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COMPLIANCE STRATEGY FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM IN MILITARY APPLICATIONS

Year 2024, Issue: 716, 374 - 408, 03.10.2024

Abstract

This review paper provides the compliance strategy for the certification activity of environmental control systems (ECS) according to the military standard. Firstly, the paper defines the ECS. Secondly, it outlines the steps for the system’s certification activities in the concept of the means of compliance. Thirdly, it recommends the minimum set of documents with technical explanations obtained by academic learning, vocational training and recommendations from the regulations for compliance with the given requirements in military certification of ECS. Then, the differences in terms of compliance methods are specified. Finally, it is concluded that a specific compliance strategy for military certification of ECS is required for a systematic and comprehensive approach.

Thanks

I would like to express my gratitude to my wife Özge Güler and my son Can Güler, for their invaluable contribution and moral support. A special thanks to Dr. Eyüp Sabah and Dr. Tamer Saraçyakupoğlu for assessing the content of my article and their suggestion on the depth of the research. I am also grateful to Metin Kıran and Tolga Vergün at Turkish Aerospace Industries for their enthusiastic guidance.

References

  • Anderson, J. (2021). Sources of onboard fumes and smoke reported by U.S. airlines. Aerospace, 8(5), 122. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8050122
  • Arunachalam, S., Varadappan, A.M.S. (2023). Effect of Supply Air Failure on Cabin Pressure Control System of a Fighter Aircraft. Int. J. Aeronaut. Space Sci. 24, 570–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42405-022-00526-8
  • Ashforth, C., & Ilcewicz, L. (2017). Certification and compliance considerations for aircraft products with composite materials. Comprehensive Composite Materials II, 3, 1-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.09944-6
  • Australian Transport Safety Bureau. (1996). Human factors in fatal aircraft accidents. Bureau of Air Safety Investigation.
  • Auten, J. D., Kuhne, M. A., Walker, H. M., & Porter, H. O. (2010). Neurologic decompression sickness following cabin pressure fluctuations at high altitude. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 81(4), 427-430. doi: https://doi.org/10.3357/asem.2406.2010
  • Chowdhury S.H., Ali F., Jennions I.K. (2023) A review of aircraft environmental control system simulation and diagnostics. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 237(11):2453-2467. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/09544100231154441
  • Chupp, R. E., Hendricks, R. C., Lattime, S. B., & Steinetz, B. M. (2006). Sealing in turbomachinery. NASA.
  • Department of Defense Standard. (1970). System safety (MIL-STD-850B).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (1983). Environmental control systems, aircraft, general requirements for (MIL-E-18927E).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (1985). Transparent areas on aircraft surfaces (windshields and canopies), rain removing and washing systems for, de-frosting, de-icing, defogging, general specification for. (MIL-T-5842B).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (1993). System safety (MIL-STD-882E).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (1998). Crew Systems Oxygen Systems Handbook (JSSG 2010/10).
  • Department of Defense. (2003). Flight Manual for USAF/EPAF Series Aircraft F16A/B (Pub Nr: 036802).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (2012). Human engineering (MIL-STD-1472G).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (2013). Air Vehicle Subsystems (JSSG 2009A).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (2014). Airworthiness Certification Criteria (MIL-HDBK-516C).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (2015). Aircraft Crew Breathing Systems using on-board oxygen generating system (OBOGS) (MIL-STD-3050).
  • European Aviation Safety Agency Regulation. (2009). Cabin air quality onboard large aeroplanes.
  • European Union Aviation Safety Agency Regulation. (2021). Easy access rules for airworthiness and environmental certification (748/2012).
  • European Union Aviation Safety Agency Regulation. (2023). Easy Access Rules for large aeroplanes (CS-25).
  • Fellague, K., Nwadiogbu, E., Menon, S., Borghese, J. & Patankar, R. (2012). Heat exchanger fouling detection in aircraft environmental control systems. SAE International. doi: https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-2107
  • Florio, F. D. (2006). Airworthiness: An introduction to aircraft certification and operations. Elsevier. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-096802-5.10003-0
  • Hare, J., Gupta, S., Najjar, N., D’Orlando, P. & Walthall, R. (2015). System-level fault diagnosis with application to the environmental control system of an aircraft. SAE International. doi: https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-2583
  • Heinrich, A., Ross, R., Zumwalt, G., Provorse, J., Padmanabhan, V., Thompson, J., & Riley, J. (1991). Aircraft icing handbook. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Regulation. (2006). Convention on international civil aviation. 
  • Johnson, D. W. (2018). Turbine engine lubricant and additive degradation mechanisms. Aerospace Engineering. doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82398
  • Johnson, R. L., & Bisson, E. (1955). Bearings and lubricants for aircraft turbine engines. Bearings and lubricants for aircraft turbine engines. SAE International. doi: https://doi.org/10.4271/550014
