Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Jeopolitik Risk ve Borsa Endeksinin Nedensellik Analizi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Üzerine Bootstrap Panel Nedensellik Testi

Year 2020, Issue: 87, 167 - 180, 05.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.756266

Abstract

Jeopolitik risk, ekonomik belirsizlik ve siyasi belirsizlik, ekonomide yol açtıkları olumsuz etkilerden dolayı “belirsizlik üçlüsü” olarak anılmaktadır. Jeopolitik risk unsuru sadece yerel terör saldırılarının değil, aynı zamanda savaş riskleri, askeri tehditler ve Orta Doğu gerginlikleri gibi tüm küresel belirsizlikleri kapsamaktadır. Jeopolitik riskler yatırım kararlarının belirleyicilerinden biri olması nedeniyle tüm finansal piyasaları etkilemektedir. Yüksek jeopolitik riskin borsa endeksinde düşüş, yabancı sermayenin ülkeden çıkışı, ekonomik faaliyet hacminde daralma şeklinde sıralanacak makro ve mikro ölçekli pek çok olumsuz etkisinden bahsedilmektedir. Jeopolitik riskin etkilerini ampirik olarak test etmeye yönelik çalışmaların sayısı ise oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu durumun en temel nedeni, jeopolitik riskin ölçümüne yönelik tutarlı bir göstergenin olmayışından kaynaklanmaktadır. Caldara ve Iacoviello (2016), ABD, İngiltere ve Kanada’da basılan 11 gazetenin arşivlerini tarayarak ülkeler arası savaş, terörist atak ve askeri gerilimleri konu eden haberlerin sayımını yapmışlar ve 1985 yılı Ocak ayından başlamak üzere jeopolitik risk ölçütünü (Geopolitical Risk-GPR) geliştirmişlerdir. Bu çalışma Aralık 1987-Ağustos 2018 döneminde 9 gelişmekte olan ülkede Caldara ve Iacoviello (2016) jeopolitik risk ölçütü ve borsa endeksi arasında nedensellik ilişkisinin varlığını araştırmaktadır. Bu amaçla her bir ülke için bootstrap ve Wald istatistiğinin hesaplandığı SUR sistemine dayalı bir yöntem olan Kónya (2006) panel nedensellik testi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen ampirik bulgular Arjantin, Brezilya, Meksika ve Tayland’da jeopolitik riskten borsa endeksine doğru tek yönlü nedensellik olduğunu göstermiştir.

