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Yalanın Uygunluğu Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 59 - 77, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.999934

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’deki üniversite öğrencileri ve yetişkinlerin hangi tür yalanları uygun bulduklarının incelenmesi amacıyla geliştirilen “Yalanın Uygunluğu Ölçeğinin” geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizlerinin yapılması hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmaya, yaşları 18 ile 66 arasındaki (Ortyaş= 27.55) 615 kişi katılmıştır. Katılımcılara, araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen Yalanın Uygunluğu Ölçeğinin yanı sıra Dürüstlük Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Geçerlik çalışmaları kapsamında, açımlayıcı faktör analizi gerçekleştirilmiş ve ölçeğin son halinin 9 maddeli “kendini koruma yalanları”, 6 maddeli “imaj yönetimi yalanları”, 7 maddeli “prososyal yalanlar”, 5 maddeli “geçiştirme yalanları”, 4 maddeli “zorunlu yalanlar” ve 4 maddeli “araçsal yalanlar” olmak üzere toplamda 35 maddeden oluşan altı faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, testin iç-tutarlılık katsayıları ve üç hafta ara ile yapılan uygulamalar sonucunda hesaplanan test-tekrar test güvenirlik katsayıları testin oldukça güvenilir olduğunu göstermiştir. Bulgular, “Yalanın Uygunluğu Ölçeğinin” ilgili örneklemde kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

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Project Number

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Thanks

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References

  • Ashton, M. C., Lee, K. ve De Vries, R. E. (2014). The HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality factors: A review of research and theory. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(2), 139-152.
  • Aydın, M. Ş. (2020). Yalanın renkleri: Yalanın tanımlanması ve türleri üzerine bir değerlendirme. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(69), 712-720.
  • Aydın, M. Ş., Dayhan, T., Eskicioğlu, G., Karabacak, A. ve Karakaş, E. (2020). 3-5 Yaş çocuklarında zihin kuramı ve yönetici işlev becerilerinin olumsuz ve prososyal yalan söyleme davranışları üzerindeki etkisi. Çocuk ve Gelişim Dergisi, 3(5), 47-60.
  • Bilgiç, R., Bıkmaz, Ö., Esgin, E. ve Şahin, G. S. (2011). İşe alım sürecinde kullanılacak dürüstlük ölçeği oluşturma çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 14(27), 80-85.
  • Bok, S. (1978). Lying: Moral choice and private and public life. Hassocks, UK: Harvester Press.
  • Brown, P. ve Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bryant, E. M. (2008). Real lies, white lies and gray lies: Towards a typology of deception. Kaleidoscope: A Graduate Journal of Qualitative Communication Research, 7, 23-48.
  • Cantarero, K., Szarota, P., Stamkou, E., Navas, M. ve Dominguez Espinosa, A. D. C. (2018). When is a lie acceptable? Work and private life lying acceptance depends on its beneficiary. The Journal of Social Psychology, 158(2), 220-235.
  • Choi, H. J., Park, H. S. ve Oh, J. Y. (2011). Cultural differences in how individuals explain their lying and truth-telling tendencies. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(6), 749-766.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2. Baskı). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Cooley, C, H. (1902). Human nature and social order. New York: Scribner’s.
  • DePaulo, B. M., Ansfield, M. E., Kirkendol, S. E. ve Boden, J. M. (2004). Serious lies. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26(2-3), 147-167.
  • DePaulo, B. M., Kashy, D. A., Kirkendol, S. E., Wyer, M. M. ve Epstein, J. A. (1996). Lying in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 979–995.
  • Ekman, P. (2016). Çocuklar neden yalan söyler? (Ç. Dirhemsiz, çev.). İstanbul: Yakamoz Yayınları.