  • Kamaleshaiah, M. S., & Guruprasad, R. (2022, September 7). Role of human factors in preventing aviation accidents: an insight: by Kamaleshaiah Mathavara and Guruprasad Ramachandran. In: Aeronautics - New Advances,1-26. Retrieved from https://nal-ir.nal.res.in/13649/
  • Kritzinger, D. (2006). Aircraft system safety: Military and civil aeronautical applications. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing
  • Linling, S., Wenjin, Z., & Kelly T. (2011). Do safety cases have a role in aircraft certification?. Procedia Engineering, 17, 358-368. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.10.041
  • Majeed, O. (2010). Aircraft Environmental Control Systems -A Presentation of Current Systems and New Developments, Specific Range Solutions. Carleton University AERO 4003 Lecture. http://www.srs.aero/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/AERO-4003-ECS-Lecture-Final.pdf, accessed October 27, 2023.
  • Martínez, I. (1995). Aircraft environmental control. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from http://imartinez.etsiae.upm.es/~isidoro/tc3/Aircraft%20ECS.pdf
  • Michaelis, S. (2011). Contaminated aircraft cabin air. Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry, 11(4), 132-145. doi: https://doi.org/10.4024/41111/11-4-abs1.jbpc.11.04
  • Michaelis, S. (2018). Aircraft clean air requirements using bleed air systems. Engineering, 10(4). doi: https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2018.104011
  • Parsons, R. A. (Ed.). (1999). HVAC applications: Aircraft. Atlanta, Georgia: ASHRAE.
  • Peng, K., Chunpin, S., & Shuguang Z. (2014). Airworthiness requirements and means of compliance about the bleed air contamination. Procedia Engineering, 80, 592-601. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.09.115
  • Pleil, J. D. (2017). F/A-18 and E/A-18 Fleet Physiological Episodes (No: NESC-RP-17-01205). NASA.
  • Purton, L., Clothier, R., & Kourousis, K. (2014). Assessment of technical airworthiness in military aviation: implementation and further advancement of the bow-tie model. Procedia Engineering, 80, 529-544. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.09.110
  • Purton, L., & Kourousis, K. (2014). Military airworthiness management frameworks: a critical review. Procedia Engineering, 80, 545-564. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.09.111
  • Roth, J. (2015). Bleed air oil contamination particulate characterization (master of science thesis). Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
  • Saraçyakupoglu, T. (2020). Emniyet irtifasından bilgiler: Genel havacılık, üretim ve bakım süreçleri. Ankara: Nobel Academic Publishing. ISBN : 978-625-402-030-8
  • Saraçyakupoğlu, T. (2022). Major Units and Systems in Aircraft. In: Kuşhan, M.C., Gürgen, S., Sofuoğlu, M.A. (eds) Materials, Structures and Manufacturing for Aircraft.Sustainable Aviation. Springer, Cham. Doi: https://doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91873-6_10
  • Saraçyakupoğlu, T. (2022). The Certification Steps for the Additively Manufactured Aviation-Grade Parts. The European Journal of Research and Development, 2 (4), 33–42. Doi: https://doi.org/10.56038/ ejrnd.v2i4.133
  • Sathiyaseelan, A. (2014). Military aircraft oxygen system. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 61-65. doi:1 https://doi.org/0.13140/RG.2.2.25317.76005
  • Sathiyaseelan, A. & Selvan, A.M. (2022). Modeling and simulation of a fighter aircraft cabin pressure control system using AMESim. SAE International. doi: https://doi.org/10.4271/2022-28-0078
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (1996). Guidelines and methods for conducting the safety assessment process on civil airborne systems and equipment (SAE ARP 4761).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (1996). Guidelines for development of civil aircraft and systems. (SAE ARP 4754A).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (2005). Airborne chemicals in aircraft cabins (SAE AIR 4766/2A).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (2011). Aerospace pressurization system design (SAE AIR 11168/7A).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers. (2011). NBC protection considerations for ECS design (SAE AIR 4362A).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (2015). Aircraft cabin pressurization criteria (SAE ARP 1270B).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (2015). Cooling of military avionic equipment (SAE AIR 1277B).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (2020). Engine bleed air systems for aircraft (SAE ARP 1796B).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (2021). Testing of airplane installed environmental control systems (ECS) (SAE ARP 217D).
  • The Boeing Company. (2021). Seal assembly and method for reducing aircraft engine oil leakage. (U.S. Patent No. 10927845). Washington, USA.
  • United States. Federal Aviation Administration. (1993). Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment (RTCA/DO-160G).
  • Vukits, T., & Hann, R. (2012). Overview and Risk Assessment of Icing for Transport Category Aircraft and Components. Paper presented at the meeting of 40th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, Reno, NV. doi: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2002-811
  • Yang, B., Yuan, W., Kong, X., Zheng, T., & Li, F. (2022). Mass transfer study on high-pressure membrane dehumidification applied to aircraft environmental control system. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 202, 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123680