References

  • Abadie, Alberto - Gardeazabal, Javier (2003), “The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study Of The Basque Country”, American Economic Review, 93, 1, pp. 113–132.
  • Aksoy, Ahmet - Tanrıöven, Cihan (2013), Sermaye Piyasası Yatırım Araçları ve Analizi, 4. Baskı, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Akdağ, Saffet - Yıldırım, Hakan - Kesebir, Murat (2019), Jeopolitik Risk ile Borsa Endeksleri Arasındaki İlişki: Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizi, İnanır, Emine - Köse, Osman – Ulutürk, Yasemin (Ed) Siyasi, Sosyal ve Kültürel Yönleriyle Türkiye ve Rusya 2 içinde, Berikan Yayınevi, Ankara. ss.59-74.
  • Apergis, Nicholas - Bonato, Matteo - Gupta, Rangan - Kyei, Clement (2017), “Does Geopolitical Risks Predict Stock Returns and Volatility of Leading Defence Companies? Evidence from a Nonparametric Approach”, Defence and Peace Economics, 29, 6, pp.684-696.
  • Arin, K.Peren - Ciferri, Davide - Spagnolo, Nicola (2008), “The Price of Terror: The Effects of Terrorism on Stock Market Returns and Volatility”, Economics Letters, 101,3, pp. 164–167.
  • Aslam, Faheem – Kang, Hyoung Goo (2015),” How Different Terrorist Attacks Affect Stock Markets”, Defence and Peace Economics, 26, 6, pp. 634–648.
  • Baker, R. Scott - Bloom, Nicholas – Davis, J.Steven (2016), “Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131, 4, pp.1593.
  • Balcilar, Mehmet - Gupta, Rangan - Pierdzioch, Christian - Wohar, Mark E. (2016), “Terror Attacks and Stock- Market Fluctuations: Evidence Based on a Nonparametric Causality-in-Quantiles Test for the G7 Countries”, European Journal of Finance, 24,4, pp.333-346.
  • Balcilar, Mehmet - Cerci, Gözde – Demirer, Rıza (2016), “Is There a Role for Islamic Bonds in Global Diversification Strategies?”, Managerial Finance, 42, 7, pp. 656–679.
  • Balcılar, M., M. Bonato, R. Demirer ve R. Gupta, (2018). Geopolitical Risks and Stock Market Dynamics of the BRICS. Economic Systems, 42, 295-306.
  • Bezgin, Müge Sağlam (2019), “Türkiye’nin Jeopolitik Riski’nin Borsa İstanbul Endeks Getirileri Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi”, 18th International Business Congress, ss. 2565-2574.
  • Breusch, T.S. - Pagan, Adrian (1980), “The Lagrange Multiplier Test And Its Application to Model Specifications in Econometrics”, Reviews of Economics Studies, 47, pp. 239–253.
  • Bouri, Elie I. (2014), “Israeli-Hezbollah War and Global Financial Crisis in the Middle East and North African Equity Markets”, Journal of Economic Integration, 29, pp.1–19.
  • Caldara, Dario – Iacoviello, Matteo (2018), “Measuring Geopolitical Risk”, Working Paper, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board, https://www2.bc.edu/matteo-iacoviello/gpr_files/GPR_PAPER.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 07.10.2018)
  • Canning, David - Pedroni, Peter (2008), “Infrastructure, Long-Run Economic Growth And Causality Tests For Cointegrated Panels”, The Manchester School, 76, 5, pp. 504-527.
  • Charles, Amelie - Darné, Oliver (2006), “Large Shocks and the September 11th Terrorist Attacks on International Stock Markets”, Economic Modelling, 23, pp. 683–698.
  • Chen, Andrew H. – Siems, F. Thomas (2004), “The Effects of Terrorism on Global Capital Markets”, European Journal of Political Economy, 20, pp. 349–366.
  • Çam, Alper Veli (2014), “Politik Riskin Firma Değeri ile İlişkisi: IMKB’ye Kayıtlı Firmalar Üzerinde Bir Uygulama”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 15, 1, ss.109-122.
  • Drakos, Konstantinos (2010), “Terrorism Activity, İnvestor Sentiment and Stock Returns”, Review of Financial Economics, 19, 3, pp.128–135.
  • Dumitrescu, Elena-Ivona - Hurlin, Christophe (2012), “Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels”, Economic Modelling, 29, pp. 1450–1460.
  • Emirmahmutoglu, Furkan - Kose, Nezir (2011), “Testing for Granger Causality in Heterogeneous Mixed Panels”, Economic Modelling, 28, pp. 870–876.
  • İltaş, Yüksel - Arslan, Halil - Kayhan, Temur (2017), “The Stock Return Predictability: Comparing P/E and EV/EBITDA”, Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting (JEFA), 4, 3, pp. 262-274.
  • Kamışlı, Melik (2018), Jeopolitik Risk ve Hisse Senedi Getirileri: Sektörel Yaklaşım, Temizel, Fatih (edt.), İşletme ve Finans Yazıları – I içinde, Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım, İstanbul, ss. 291-313.
  • Kara, E. Ve Karabıyık, L. (2015). Ülke Riskinin Hisse Senedi Fiyatlarına Etkisi: Borsa İstanbul’da Bir Uygulama, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 225-239.
  • Karolyi, G.Andrew - Martell, Rodolfo (2010), “Terrorism and the Stock Market”, International Review of Applied Financial Issues and Economics, 2,2, pp. 285– 314.
  • Kollias, Christos - Papadamou, Stephanos – Stagiannis, Apostolos (2010), “Armed Conflicts and Capital Markets: The Case of the Israeli Military Offensive in the Gaza Strip”, Defence and Peace Economics, 21, 4, pp. 357–365.
  • Kollias, Christos - Papadamou, Stephanos – Stagiannis, Apostolos (2011), “Terrorism and Capital Markets: The Effects of the Madrid and London Bomb Attacks”, International Review of Economics and Finance, 20, 4, pp. 532–541.
  • Kollias, Christos - Kyrtsou, Catherine – Papadamou, Stephanos (2013), “The Effects of Terrorism and War on the Oil Price–Stock Index Relationship”, Energy Economics, 40, pp.743–752.
  • Kónya, Laslo (2006), “Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis on OECD Countries with a Panel Data Approach”, Economic Modelling, 23, pp.978–992.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem - Ullah, Aman - Yamagata, Takashi (2008), “A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence”, Econometrics Journal, 11, pp.105–127.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem - Yamagata, Takashi (2008), “Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 142,1, pp. 50–93.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, CESifo Working Paper 1229; IZA Discussion Paper 1240.
  • Saiz, Albert – Simonsohn, Uri (2013), “Proxying For Unobservable Variables With Internet Document-Frequency”, Journal of the European Economic Association, 11,1, pp.137–165.
  • Zellner, Arnold (1962), “An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests For Aggregation Bias”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 57, pp. 348–368.
  • Zussman, Asaf - Zussman, Noam (2006), “Assassinations: Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Israeli Counterterrorism Policy Using Stock Market Data”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20, 2, pp. 193–206.
Year 2020, Issue: 87, 167 - 180, 05.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.756266

