. Parents stated that they supported their children with external courses and highlighted the need for greater awareness of SLD.

References

  • Akar, H. (2016). Case study. In A. Saban & A. Ersoy (Eds.), Qualitative research designs in education (pp. 111–149). Ankara: Anı Publishing.
  • Altun, N., & Karasu, N. (2021). Data-based decision making in the pre-referral process for students at risk. Turkish Journal of Education (TEBD), 19(1), 593–612. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.906636
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Aslan, K. (2015). A review on early signs of specific learning disabilities and early intervention practices. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/husbfd/issue/7893/103918
  • Berninger, V., & Wolf, B. (2009). Teaching students with dyslexia and dysgraphia: Lessons from teaching and science. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
  • Bogdan, R.C. & Biklen, S.K. (2007). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Bryan, J., & Henry, L. (2012). A model for building school–family–community partnerships: Principles and process. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90(4), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2012.00052.x
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Araştırma deseni: Nitel, nicel ve karma yöntem yaklaşımları. (Çev: S. B. Demir). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap Yayıncılık. Türk Psikologlar Derneği.
  • Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
  • Davey, L. (1991). The application of case study evaluations. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, Vol 2, Article 9. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=pare. doi: 10.7275/02g8bb9
  • Fletcher, J. M., Lyon, G. R., Fuchs, L. S., & Barnes, M. A. (2018). Learning disabilities: From identification to intervention. Guilford Publications.
  • Fuchs, D., & Fuchs, L. S. (2006). Introduction to Response to Intervention: What, Why, and How Valid Is It? Reading Research Quarterly, 41(1), 93-99.
  • Fuchs, D., Mock, D., Morgan, P. L., & Young, C. L. (2003). Responsiveness‐to‐intervention: Definitions, evidence, and implications for the learning disabilities construct. Learning disabilities research & practice, 18(3), 157-171.
  • Glesne, C. (2014). Nitel araştırmaya giriş. (Çev: A. Ersoy, P.Yalçınoğlu). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Huberman, A. M., & Miles, M. B. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook.
  • Jimerson, S. R., Burns, M. K., & VanDerHeyden, A. M. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of response to intervention: The science and practice of multi-tiered systems of support (pp. 1-6). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Kovaleski, J. F., VanDerHeyden, A. M., Runge, T. J., Zirkel, P. A., & Shapiro, E. S. (2022). The RTI approach to evaluating learning disabilities. Guilford Publications.
  • Lyon, G. R., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (2003). A definition of dyslexia. Annals of Dyslexia, 53(1), 1–14.
  • Meltzer, L. (Ed.). (2018). Executive function in education: From theory to practice. Guilford Publications.
  • Ministry of National Education [MoNE]. (2020). Regulation on Guidance and Psychological Counseling Services. Official Gazette, Issue: 31213.
  • Ministry of National Education [MoNE]. (2023). Regulation on Preschool Education and Primary Education Institutions. Official Gazette, Issue: 29072.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2021). Qualitative Research Methodology in Social Sciences. Seçkin Academic and Professional Publications.
  • Yin, R. K. (1994). Discovering the future of the case study. Method in evaluation research. Evaluation practice, 15(3), 283-290.
  • Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods. (4th. Ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Special Education and Disability (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Bora Görgün 0000-0002-9080-5667

Yazgül Karadaş 0000-0001-9024-3214

Zeynep Sönmez Berrakçay 0009-0001-9241-1637

Mine Merve Bostancı 0009-0005-3548-2171

Early Pub Date October 8, 2025
Publication Date October 9, 2025
Submission Date December 24, 2024
Acceptance Date September 9, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Görgün, B., Karadaş, Y., Sönmez Berrakçay, Z., Bostancı, M. M. (2025). Exploring Pre-Referral Interventions for Students at Risk of Specific Learning Disabilities. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 195-226.