ÇEVRESEL KONTROL SİSTEMİ’NİN ASKERİ UYGULAMALARA ÖZEL UÇUŞA ELVERİŞLİLİK SERTİFİKASYONUNA İLİŞKİN UYUM DOĞRULAMA STRATEJİSİ

Year 2024, Issue: 716, 374 - 408, 03.10.2024

Abstract

Bu makale, çevresel kontrol sistemlerinin (ECS) askeri standartlara göre sertifikasyonu için uyum doğrulama stratejisi sağlayan derleme bir yayındır. Makalede ilk olarak çevresel kontrol sistemi tanımlanmış, ikinci olarak, uyum doğrulama metotları kapsamında, sistem sertifikasyon süreci ana hatlarıyla sunulmuştur. Daha sonra çevresel kontrol sistemlerinin askeri sertifikasyonu için önerilen minimum gereksinim doğrulama dokümanları, akademik bilgiler ile iş tecrübeleri ve yönetmelik tavsiyeleri göz önüne alınarak teknik açıklamaları ile birlikte verilmiş, uyum doğrulama metotlarındaki farklılıklar ortaya konmuştur. Son olarak ise, ECS özelinde sistematik ve geniş kapsamlı bir askeri sertifikasyon süreci için spesifik bir uyum doğrulama veri seti sunulmuştur