Abstract

References

  • Abadie, Alberto - Gardeazabal, Javier (2003), “The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study Of The Basque Country”, American Economic Review, 93, 1, pp. 113–132.
  • Aksoy, Ahmet - Tanrıöven, Cihan (2013), Sermaye Piyasası Yatırım Araçları ve Analizi, 4. Baskı, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Akdağ, Saffet - Yıldırım, Hakan - Kesebir, Murat (2019), Jeopolitik Risk ile Borsa Endeksleri Arasındaki İlişki: Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizi, İnanır, Emine - Köse, Osman – Ulutürk, Yasemin (Ed) Siyasi, Sosyal ve Kültürel Yönleriyle Türkiye ve Rusya 2 içinde, Berikan Yayınevi, Ankara. ss.59-74.
  • Apergis, Nicholas - Bonato, Matteo - Gupta, Rangan - Kyei, Clement (2017), “Does Geopolitical Risks Predict Stock Returns and Volatility of Leading Defence Companies? Evidence from a Nonparametric Approach”, Defence and Peace Economics, 29, 6, pp.684-696.
  • Arin, K.Peren - Ciferri, Davide - Spagnolo, Nicola (2008), “The Price of Terror: The Effects of Terrorism on Stock Market Returns and Volatility”, Economics Letters, 101,3, pp. 164–167.
  • Aslam, Faheem – Kang, Hyoung Goo (2015),” How Different Terrorist Attacks Affect Stock Markets”, Defence and Peace Economics, 26, 6, pp. 634–648.
  • Baker, R. Scott - Bloom, Nicholas – Davis, J.Steven (2016), “Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131, 4, pp.1593.
  • Balcilar, Mehmet - Gupta, Rangan - Pierdzioch, Christian - Wohar, Mark E. (2016), “Terror Attacks and Stock- Market Fluctuations: Evidence Based on a Nonparametric Causality-in-Quantiles Test for the G7 Countries”, European Journal of Finance, 24,4, pp.333-346.
  • Balcilar, Mehmet - Cerci, Gözde – Demirer, Rıza (2016), “Is There a Role for Islamic Bonds in Global Diversification Strategies?”, Managerial Finance, 42, 7, pp. 656–679.
  • Balcılar, M., M. Bonato, R. Demirer ve R. Gupta, (2018). Geopolitical Risks and Stock Market Dynamics of the BRICS. Economic Systems, 42, 295-306.
  • Bezgin, Müge Sağlam (2019), “Türkiye’nin Jeopolitik Riski’nin Borsa İstanbul Endeks Getirileri Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi”, 18th International Business Congress, ss. 2565-2574.
  • Breusch, T.S. - Pagan, Adrian (1980), “The Lagrange Multiplier Test And Its Application to Model Specifications in Econometrics”, Reviews of Economics Studies, 47, pp. 239–253.
  • Bouri, Elie I. (2014), “Israeli-Hezbollah War and Global Financial Crisis in the Middle East and North African Equity Markets”, Journal of Economic Integration, 29, pp.1–19.
  • Caldara, Dario – Iacoviello, Matteo (2018), “Measuring Geopolitical Risk”, Working Paper, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board, https://www2.bc.edu/matteo-iacoviello/gpr_files/GPR_PAPER.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 07.10.2018)
  • Canning, David - Pedroni, Peter (2008), “Infrastructure, Long-Run Economic Growth And Causality Tests For Cointegrated Panels”, The Manchester School, 76, 5, pp. 504-527.
  • Charles, Amelie - Darné, Oliver (2006), “Large Shocks and the September 11th Terrorist Attacks on International Stock Markets”, Economic Modelling, 23, pp. 683–698.
  • Chen, Andrew H. – Siems, F. Thomas (2004), “The Effects of Terrorism on Global Capital Markets”, European Journal of Political Economy, 20, pp. 349–366.