  • Evans, A. D. ve Lee, K. (2013). Lying, morality, and development. Handbook of Moral Development, 361, 361–384.
  • Fu, G., Evans, A. D., Wang, L. ve Lee, K. (2008). Lying in the name of the collective good: A developmental study. Developmental Science, 11(4), 495-503.
  • Fu, G., Lee, K., Cameron, C. ve Xu, F. (2001). Chinese and Canadian adults’ categorization and evaluation of lie- and truth-telling about prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 720-727.
  • Fu, G., Xu, F., Cameron, C., Heyman, G. ve Lee, K. (2007). Cross-cultural differences in children’s choices, categorizations, and evaluations of truths and lies. Developmental Psychology, 43, 278-293.
  • Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. New York: Anchor.
  • Heyman, G. D., Hsu, A. S., Fu, G. ve Lee, K. (2013). Instrumental lying by parents in the US and China. International Journal of Psychology, 48(6), 1176-1184.
  • İmamoğlu, E. O. (2002). Doğu-Batı kavşağında benlik: Dengeli ayrışma-bütünleşme modeli. 12. Psikoloji Kongresinde Sunulan Bildiri, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). Özerk-ilişkisel benlik: Yeni bir sentez. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 11(37), 36-43.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403- 422.
  • Karadayı, E. F. (1998). İlişkili özerklik–kavramı, ölçülmesi, gelişimi, toplumsal önemi, gençlere ve kültüre özgü değerlendirmeler. Adana: Çukurova Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Lavoie, J., Yachison, S., Crossman, A. ve Talwar, V. (2017). Polite, instrumental, and dual liars: Relation to children’s developing social skills and cognitive ability. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41(2), 257-264.
  • Lee, K., Cameron, C. A., Xu, F., Fu, G. ve Board, J. (1997). Chinese and Canadian children’s evaluations of lying and truth telling: Similarities and differences in the context of pro and antisocial behaviors. Child Development, 68, 924-934.
  • Lee, K., Xu, F., Fu, G. ve Chen, S. (2001). Taiwan and mainland Chinese and Canadian children’s categorization and evaluation of lie-and truth-telling: A modesty effect. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19, 525-542.
  • Levine, T. R. (2014). Truth-default theory (TDT): A theory of human deception and deception detection. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33, 378-392.
  • McCornack, S. A., Morrison, K., Paik, J. E., Wisner, A. M. ve Zhu, X. (2014). Information manipulation theory 2: A propositional theory of deceptive discourse production. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33(4), 348-377.
  • Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Oliveira, C. M. ve Levine, T. R. (2008). Lie acceptability: A construct and measure. Communication Research Reports, 25(4), 282-288.
  • Park, H. S. ve Ahn, J. Y. (2007). Cultural differences in judgment of truthful and deceptive messages. Western Journal of Communication, 71(4), 294-315.
  • Park, H. S., Choi, H. J., Oh, J. Y. ve Levine, T. R. (2018). Differences and similarities between Koreans and Americans in lying and truth-telling. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 37(5), 562-577.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive go¬odness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Schwartz, S. H. ve Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550-562.
  • Serota, K. B., Levine, T. R. ve Boster, F. J. (2010). The prevalence of lying in America: Three studies of reported deception. Human Communication Research, 36, 1-24.
  • Sims, R. L. (2002). Support for the use of deception within the work environment: A comparison of Israeli and United States employee attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics, 35(1), 27-34.
  • Triandis, H. C., Carnevale, P., Gelfand, M., Robert, C., Wasti, A., Probst, T., . . . Schmitz, P. (2001). Culture and deception in business negotiations: A multilevel analysis. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 1, 73-90.