References

  • Anderson, J. (2021). Sources of onboard fumes and smoke reported by U.S. airlines. Aerospace, 8(5), 122. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8050122
  • Arunachalam, S., Varadappan, A.M.S. (2023). Effect of Supply Air Failure on Cabin Pressure Control System of a Fighter Aircraft. Int. J. Aeronaut. Space Sci. 24, 570–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42405-022-00526-8
  • Ashforth, C., & Ilcewicz, L. (2017). Certification and compliance considerations for aircraft products with composite materials. Comprehensive Composite Materials II, 3, 1-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.09944-6
  • Australian Transport Safety Bureau. (1996). Human factors in fatal aircraft accidents. Bureau of Air Safety Investigation.
  • Auten, J. D., Kuhne, M. A., Walker, H. M., & Porter, H. O. (2010). Neurologic decompression sickness following cabin pressure fluctuations at high altitude. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 81(4), 427-430. doi: https://doi.org/10.3357/asem.2406.2010
  • Chowdhury S.H., Ali F., Jennions I.K. (2023) A review of aircraft environmental control system simulation and diagnostics. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 237(11):2453-2467. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/09544100231154441
  • Chupp, R. E., Hendricks, R. C., Lattime, S. B., & Steinetz, B. M. (2006). Sealing in turbomachinery. NASA.
  • Department of Defense Standard. (1970). System safety (MIL-STD-850B).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (1983). Environmental control systems, aircraft, general requirements for (MIL-E-18927E).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (1985). Transparent areas on aircraft surfaces (windshields and canopies), rain removing and washing systems for, de-frosting, de-icing, defogging, general specification for. (MIL-T-5842B).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (1993). System safety (MIL-STD-882E).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (1998). Crew Systems Oxygen Systems Handbook (JSSG 2010/10).
  • Department of Defense. (2003). Flight Manual for USAF/EPAF Series Aircraft F16A/B (Pub Nr: 036802).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (2012). Human engineering (MIL-STD-1472G).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (2013). Air Vehicle Subsystems (JSSG 2009A).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (2014). Airworthiness Certification Criteria (MIL-HDBK-516C).
  • Department of Defense Standard. (2015). Aircraft Crew Breathing Systems using on-board oxygen generating system (OBOGS) (MIL-STD-3050).
  • European Aviation Safety Agency Regulation. (2009). Cabin air quality onboard large aeroplanes.
  • European Union Aviation Safety Agency Regulation. (2021). Easy access rules for airworthiness and environmental certification (748/2012).
  • European Union Aviation Safety Agency Regulation. (2023). Easy Access Rules for large aeroplanes (CS-25).
  • Fellague, K., Nwadiogbu, E., Menon, S., Borghese, J. & Patankar, R. (2012). Heat exchanger fouling detection in aircraft environmental control systems. SAE International. doi: https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-2107
  • Florio, F. D. (2006). Airworthiness: An introduction to aircraft certification and operations. Elsevier. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-096802-5.10003-0
  • Hare, J., Gupta, S., Najjar, N., D’Orlando, P. & Walthall, R. (2015). System-level fault diagnosis with application to the environmental control system of an aircraft. SAE International. doi: https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-2583
  • Heinrich, A., Ross, R., Zumwalt, G., Provorse, J., Padmanabhan, V., Thompson, J., & Riley, J. (1991). Aircraft icing handbook. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Regulation. (2006). Convention on international civil aviation. 
  • Johnson, D. W. (2018). Turbine engine lubricant and additive degradation mechanisms. Aerospace Engineering. doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82398
  • Johnson, R. L., & Bisson, E. (1955). Bearings and lubricants for aircraft turbine engines. Bearings and lubricants for aircraft turbine engines. SAE International. doi: https://doi.org/10.4271/550014
  • Kamaleshaiah, M. S., & Guruprasad, R. (2022, September 7). Role of human factors in preventing aviation accidents: an insight: by Kamaleshaiah Mathavara and Guruprasad Ramachandran. In: Aeronautics - New Advances,1-26. Retrieved from https://nal-ir.nal.res.in/13649/
  • Kritzinger, D. (2006). Aircraft system safety: Military and civil aeronautical applications. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing
  • Linling, S., Wenjin, Z., & Kelly T. (2011). Do safety cases have a role in aircraft certification?. Procedia Engineering, 17, 358-368. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.10.041
  • Majeed, O. (2010). Aircraft Environmental Control Systems -A Presentation of Current Systems and New Developments, Specific Range Solutions. Carleton University AERO 4003 Lecture. http://www.srs.aero/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/AERO-4003-ECS-Lecture-Final.pdf, accessed October 27, 2023.
