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Performance Modelling of Landing Gear and Suspension System of a Flying Car for Landing and Bump Passing Manoeuvres

Year 2022, Volume: 63 Issue: 709, 616 - 632, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46399/muhendismakina.1109325

Abstract

Recent research and development activities in both in aviation and automotive industries resulted with a genuine product known as roadable aircraft also known as flying car. Roadable aircraft is combination of a small size airplane and a passenger vehicle containing the superior sides of both products; and provides door-to-door transportation by both ground and air. Many companies invested in this product and first commercial units are expected to be the launched within 5 years.
Suspension system of a roadable aircrafts plays a significant role in the overall product design, as it should satisfy the customer requirements for both aircrafts and passenger cars: landing and traveling on road. In this study, suspension system of a flying car was modelled in Matlab/Simulink and optimized as a quarter car model employing a 2 DOF Mass-Spring-Damper system. The equations of motion were presented, and the model was firstly simulated as an aircraft landing gear for landing performance. Then the model was run to determine driving performance on road for a typical bump passing manoeuvre. A set of design parameters was determined for acceptable performance outputs: suspension system damping element acting force and displacement for the landing and maximum acceleration for the bump passing performance.

References

  • Stiles, Palmer. “CaRnard - A New Roadable Aircraft Concept.” SAE Technical Paper Series, January 1993.
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadable_aircraft#cite_ref-Time-never-come_7-0
  • Kettering, Mark, and Daniel, Biezad. “The Roadable Aircraft Design Project.” 6th Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, April 1996.
  • Follmann, Zsolt Eugenio Geza, and Adilson Marques Da Cunha. “Triphibian Flying Car Design.” SAE Technical Paper Series, January 1997.
  • Crow, Steven. “A Practical Flying Car.” 1997 World Aviation Congress, 1997.
  • Sarh, Branko, and Gunnar, Clausen. “Private Air Transportation with Advanced Flying Automobiles and Roadable Aircraft and Impact on Intercity and Metropolitan Infrastructures.” AIAA and SAE, 1998 World Aviation Conference, 1998. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-5536.
  • Ott, Wolfgang. “HELIos, a VTOL Flying Car.” SAE Technical Paper Series, 1998. https://doi.org/10.4271/985535.
  • Nakajima, Madoka, Toichi Fukasawa, Hiroshige Kikukawa, and Atsushi Yanagisawa. “Design of a Roadable Aircraft of Fixed Wing and the Investigation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics.” SAE Technical Paper Series, February 2004. https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-3124.
  • Nakajima, Madoka, Yutaka Nishimiya, and Hiroshige Kikukawa. “Aerostructual Study on Inflatable Wing of a Roadable Aircraft.” 48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, 2007. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-2330.
  • Murai, M., and Hayashi, T. (2006). A conceptual design of a Roadable aircraft. 25th International Congress of Aeronautical Sciences.
  • Haskins, David, and David M. Haskins. “The Pulsed Turbine Rotor Engine VTOL Propulsion Concept and Applications: Capturing the Elusive Jet-Powered Flying Car and Redesigning a Radical Variant of the V-22 Osprey.” SAE Technical Paper Series, 2008. https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-2269.
  • Saeed, B., and G. B. Gratton. “An Evaluation of the Historical Issues Associated with Achieving Non-Helicopter V/STOL Capability and the Search for the Flying Car.” The Aeronautical Journal 114, no. 1152 (2010): 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000003560.
  • Giannini, Francesco, Antoine Deux, Harold Youngren, and Robert Parks. “Configuration Study and Performance of a Military V/STOL Roadable Aircraft.” 11th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference, 2011. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-6997.
  • Eker, Uğur, Grigorios Fountas, Panagiotis Ch. Anastasopoulos, Stephen E. Still, An exploratory investigation of public perceptions towards key benefits and concerns from the future use of flying cars, Travel Behaviour and Society, Volume 19, 2020, Pages 54-66.
  • Ahlin, Kjell, Granlund, Johan. Calculation of Reference Ride Quality, using ISO 2631 Vibration Evaluation. 36th United Kingdom Group Meeting on Human Response to Vibration, UK, 2001
  • Konieczny, Łukasz. “Analysis of Simplifications Applied in Vibration Damping Modelling for a Passive Car Shock Absorber.” Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6182847.
  • Darsivan, Fadly Jashi, and Waleed F. Faris. “Vibration Investigation of a Quarter Car with Nonlinear Shock Absorber Model.” Advanced Materials Research, vol. 576, 2012, pp. 665–668., doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.665.
  • Luczko, Jan, and Urszula Ferdek. “Non-Linear Analysis of a Quarter-Car Model with Stroke-Dependent Twin-Tube Shock Absorber.” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 115 (2019): 450–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2018.06.008.
  • Jahromi, Ali Fellah, and A. Zabihollah. “Semi Active Vibration Control of a Passenger Car Using Magnetorheological Shock Absorber.” ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis, Volume 3, Jan. 2010, doi:10.1115/esda2010-24079.
  • Devdutt, and M. L. Aggarwal. “Fuzzy Control of Passenger Ride Performance Using MR Shock Absorber Suspension in Quarter Car Model.” International Journal of Dynamics and Control, vol. 3, no. 4, 2014, pp. 463–469., doi:10.1007/s40435-014-0128-z.
  • W. Flugge, Landing Gear Impact, NACA, TN2743, 1952
  • B. Milwitzky, F.E. Cook, “Analysis of Landing-Gear Behavior”, NACA, TN1154, 1953
  • H.G. Conway, Landing Gear Design. Chapman & Hall, 1958
  • N.S. Currey, Aircraft Landing Gear Design Principles and Practices Aiaa Education Series,1988
  • Karam, W, and J-C Mare. “Advanced Model Development and Validation of Landing Gear Shock Struts.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 224, no. 5 (February 2009): 575–86. https://doi.org/10.1243/09544100jaero602.
  • Pratomo, Wanda, M. Adhitya, and Putra Mulya P. “Design and Analysis of Upper Wishbone for Suspension System on Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) Propulsion System Flying Car,” AIP Conference Proceedings 2008. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5051978.
  • Uline Catalog, “Uline.” https://catalog.uline.com/Spring-Summer-US-2022/720/ [Retrieved: 29-March-2022]
  • ED Decision 2003/14/RM, “EASA.”, https://www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/decision_ED_2003_14_RM.pdf [Retrieved: 29-March-2022]