  • Çam, Alper Veli (2014), “Politik Riskin Firma Değeri ile İlişkisi: IMKB’ye Kayıtlı Firmalar Üzerinde Bir Uygulama”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 15, 1, ss.109-122.
  • Drakos, Konstantinos (2010), “Terrorism Activity, İnvestor Sentiment and Stock Returns”, Review of Financial Economics, 19, 3, pp.128–135.
  • Dumitrescu, Elena-Ivona - Hurlin, Christophe (2012), “Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels”, Economic Modelling, 29, pp. 1450–1460.
  • Emirmahmutoglu, Furkan - Kose, Nezir (2011), “Testing for Granger Causality in Heterogeneous Mixed Panels”, Economic Modelling, 28, pp. 870–876.
  • İltaş, Yüksel - Arslan, Halil - Kayhan, Temur (2017), “The Stock Return Predictability: Comparing P/E and EV/EBITDA”, Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting (JEFA), 4, 3, pp. 262-274.
  • Kamışlı, Melik (2018), Jeopolitik Risk ve Hisse Senedi Getirileri: Sektörel Yaklaşım, Temizel, Fatih (edt.), İşletme ve Finans Yazıları – I içinde, Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım, İstanbul, ss. 291-313.
  • Kara, E. Ve Karabıyık, L. (2015). Ülke Riskinin Hisse Senedi Fiyatlarına Etkisi: Borsa İstanbul’da Bir Uygulama, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 225-239.
  • Karolyi, G.Andrew - Martell, Rodolfo (2010), “Terrorism and the Stock Market”, International Review of Applied Financial Issues and Economics, 2,2, pp. 285– 314.
  • Kollias, Christos - Papadamou, Stephanos – Stagiannis, Apostolos (2010), “Armed Conflicts and Capital Markets: The Case of the Israeli Military Offensive in the Gaza Strip”, Defence and Peace Economics, 21, 4, pp. 357–365.
  • Kollias, Christos - Papadamou, Stephanos – Stagiannis, Apostolos (2011), “Terrorism and Capital Markets: The Effects of the Madrid and London Bomb Attacks”, International Review of Economics and Finance, 20, 4, pp. 532–541.
  • Kollias, Christos - Kyrtsou, Catherine – Papadamou, Stephanos (2013), “The Effects of Terrorism and War on the Oil Price–Stock Index Relationship”, Energy Economics, 40, pp.743–752.
  • Kónya, Laslo (2006), “Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis on OECD Countries with a Panel Data Approach”, Economic Modelling, 23, pp.978–992.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem - Ullah, Aman - Yamagata, Takashi (2008), “A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence”, Econometrics Journal, 11, pp.105–127.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem - Yamagata, Takashi (2008), “Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 142,1, pp. 50–93.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem (2004), “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, CESifo Working Paper 1229; IZA Discussion Paper 1240.
  • Saiz, Albert – Simonsohn, Uri (2013), “Proxying For Unobservable Variables With Internet Document-Frequency”, Journal of the European Economic Association, 11,1, pp.137–165.
  • Zellner, Arnold (1962), “An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests For Aggregation Bias”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 57, pp. 348–368.
  • Zussman, Asaf - Zussman, Noam (2006), “Assassinations: Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Israeli Counterterrorism Policy Using Stock Market Data”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20, 2, pp. 193–206.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gülbahar Üçler This is me 0000-0002-5872-8577