The Development of Reasonability of Lying Scale: A Validity and Reliability

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 59 - 77, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.999934

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine which types of lies are more reasonable for university students and adults in Turkey, and to conduct the validity and reliability analysis of the “Reasonability of Lying Scale”. 615 people aged between 18 and 66 (M=27.55) participated in the study. Participants were given Integrity Scale in addition to Reasonability of Lying Scale developed by the researchers. Within the scope of validity studies, an exploratory factor analysis was performed and the final version of the scale had a total of 35 items and six factors including 9-item named “self-protection lies”, 6-item named “face management lies”, 7-item named “prosocial lies”, 5-item named “evading lies”, 4-item named “necessity lies” and 4-item named “instrumental lies”. Moreover, the internal consistency coefficients and the test-retest reliability coefficients calculated as a result of the applications made in three-week interval showed that the test was quite reliable. Results revealed that “Reasonability of Lying Scale” is a valid and reliable tool that can be used in the relevant sample.

Project Number

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References

  • Ashton, M. C., Lee, K. ve De Vries, R. E. (2014). The HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality factors: A review of research and theory. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(2), 139-152.
  • Aydın, M. Ş. (2020). Yalanın renkleri: Yalanın tanımlanması ve türleri üzerine bir değerlendirme. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(69), 712-720.
  • Aydın, M. Ş., Dayhan, T., Eskicioğlu, G., Karabacak, A. ve Karakaş, E. (2020). 3-5 Yaş çocuklarında zihin kuramı ve yönetici işlev becerilerinin olumsuz ve prososyal yalan söyleme davranışları üzerindeki etkisi. Çocuk ve Gelişim Dergisi, 3(5), 47-60.
  • Bilgiç, R., Bıkmaz, Ö., Esgin, E. ve Şahin, G. S. (2011). İşe alım sürecinde kullanılacak dürüstlük ölçeği oluşturma çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 14(27), 80-85.
  • Bok, S. (1978). Lying: Moral choice and private and public life. Hassocks, UK: Harvester Press.
  • Brown, P. ve Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bryant, E. M. (2008). Real lies, white lies and gray lies: Towards a typology of deception. Kaleidoscope: A Graduate Journal of Qualitative Communication Research, 7, 23-48.
  • Cantarero, K., Szarota, P., Stamkou, E., Navas, M. ve Dominguez Espinosa, A. D. C. (2018). When is a lie acceptable? Work and private life lying acceptance depends on its beneficiary. The Journal of Social Psychology, 158(2), 220-235.
  • Choi, H. J., Park, H. S. ve Oh, J. Y. (2011). Cultural differences in how individuals explain their lying and truth-telling tendencies. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(6), 749-766.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2. Baskı). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Cooley, C, H. (1902). Human nature and social order. New York: Scribner’s.
  • DePaulo, B. M., Ansfield, M. E., Kirkendol, S. E. ve Boden, J. M. (2004). Serious lies. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26(2-3), 147-167.
  • DePaulo, B. M., Kashy, D. A., Kirkendol, S. E., Wyer, M. M. ve Epstein, J. A. (1996). Lying in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 979–995.
  • Ekman, P. (2016). Çocuklar neden yalan söyler? (Ç. Dirhemsiz, çev.). İstanbul: Yakamoz Yayınları.
  • Evans, A. D. ve Lee, K. (2013). Lying, morality, and development. Handbook of Moral Development, 361, 361–384.
  • Fu, G., Evans, A. D., Wang, L. ve Lee, K. (2008). Lying in the name of the collective good: A developmental study. Developmental Science, 11(4), 495-503.
  • Fu, G., Lee, K., Cameron, C. ve Xu, F. (2001). Chinese and Canadian adults’ categorization and evaluation of lie- and truth-telling about prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 720-727.
  • Fu, G., Xu, F., Cameron, C., Heyman, G. ve Lee, K. (2007). Cross-cultural differences in children’s choices, categorizations, and evaluations of truths and lies. Developmental Psychology, 43, 278-293.
  • Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. New York: Anchor.
  • Heyman, G. D., Hsu, A. S., Fu, G. ve Lee, K. (2013). Instrumental lying by parents in the US and China. International Journal of Psychology, 48(6), 1176-1184.
  • İmamoğlu, E. O. (2002). Doğu-Batı kavşağında benlik: Dengeli ayrışma-bütünleşme modeli. 12. Psikoloji Kongresinde Sunulan Bildiri, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). Özerk-ilişkisel benlik: Yeni bir sentez. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 11(37), 36-43.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403- 422.
  • Karadayı, E. F. (1998). İlişkili özerklik–kavramı, ölçülmesi, gelişimi, toplumsal önemi, gençlere ve kültüre özgü değerlendirmeler. Adana: Çukurova Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Lavoie, J., Yachison, S., Crossman, A. ve Talwar, V. (2017). Polite, instrumental, and dual liars: Relation to children’s developing social skills and cognitive ability. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41(2), 257-264.
  • Lee, K., Cameron, C. A., Xu, F., Fu, G. ve Board, J. (1997). Chinese and Canadian children’s evaluations of lying and truth telling: Similarities and differences in the context of pro and antisocial behaviors. Child Development, 68, 924-934.
  • Lee, K., Xu, F., Fu, G. ve Chen, S. (2001). Taiwan and mainland Chinese and Canadian children’s categorization and evaluation of lie-and truth-telling: A modesty effect. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19, 525-542.
  • Levine, T. R. (2014). Truth-default theory (TDT): A theory of human deception and deception detection. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33, 378-392.
  • McCornack, S. A., Morrison, K., Paik, J. E., Wisner, A. M. ve Zhu, X. (2014). Information manipulation theory 2: A propositional theory of deceptive discourse production. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33(4), 348-377.
  • Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Oliveira, C. M. ve Levine, T. R. (2008). Lie acceptability: A construct and measure. Communication Research Reports, 25(4), 282-288.
  • Park, H. S. ve Ahn, J. Y. (2007). Cultural differences in judgment of truthful and deceptive messages. Western Journal of Communication, 71(4), 294-315.
  • Park, H. S., Choi, H. J., Oh, J. Y. ve Levine, T. R. (2018). Differences and similarities between Koreans and Americans in lying and truth-telling. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 37(5), 562-577.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive go¬odness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Schwartz, S. H. ve Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550-562.
  • Serota, K. B., Levine, T. R. ve Boster, F. J. (2010). The prevalence of lying in America: Three studies of reported deception. Human Communication Research, 36, 1-24.
  • Sims, R. L. (2002). Support for the use of deception within the work environment: A comparison of Israeli and United States employee attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics, 35(1), 27-34.
  • Triandis, H. C., Carnevale, P., Gelfand, M., Robert, C., Wasti, A., Probst, T., . . . Schmitz, P. (2001). Culture and deception in business negotiations: A multilevel analysis. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 1, 73-90.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sercan Balım

Muhammed Sukru Aydın 0000-0003-1112-3180

Project Number -
Early Pub Date December 31, 2021
Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date September 23, 2021
Acceptance Date December 14, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Balım, S., & Aydın, M. S. (2021). Yalanın Uygunluğu Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Muhakeme Journal, 4(2), 59-77. https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.999934

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