Uçan Arabaların İniş Takımı ve Süspansiyon Sisteminin, İniş ve Engel Geçme Manevraları için Performans Modellemesi

Year 2022, Volume: 63 Issue: 709, 616 - 632, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46399/muhendismakina.1109325

Abstract

Havacılık ve otomotiv sektöründeki son zamanlarda yapılan araştırma ve geliştirme çalışmaları neticesinde uçan araba geliştirilmiştir. Uçan arabalar küçük bir uçak ve binek araç taşıtlarının birleştirilmesinde oluşup, her iki taşıdın da üstün özelliklerini taşımaktadırlar ve hem kara ve hem hava yolu taşımacılığı için kapıdan kapıya ulaşım sağlamaktadırlar. Ticari olarak birçok firma son zamanlarda uçan arabalara yatırım yapmakta olup, 5 yıl içerisinde nihai müşteriye ürün satışı beklenmektedir.
Uçan araçların süspansiyon sistemi tasarımı, bu sistemlerin hem uçak hem de binek araç müşterilerinin gereksinimlerini karşılaması gerektiği için; ürün geliştirme sürecinde oldukça önemli bir yer kaplamaktadır. Bu çalışmada bir uçan arabanın süspansiyon sistemi, 2 serbestlik dereceli Kütle-Yay-Sönümleyici sistemi kullanılarak çeyrek araç modeli prensiplerine göre Matlab/Simulink programında modellenmiştir. İlgili hakaret denklemler verilip, model iniş takımları için öncelikle bir iniş manevrası simülasyonu için çalıştırılmıştır. Sonrasında aynı model araç sürüş simülasyonu doğrultusunda engel geçme manevrası için kullanılmıştır. Çalışma neticesinde uçan araba tasarımı tasarım parametreleri için kabul edilebilir performans parametreleri kümesi tanımlanmıştır: süspansiyon sistemi sönümleme elemanı üzerindeki kuvvet, iniş manevrası süspansiyon sistemi yer değiştirmesi ve engel geçme manevrasındaki maksimum ivme.