Şerife Özşahin This is me

Publication Date July 5, 2020
Submission Date August 10, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: 87

Cite

APA Üçler, G., & Özşahin, Ş. (2020). Jeopolitik Risk ve Borsa Endeksinin Nedensellik Analizi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Üzerine Bootstrap Panel Nedensellik Testi. The Journal of Accounting and Finance(87), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.756266
AMA Üçler G, Özşahin Ş. Jeopolitik Risk ve Borsa Endeksinin Nedensellik Analizi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Üzerine Bootstrap Panel Nedensellik Testi. The Journal of Accounting and Finance. July 2020;(87):167-180. doi:10.25095/mufad.756266
Chicago Üçler, Gülbahar, and Şerife Özşahin. “Jeopolitik Risk Ve Borsa Endeksinin Nedensellik Analizi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Üzerine Bootstrap Panel Nedensellik Testi”. The Journal of Accounting and Finance, no. 87 (July 2020): 167-80. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.756266.
EndNote Üçler G, Özşahin Ş (July 1, 2020) Jeopolitik Risk ve Borsa Endeksinin Nedensellik Analizi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Üzerine Bootstrap Panel Nedensellik Testi. The Journal of Accounting and Finance 87 167–180.
IEEE G. Üçler and Ş. Özşahin, “Jeopolitik Risk ve Borsa Endeksinin Nedensellik Analizi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Üzerine Bootstrap Panel Nedensellik Testi”, The Journal of Accounting and Finance, no. 87, pp. 167–180, July 2020, doi: 10.25095/mufad.756266.
ISNAD Üçler, Gülbahar - Özşahin, Şerife. “Jeopolitik Risk Ve Borsa Endeksinin Nedensellik Analizi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Üzerine Bootstrap Panel Nedensellik Testi”. The Journal of Accounting and Finance 87 (July 2020), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.756266.
JAMA Üçler G, Özşahin Ş. Jeopolitik Risk ve Borsa Endeksinin Nedensellik Analizi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Üzerine Bootstrap Panel Nedensellik Testi. The Journal of Accounting and Finance. 2020;:167–180.
MLA Üçler, Gülbahar and Şerife Özşahin. “Jeopolitik Risk Ve Borsa Endeksinin Nedensellik Analizi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Üzerine Bootstrap Panel Nedensellik Testi”. The Journal of Accounting and Finance, no. 87, 2020, pp. 167-80, doi:10.25095/mufad.756266.
Vancouver Üçler G, Özşahin Ş. Jeopolitik Risk ve Borsa Endeksinin Nedensellik Analizi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Üzerine Bootstrap Panel Nedensellik Testi. The Journal of Accounting and Finance. 2020(87):167-80.