  • Martínez, I. (1995). Aircraft environmental control. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from http://imartinez.etsiae.upm.es/~isidoro/tc3/Aircraft%20ECS.pdf
  • Michaelis, S. (2011). Contaminated aircraft cabin air. Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry, 11(4), 132-145. doi: https://doi.org/10.4024/41111/11-4-abs1.jbpc.11.04
  • Michaelis, S. (2018). Aircraft clean air requirements using bleed air systems. Engineering, 10(4). doi: https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2018.104011
  • Parsons, R. A. (Ed.). (1999). HVAC applications: Aircraft. Atlanta, Georgia: ASHRAE.
  • Peng, K., Chunpin, S., & Shuguang Z. (2014). Airworthiness requirements and means of compliance about the bleed air contamination. Procedia Engineering, 80, 592-601. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.09.115
  • Pleil, J. D. (2017). F/A-18 and E/A-18 Fleet Physiological Episodes (No: NESC-RP-17-01205). NASA.
  • Purton, L., Clothier, R., & Kourousis, K. (2014). Assessment of technical airworthiness in military aviation: implementation and further advancement of the bow-tie model. Procedia Engineering, 80, 529-544. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.09.110
  • Purton, L., & Kourousis, K. (2014). Military airworthiness management frameworks: a critical review. Procedia Engineering, 80, 545-564. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.09.111
  • Roth, J. (2015). Bleed air oil contamination particulate characterization (master of science thesis). Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
  • Saraçyakupoglu, T. (2020). Emniyet irtifasından bilgiler: Genel havacılık, üretim ve bakım süreçleri. Ankara: Nobel Academic Publishing. ISBN : 978-625-402-030-8
  • Saraçyakupoğlu, T. (2022). Major Units and Systems in Aircraft. In: Kuşhan, M.C., Gürgen, S., Sofuoğlu, M.A. (eds) Materials, Structures and Manufacturing for Aircraft.Sustainable Aviation. Springer, Cham. Doi: https://doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91873-6_10
  • Saraçyakupoğlu, T. (2022). The Certification Steps for the Additively Manufactured Aviation-Grade Parts. The European Journal of Research and Development, 2 (4), 33–42. Doi: https://doi.org/10.56038/ ejrnd.v2i4.133
  • Sathiyaseelan, A. (2014). Military aircraft oxygen system. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 61-65. doi:1 https://doi.org/0.13140/RG.2.2.25317.76005
  • Sathiyaseelan, A. & Selvan, A.M. (2022). Modeling and simulation of a fighter aircraft cabin pressure control system using AMESim. SAE International. doi: https://doi.org/10.4271/2022-28-0078
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (1996). Guidelines and methods for conducting the safety assessment process on civil airborne systems and equipment (SAE ARP 4761).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (1996). Guidelines for development of civil aircraft and systems. (SAE ARP 4754A).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (2005). Airborne chemicals in aircraft cabins (SAE AIR 4766/2A).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (2011). Aerospace pressurization system design (SAE AIR 11168/7A).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers. (2011). NBC protection considerations for ECS design (SAE AIR 4362A).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (2015). Aircraft cabin pressurization criteria (SAE ARP 1270B).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (2015). Cooling of military avionic equipment (SAE AIR 1277B).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (2020). Engine bleed air systems for aircraft (SAE ARP 1796B).
  • Society of Automotive Engineers Standard. (2021). Testing of airplane installed environmental control systems (ECS) (SAE ARP 217D).
  • The Boeing Company. (2021). Seal assembly and method for reducing aircraft engine oil leakage. (U.S. Patent No. 10927845). Washington, USA.
  • United States. Federal Aviation Administration. (1993). Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment (RTCA/DO-160G).
  • Vukits, T., & Hann, R. (2012). Overview and Risk Assessment of Icing for Transport Category Aircraft and Components. Paper presented at the meeting of 40th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, Reno, NV. doi: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2002-811
  • Yang, B., Yuan, W., Kong, X., Zheng, T., & Li, F. (2022). Mass transfer study on high-pressure membrane dehumidification applied to aircraft environmental control system. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 202, 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123680
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Mechanical Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Emre Güler 0000-0003-4938-9320

Early Pub Date September 25, 2024
Publication Date October 3, 2024
Submission Date February 27, 2023
Acceptance Date November 9, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 716

Cite

APA Güler, E. (2024). COMPLIANCE STRATEGY FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM IN MILITARY APPLICATIONS. Mühendis Ve Makina(716), 374-408.

Derginin DergiPark'a aktarımı devam ettiğinden arşiv sayılarına https://www.mmo.org.tr/muhendismakina adresinden erişebilirsiniz.

ISSN : 1300-3402

E-ISSN : 2667-7520