References

  • Stiles, Palmer. “CaRnard - A New Roadable Aircraft Concept.” SAE Technical Paper Series, January 1993.
  • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadable_aircraft#cite_ref-Time-never-come_7-0
  • Kettering, Mark, and Daniel, Biezad. “The Roadable Aircraft Design Project.” 6th Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, April 1996.
  • Follmann, Zsolt Eugenio Geza, and Adilson Marques Da Cunha. “Triphibian Flying Car Design.” SAE Technical Paper Series, January 1997.
  • Crow, Steven. “A Practical Flying Car.” 1997 World Aviation Congress, 1997.
  • Sarh, Branko, and Gunnar, Clausen. “Private Air Transportation with Advanced Flying Automobiles and Roadable Aircraft and Impact on Intercity and Metropolitan Infrastructures.” AIAA and SAE, 1998 World Aviation Conference, 1998. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-5536.
  • Ott, Wolfgang. “HELIos, a VTOL Flying Car.” SAE Technical Paper Series, 1998. https://doi.org/10.4271/985535.
  • Nakajima, Madoka, Toichi Fukasawa, Hiroshige Kikukawa, and Atsushi Yanagisawa. “Design of a Roadable Aircraft of Fixed Wing and the Investigation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics.” SAE Technical Paper Series, February 2004. https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-3124.
  • Nakajima, Madoka, Yutaka Nishimiya, and Hiroshige Kikukawa. “Aerostructual Study on Inflatable Wing of a Roadable Aircraft.” 48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, 2007. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-2330.
  • Murai, M., and Hayashi, T. (2006). A conceptual design of a Roadable aircraft. 25th International Congress of Aeronautical Sciences.
  • Haskins, David, and David M. Haskins. “The Pulsed Turbine Rotor Engine VTOL Propulsion Concept and Applications: Capturing the Elusive Jet-Powered Flying Car and Redesigning a Radical Variant of the V-22 Osprey.” SAE Technical Paper Series, 2008. https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-2269.
  • Saeed, B., and G. B. Gratton. “An Evaluation of the Historical Issues Associated with Achieving Non-Helicopter V/STOL Capability and the Search for the Flying Car.” The Aeronautical Journal 114, no. 1152 (2010): 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000003560.
  • Giannini, Francesco, Antoine Deux, Harold Youngren, and Robert Parks. “Configuration Study and Performance of a Military V/STOL Roadable Aircraft.” 11th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference, 2011. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-6997.
  • Eker, Uğur, Grigorios Fountas, Panagiotis Ch. Anastasopoulos, Stephen E. Still, An exploratory investigation of public perceptions towards key benefits and concerns from the future use of flying cars, Travel Behaviour and Society, Volume 19, 2020, Pages 54-66.
  • Ahlin, Kjell, Granlund, Johan. Calculation of Reference Ride Quality, using ISO 2631 Vibration Evaluation. 36th United Kingdom Group Meeting on Human Response to Vibration, UK, 2001
  • Konieczny, Łukasz. “Analysis of Simplifications Applied in Vibration Damping Modelling for a Passive Car Shock Absorber.” Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6182847.
  • Darsivan, Fadly Jashi, and Waleed F. Faris. “Vibration Investigation of a Quarter Car with Nonlinear Shock Absorber Model.” Advanced Materials Research, vol. 576, 2012, pp. 665–668., doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.665.
  • Luczko, Jan, and Urszula Ferdek. “Non-Linear Analysis of a Quarter-Car Model with Stroke-Dependent Twin-Tube Shock Absorber.” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 115 (2019): 450–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2018.06.008.
  • Jahromi, Ali Fellah, and A. Zabihollah. “Semi Active Vibration Control of a Passenger Car Using Magnetorheological Shock Absorber.” ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis, Volume 3, Jan. 2010, doi:10.1115/esda2010-24079.
  • Devdutt, and M. L. Aggarwal. “Fuzzy Control of Passenger Ride Performance Using MR Shock Absorber Suspension in Quarter Car Model.” International Journal of Dynamics and Control, vol. 3, no. 4, 2014, pp. 463–469., doi:10.1007/s40435-014-0128-z.
  • W. Flugge, Landing Gear Impact, NACA, TN2743, 1952
  • B. Milwitzky, F.E. Cook, “Analysis of Landing-Gear Behavior”, NACA, TN1154, 1953
  • H.G. Conway, Landing Gear Design. Chapman & Hall, 1958
  • N.S. Currey, Aircraft Landing Gear Design Principles and Practices Aiaa Education Series,1988
  • Karam, W, and J-C Mare. “Advanced Model Development and Validation of Landing Gear Shock Struts.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 224, no. 5 (February 2009): 575–86. https://doi.org/10.1243/09544100jaero602.
  • Pratomo, Wanda, M. Adhitya, and Putra Mulya P. “Design and Analysis of Upper Wishbone for Suspension System on Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) Propulsion System Flying Car,” AIP Conference Proceedings 2008. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5051978.
  • Uline Catalog, “Uline.” https://catalog.uline.com/Spring-Summer-US-2022/720/ [Retrieved: 29-March-2022]
  • ED Decision 2003/14/RM, “EASA.”, https://www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/decision_ED_2003_14_RM.pdf [Retrieved: 29-March-2022]
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Murat Ötkür 0000-0002-6160-4188

Alı Dınc 0000-0002-3165-3421

Publication Date December 30, 2022
Submission Date April 26, 2022
Acceptance Date August 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 63 Issue: 709

Cite

APA Ötkür, M., & Dınc, A. (2022). Performance Modelling of Landing Gear and Suspension System of a Flying Car for Landing and Bump Passing Manoeuvres. Mühendis Ve Makina, 63(709), 616-632. https://doi.org/10.46399/muhendismakina.1109325

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